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9THE DYNAMICS OF MORPHOFUNCTIONAL INDICES OF REPRESENTATIVES OF DIFFERENT SOMATOTYPES DURING RESISTANCE FITNESS TRAINING T.B. Kukoba, Ph.D. E.V. Fomina, Dr.Med.
Institute of medicobiological problems of Russian academy of sciences, Moscow V.P. Shul'pina, Dr.Hab.
Siberian state university of physical culture and sport, Omsk
Key words: somatotype, resistance fitness training, morphofunctional state.
The question on the peculiarities of human body build and their constitutional differences, in particular, which has been interesting for doctors since ancient times [7], is still the issue [1, 8 et al.]. Considering somatotypical features of the engaged ones is among the methods of individualization when choosing parameters of physical load [8].
Today there are more than a hundred classifications of the human constitution, based on different characteristics. There are constitutional schemes, which are based on morphological, physiological, embryological, typological, mental and other criteria [1, 8, 9].
Currently, a variety of health fitness programs, designed to improve body, cardiorespiratory system, increase physical working capacity are very popular among middle-aged women, such as: athletic gymnastics, yoga, Qi Gong, aerobics, bodyflex, jogging [2, 5, 6]. Pilates classes are held in almost all major fitness clubs. The pilates system aims to develop strength endurance by means of exercises performed in the isotonic mode, improves neuromuscular condition, functionalities and general physical working capacity [10-12].
However, there is no differentiated approach based on considering somatotypical characteristics when doing recreational physical culture. The functional status of the contingent is not diagnosed in fitness clubs, fitness centers, etc. There is also no clear idea of exactly what indices should be fixed for monitoring of the functional status during fitness training. S.V. Sologubova (2012), for example, suggests a program of study of the morphofunctional state of women engaged in fitness, which is based on the indices of cardiorespiratory system, functional status of the autonomic nervous system, physical status and working capacity, anthropometric characteristics.
In our opinion, taking into account the specifics of reactions of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to physical load could enhance fitness training. It requires choosing the easiest to use and informative indices of cardiorespiratory system to determine the differential optimal load (volume and intensity) at recreational physical culture classes.
It is of a certain interest to study the peculiarities of reactions of the cardiorespiratory system in individuals with different somatotypes to power load. This is possible using simple informative and accessible for the mass physical culture practice diagnostic methodologies.
The purpose of the study was to allocate the peculiarities of the dynamics of morphofunctional state of women aged 21-35 with different somatotypes during resistance fitness training. Materials and methods. The difficulty in developing the test program was caused by the definition of technique of distribution of subjects into groups by type of somatic constitution. In our opinion, it is most useful when working with adults in fitness clubs and fitness centers to use the methodology for determining somatotype by V.M. Chernorutsky [9], which is widely used in the practice of physical culture and agrees with the classification by V. Sheldon. It identifies three types of constitution: asthenic, sthenic, hypersthenic, and is used in work with both women and men.
114 women aged 21-35 years took part in the study. In accordance with the Helsinki Declaration all the subjects signed the informed consent to participate in the experiment. The subjects were examined before and after 6 months of regular classes (3 times a week 60 minutes each) of resistance fitness training, which is based on the pilates system.
At pilates classes it has been revealed that the attempt to use specific breathing caused discomfort in the involved. In connection with this, we have modified the breathing technique recommended by J. Pilates. Lower thoracic, rare and deep enough (4-6 breaths per minute) breathing was used in isotonic exercises. One respiratory cycle included inhale (chest expansion in the anterior-posterior and lateral directions while maintaining the normal depth of lumbar lordosis) lasting 3-4 s, during which one got ready for a movement; breath holding after an inhale for 2-4 s, during which it was necessary to gather in the anterior wall of the stomach; full exhale for 5-6 seconds, carried out simultaneously with the execution of the first phase of the exercise and relaxation of abdominal muscles; in the final phase a breath in is made, the front wall of the abdomen is pulled in, return to the starting position - exhale. At the initial phases of classes, while the engaged ones are mastering the voluntary regulation of breathing a short pause can occur after exhaling. While mastering the technique of performance of pilates exercises the length of exhale increases, breath holding between an exhale and an inhale disappears. In general, this breathing pattern suggests short breath holding, constituting about 15 seconds for 1 minute, which helps to improve the respiratory function, increase respiratory muscle endurance, resistance to hypoxia, enhancement of the cardiorespiratory system. Unlike the recommended by J. Pilates breathing pattern in the methodology we developed a breath in was rarely implemented and accompanied the main movement. The array of tests for women aged 21-35 years included functional tests, anthropometric measurements, testing of back and hand muscle strength.
Physiological research methods were used to study the functional status of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The examination was carried out using standard methods [3].
