CC BY
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account. Addressing the audience, he often used uniting words, phrases like "you and I", "us together", etc.
One of the notable features of Roosevelt’s oratorical practice was the fact that at the end of many speeches he pronounced with a bright major key, in spite of all the innumerable difficulties which he spoke about in the middle of the speech. Positive emotional tone of his voice inculcated optimism and confidence in the memory and feelings of the listeners, they were sure that everything outlined will be fulfilled. The ending of his speeches were especially impressive he passionately urged the audience to listen to the precepts of providence.
General stylistic communication manner used by Roosevelt was characterized by the openness, sincerity, honesty. The main feature of his style consisted in the fact that he was able to say meaningfully, sensibly with a living sense, with the inspiration about any issue.
Roosevelt’s oratorical style is a complete harmony of thought and word. This last has always been on the growth of thought.
Words spoken by speaker, the content of speech, voice, tone, the set of psycho-rhetorical tools and techniques - everything was thought out to the last detail and weighed up.
He showed moderation arguing with opponents. Roosevelt showed sparkling irony and sarcasm only in the most necessary cases.
The exerted influence of the Roosevelt’s living word was largely determined by the peculiarities of his unique personality, his charisma, high moral character, his lifestyle, a high degree of Reference for surrounding persons. The power of his will noted here, was of course complemented by his high status as a president and a commander in chief. In other words the administrative resource played an important role in this mightiness.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt remained in the memory of Americans and progressive world community as a courageous and honest politician. Together with his compatriots and allies fighting against Nazi Germany and militarist Japan, he created a history and was convinced that the future of humanity will be peaceful and clear for a long time after the victory. His public speaking was great. His great personality created unique examples of the living word powerful influence on the public consciousness of the millions.
And for modern political leaders Roosevelt’s heritage may serve as a source of knowledge of unlimited possibilities of living full- fledged word that can determine the fate of the new
References
1. Безыменский Л. А., Фалин В. М. Открывая новые страницы...Международные вопросы: события и люди /Сост. Н. В. Попов. - Москва.: Политиздат, 1989. - С. 109-121.
2. Воронов Ю.С., Любезнова Н.В. Ораторское искусство Франклина Делано Рузветьта. - Саратов: Буква, 2015. - 328 с.
3. Ф.Д. Рузвельт. Беседы у камина. - М.: ИТРК, 2003.
4. Советско-американские отношения во время Великой Отечественной воины, 1941-1945: Документы и материалы. В 2-х т. Т.2. 1944-1945 /М-во иностр. дел СССР. - М.: Политиздат, 1984. - С. 311. 1.
5. Безыменский Л. А., Фалин В. М. Открывая новые страницы...Международные вопросы: события и люди /Сост. Н. В. Попов. Москва.: Политиздат, 1989. С. 109-121. 2.
6. Воронов Ю.С., Любезнова Н.В. Ораторское искусство Франклина Делано Рузветьта. Саратов: Буква, 2015. 328 с. 3. Ф.Д. Рузвельт. Беседы у камина. М.: ИТРК, 2003. 4.
7. Советско-американские отношения во время Великой Отечественной воины, 1941-1945: Документы и материалы. В 2-х т. Т.2. 1944-1945 /М-во иностр. дел СССР. М.: Политиздат, 1984, с. 311.
generations.
Seven decades have passed since Franklin Delano Roosevelt passed away. The world became much different. The communication within the states and in the international arena is now in a lot of ways not like it was in his time. However, just like before the living word remains its leading position. Moreover, it is reinforced by the new scientific and technological achievements; it has got even the more important role. The world practice shows that the living word of political leaders implemented with the new communication means may have a certain effect on the million audiences all over the world.
A public speech in modern conditions more intensively use the latest achievements of sciences, including sociology, general and social psychology, linguistics, ethics and aesthetics, pedagogics, political science, communication theory, and others. At the same time the historical experience of the best speakers of past epochs is still used.
Rational, logical ways, means, methods of exposure gained the increasingly significant weight in the theory and practice of management and international relations. However, tools and techniques of the irrational influence have become more sophisticated; they act on consciousness and subconsciousness of the great number of people through television, Internet and other electronic means of zombification.
The intensive use of electronic communication means stipulated a significant change in requirements and techniques for effective impact on the audience, and to the structure of the public speech. For example, the phenomenon of complexity in the use of various sign systems in public speech, such as linguistic, paralinguistic (intonation, etc.), kinetic (facial expressions, gestures, etc.) has become multifaceted in modern conditions.