The activity of the cardiovascular system of the subjects was estimated by the heart rate at rest (HR, bpm); systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BPs; BPd, mm Hg). Pulse pressure (PP, mm Hg) was
(HR x BPsyst)
calculated. Double product (DP, c.u.) was determined by the formula: DP = ---, coefficient of
100
blood circulation (CBC, c.u.) was calculated by the formula: CBC = (BPsyst - BPdiast) x HR, endurance
coefficient (EC, c.u.) was calculated by the formula: EC = ^^^^^^^ ■
Estimation of the respiratory function included estimation of: vital capacity (VC, ml) using a dry air spirometer, after three reps with intervals not less than 30 s, the best result and birth-death ratio (BDR,
VC
ml/kg) were fixed, calculated by the formula: BDR = —, where M - body mass, kg.
M
Results in the Stange test (ST, s) - inspiratory breath holding time and the Genchi test (GT, s) -expiratory breath holding time were registered to detect hypoxic resistance of the body.
The Skibinski's circulatory-respiratory index (SCRI, c.u.), determining the reserves of the
respiratory and cardiovascular systems, was calculated by the formula: SCRI = (££H00xSTl.
HR
The state of autonomous nervous system was estimated using vegetation index Kerdo, (VI, c.u.),
was calculated by the formula: VI = 1—BPd x 100. The positive value of VI indicates the dominating
HR
sympathetic, negative values - parasympathetic tone of autonomous nervous system, zero value VI -balance of divisions of autonomous nervous system.
General physical working capacity was estimated based on the Harvard step test. The subjects stepped up (step height 43 cm) for 4 min. The rate of all the subjects is 30 ascents (120 steps) per min. HR was registered after exercises in the sitting position for the first 30 s at the 2nd (f1), 3rd (f2) and 4th (f3) min of the recovery period. The test results were expressed in the form of the Harvard step test index (HSTI):
HST, = ( (t x 100) )x 2, c.u., where: (HI + f2 + /3) • •
t - time of stepping up (s);
f1 - HR for the first 30 from the 2nd min of recovery (bpm); f2 - HR for the first 30 from the 3rd min of recovery (bpm); f3 - HR for the first 30 from the 4th min of the recovery period (bpm).
The level of physical working capacity by the Harvard step test was determined in accordance with the standards defined by V.L. Karpman, I.A. Gudkov, I.A. Belotserkovsky (1988). Hence, the values of HSTI below 55 c.u. indicate the "bad" level of physical working capacity, from 55 to 64 c.u. - "below
the average", from 65 to 79 c.u. - "average", from 80 to 89 c.u.- "good" and from 90 and above -"excellent".
The anthropometric measurements were made using the common methods [3]. There were measured standing body length (cm); body mass (kg); "circumference" body sizes: chest circumference at rest (CC pause), inspiratory (CC, inhalation), at maximum "opening" of breast and exhale at maximum "straining" of breast (CC, exhale), shoulder circumference (SC), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), shin circumference (SC). Chest excursion (CE, cm) was measure along with a
M
number of indices including: Ketle, g/cm (KI) by the formula: KI = —, g/cm, where M - body mass (g);
H
H - height (cm).
Somatotype was assessed using the methodology of M.V. Chernorutsky (1925), where the Pinie index (PI, c.u.) was calculated by the formula: PI = P - (M + CC ), c.u., where H - height (cm); M -body mass (kg); CC - chest circumference at rest (cm). The values of the Pinie index below 15 c.u. are typical for hypersthenics; from 16 to 25 c.u. - sthenics; over 26 c.u. - asthenics.
The subjects were examined before a class using only standard checked instruments.
The methods of mathematical statistics were applied at the obtained data processing [4]. The arithmetic mean of the sample value (X) was calculated to characterize the studied indices. Standard deviation (o) served as an indicator of variation of the results. The verification for the normality of the distribution was made using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Lilliefors test. "If the normal distribution remained, the studied indices were evaluated on the basis of calculations of the Student t-test for related and unrelated samples at the significance level of p < 0.05-0.001
Nonparametric tests were used for parameters that can not be measured by the law of normal distribution: the U - Mann-Whitney test was used to assess the significance of differences of unrelated samples, Wilcoxon test - to compare the studied parameters "before" and "after" performing a cycle of training sessions.
All calculations were made using the software package "Statistics - 7". This study is devoted only to statistically significant differences of the studied indices.
Results and discussion. The estimation of the constitutional type of the subjects has revealed the following distribution in somatotypes: sthenics - 47 %, hypersthenics - 42 % and asthenics - 11%. The predominance of representatives of sthenic and hypersthenic somatotypes in this sample of subjects can be explained by the fact that women with overweight are most interested in power training sessions, as when performing resistance exercises there is no shock load on the joints, and high energy consumption enhances metabolic processes.
The analysis of the functioning of the cardiorespiratory system in female representatives of different somatotypes in the background showed that the cardiovascular system of women with the
hypersthenic somatotype operates with some tension, as indicated by the excess values of HR, BPs and BPd, DP (Tab.1). In addition, the activity of the respiratory system decreased, as indicated by the lowest values of the Skibinski's index, birth-death ratio and breath-holding time in hypoxic tests, unlike the other two somatotypes (Tab.1).
Table 1. The dynamics of indices of cardiorespiratory system of women aged 21-35 years, representatives of different somatotypes during resistance fitness training _
Indices Asthenics Sthenics Hypersthenics
X1±o before X2±o after X1±o before X2±G after X1±o before X2±G after
HR, bpm 70±5 a-s* 68±3 76±3 s-h* 68±2* 79±6 h-a* 70±4*
BPs, mm Hg 112±4 a-s* 112±2 a-s* 123±6 s-h* 116±4* s-h* 137±4 h-a* 122±5* h-a*
BPd, mm Hg 64±5 a-s* 70±3* a-s* 76±7 s-h* 78±5 84±8 h-a* 80±7 h-a*
PP, mm Hg 48±7 42±4* a-s* 47±7 38±7* 52±11 42±9*
EC, c.u. 15±3 16±1 a-s* 16±3 18±5* 16±5 18±4*
DP, c.u. 79±6 a-s* 76±4 a-s* 93±8 s-h* 80±4* s-h* 108±9 86±7* h-a*
CBC, c.u. 3358±545 a-s* 2868±357* 3538±547 s-h* 2600±458* s-h* 4158±889 2944±698*
VC, ml 3031±453 a-s* 3361±331* a-s* 2866±417 3188±292* 2919±438 3242±358*
BDR, ml/kg 56±11 62±8* a-s* 44±8 s-h* 48±7* s-h* 35±7 h-a* 44±5* h-a*
Stange test, s 41±11 51±9* a-s* 36±8 s-h* 44±8* 31±7 h-a* 42±6* h-a*
Genchi test, s 31±11 41±7* a-s* 27±8 s-h* 34±5* s-h* 22±7 h-a* 30±6* h-a*
SCRI, c.u. 1358±447 a-s* 1994±309* a-s* 1020±345 s-h* 1597±357* s-h* 823±399 h-a* 1645±161* h-a
HSTI, c.u. 58±12 70±3* a-s* 63±10 78±4* 50±7 h-a* 82±3* h-a*
VI, c.u. 8±9 a-s* -2±6* a-s* -1±11 s-h* -15±9* s-h* -7±14 h-a* -15±13* h-a*
Note. * - the differences are significant at p < 0,05; a-s - the differences between asthenics and sthenics
after a training cycle are significant at p < 0,05; s-h - the differences between sthenics and hypersthenics after a training cycle are significant at p < 0,05; a-h - the differences between asthenics and hypersthenics after a training cycle are significant at p < 0,05.
The female representatives of sthenic somatotype were proved to have an optimally functioning cardiorespiratory system in the main hemodynamic characteristics and hypoxic test indices.
Asthenics were distinguished by the low values of the examined indices of cardiovascular system (Tab.1). The asthenics' respiratory system functions more effectively compared with two other somatotypes, which is proved by the high values of the VC, BDR, SCRI indices, and they have the longest hypoxic tests.
The circulatory efficiency coefficient in representatives of all somatotypes was above the age physiological norm. At the same time hypersthenics had the least economical one in comparison with other somatotypes.
The analysis of the Kerdo index data has revealed the prevalence of the tone of sympathetic nervous system in asthenics, parasympathetic - in hypersthenics and the balance of divisions of the autonomous nervous system - in sthenics.
Significant differences in the level of physical working capacity were observed between extreme somatotypes, i.e. physical working capacity of hypersthenics and asthenics comprised 50 c.u. and 58 c.u. on the average respectively. Sthenics had the highest physical working capacity (HSTI = 66 c.u.), however, there were no significant differences in this index between sthenic and the other two somatotypes.
"Circumference" sizes and morphological indices (Ketle and Erisman), which were not considered in the distribution to constitutional types, differed significantly in all somatotypes, increasing from asthenics to hypersthenics, which matches with the data of N.A. Dardanova (2007) et al. At the end of the six-month period of trainings a complete physical examination of women was repeatedly carried out and revealed mixed in scale and nature changes in the indices of cardiorespiratory system in female representatives of different types of somatic constitution. The recreational influence of training was shown in representatives of all somatotypes, as evidenced by favorable significant changes in the indices of PP, CBC, VC, BDR, SCRI, and significantly improved resistance to hypoxia, which resulted in the increasing time in the Stange and the Genchi tests (Tab. 1). In our opinion, improvement of the performance of the respiratory system is caused by the use in training classes of specific breathing method according to our technology. Female representatives of all somatotypes had increased levels of physical working capacity and indices of absolute and relative strength of hand and back muscles. A shift of the autonomic balance was observed in representatives of all somatotypes toward parasympathetic autonomous nervous system after a training cycle.
Hypersthenics had the most favorable changes in the functioning of cardiorespiratory system in contrast to the representatives of the other two somatotypes, that may be due to the hard work of the system before starting classes. In addition, the general physical capacity level largely increased, as testified by the high values of the index of the Harvard step test.
Favorable changes in the activity of cardiovascular and respiratory systems were also marked among sthenics, along with the increased general working capacity, but the changes are less pronounced than in hypersthenics.
Resistance fitness training had the most beneficial effect on the respiratory system of asthenics, as indicated by the changes in all the studied indices. Changes in the activity of cardiovascular system in asthenics are slightly pronounced and much less than in the other two somatotypes, that most likely due to the sufficiently high initial efficiency of its functioning before a training cycle.
As expected, the anthropometric characteristics of women of all somatotypes have undergone favorable changes (Tab. 2).
The most pronounced changes were marked in the representatives of hypersthenic somatotype, which was shown in the significant reduction of Ketle and Pinie indices, decrease of chest, waist, hip circumferences. Sthenics were proved to have an average decrease in body weight and circumference of the studied indices. The asthenics' changes were insignificant in all anthropometric characteristics. The noted changes of the morphological characteristics are consistent with the data of N.A. Dardanova (2007), where body-weight indices of representatives of different somatotypes engaged in different kinds of fitness are characterized.
Table 2. The dynamics of anthropometric characteristics of women aged 21-35 years, representatives of different somatotypes, during resistance fitness training
Indices Asthenics Sthenics Hypersthenics
X1±o X2±o X1±a X2±G X1±o X2±G
before after before after before after
Weight, kg 57±7 55±4 66±7 67±7 80±7 74±4*
a-s* a-s* s-h* s-h* h-a* h-a*
Chest circumference 74±7 73±4 86±5 77±5 91±5 84±4*
(pause), cm a-s* a-s* s-h* s-h* h-a* h-a*
Waist circumference, 63±4 58±2* 71±6 66±4* 80±6 73±4*
cm a-s* a-s* s-h* s-h* h-a* h-a*
Shoulder circumference 24±5 23±3 29±3 28±2 34±3 31±2*
r., cm a-s* s-h* s-h* h-a* h-a*
Hip circumference r., 54±7 53±6 63±5 56±3* 73±4 66±4*
cm a-s* s-h* s-h* h-a* h-a*
Shin circumference r., 32±2 32±2 36±2 35±2 39±3 36±2*
cm a-s* a-s* s-h* h-a* h-a*
Pinie index, c.u. 33±2 36±5 15±6 22±7 -7±9 5±5*
a-s* a-s* s-h* s-h* h-a* h-a*
Ketle index, g/cm 345±42 335±28 394±36 406±42* 482±24 455±20*
a-s* H-r* s-h* h-a*
Erisman index, cm -8±6 -15±4 3±4 -7±4* 9±6 2±4*
a-s* a-s* s-h* s-h* h-a* h-a*
Chest excursion, cm 7±7 10±1* 6±2 15±1* 7±2 11±3*
a-s* s-h* h-a*
Note. * - the differences are significant at p < 0,05; a-s - the differences between asthenics and sthenics are significant at p < 0,05; s-h - the differences between sthenics and hypersthenics after the training cycle are significant at p < 0,05; a-h - the differences between asthenics and hypersthenics after the training cycle are significant at p < 0,05.
According to the works of Ya.V. Zhigalova and L.V. Tarasova (2003), the most pronounced changes were observed among hypersthenics even in the case of individual body shaping programs in view of the morphological features of representatives of different somatotypes.
Hence, hypersthenics had the most favorable effect from resistance fitness training related to cardiovascular system, which is proved by the dynamics of pulse pressure indices, circulatory effectiveness coefficient and increase of the Skibinski index. In asthenics the positive changes concerned first of all respiratory system, which was shown in the increase of vital capacity and the period of breath-holding in functional tests. Sthenics were proved to have improved indices of both cardiovascular and respiratory systems, but the changes are less expressed than in hypersthenics and asthenics. The observed peculiarities of the response of the cardiovascular system to fitness training were assumed to be caused by leveling of the functional delay of the limiting component, which is to be taken into account when planning a training process.
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