Roosevelt's speeches, declaimed 70-80 years ago, and in our time still conquer by the depth of content, business, careful literary- linguistic, rhetorical finishing.
Roosevelt’s speeches, his famous "Fireside chats" [3] even today may be the handbook for those who have dedicated themselves to the political leadership.
Roosevelt had a powerful prognostic vision, imagination, fertile imagination, courage, at the same time a careful mind of a lawyer and diplomat. Roosevelt's idea of a fair harmonious world, expressed in his public speeches, is very timely in beginning of a new millennium.
Indo-European languages (UDC 811.1/.2)
Полянчук Ольга Борисовна
Профессор, доктор филологических наук, Воронежский государственный университет Лаенко Людмила Владимировна
Профессор, доктор филологических наук, Воронежский государственный университет Кургалина Маргарита Владимировна Преподаватель, Воронежский государственный университет РАЗВИТИЕ СЕМАНТИКИ ПРОИЗВОДНОГО СЛОВА КАК РЕЗУЛЬТАТ КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНОЙ ИНТЕГРАЦИИ
Аннотация
В статье выявляются закономерности взаимосвязи между моделью семантической деривации, словообразовательной структурой исходного значения многозначного производного слова и законами концептуальной интеграции. Концептуальная интеграция рассматривается как когнитивный механизм в основе взаимодействия фреймовых структур, определяющих развитие производной единицы.
Ключевые слова: комплексный знак, словообразовательное значение, семантическая деривация, концептуальная интеграция.
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Polyanchuck Olga Borisovna
Professor, PhD in Philology, Voronezh State University Laenko Lyudmila Vladimirovna Professor, PhD in Philology, Voronezh State University Kurgalina Margarita Vladimirovna
Lecturer, Voronezh State University
THE DEVELOPMENT OF DERIVATIVES SEMANTICS AS A RESULT OF CONCEPTUAL INTEGRATION
Abstract
The paper reveals the correlations between the model of semantic derivation, the word-formation structure of the input meaning of polysemantic derivative and the principles of conceptual integration. Conceptual integration is considered as a cognitive mechanism at the basis of frame structures interaction which determine the derivative development.
Keywords: complex sign, word-formation meaning, semantic derivation, conceptual integration.
The article deals with the word formation issues in the dynamic aspect. The dynamic word-formation is understood as the process of polysemy development of derivatives. The correlation of world-building components undergoes changes during this process which results in the regrouping of semantic components fixed by a word-formation base and a word-formation element [an appropriate affix - see 1]. Such transformations are based on the principals of conceptual integration which attracts a lot of researchers attention nowadays [2, 3, 4, 5, 6 etc.].
The theory of conceptual blending is based on the notion that the construction of a new meaning is based on the integration of two or more input conceptual structures as a result of which a new integrated structure, called blend, appears. The blend includes both common and specific features of input structures. However, blend is not a simple combination of their elements, it can include the elements which are not typical for input structures but emerge in the process of integration [2, 42]. Conceptual blending is a basic mental operation which is at the basis of a wide range of language phenomena (phraseological units, comparison, conditionals etc.). In the course of this study we consider the process of conceptual derivation a particular type of conceptual integration the result of which (blend) is verbalized by a derivative.
The process of de-etymologization does not take place as soon as the word starts developing its polysemantic meanings and becomes idiomatic to some extent. While studying several derived sememes we can analyze the “trace” of word-formation meaning (WM). So, we consider compositional semantics of derivatives, which develop polysemy, the interaction of certain cognitive structures behind word- formating elements (affixes) and base [7]. This enables us to regard a derivative as a complex sign (CS) that is a sign composed of two other completed signs [8, 12]. According to this, while studying CS we are trying to solve a number of problems: the problem of semantic modeling; correlation of language meaning types (the change of word-formation meaning and lexical meaning correlation in the process of semantic modification of the CS; the search of cognitive reasons at the basis of semantic development of the word and many others).
The theory of regular word-formation has been well developed during the last decades by such scientists as P. Gilbert, G. O. Vinokur, Ye. S. Kubryakova, M. Doculil, O.V. Rayevskaya, N. N. Lopatnikova and others. In their works a lot of attention was paid to the regular word-formation meanings of monosemantic derivatives. However, the study of polysemantic derivatives arouses a certain interest. Polysemantic derivatives occupy a special place in the word-formation theory and demonstrate specific patterns of functioning of such parameters as word-formation motivation, word-formation dividedness, correlation of word-formation (WM) and lexical meaning (LM). There exist different points of view on the place of polysemantic derivatives in the system of synchronous word-formation. Polysemantic derivatives (as well as simple, i.e. non-derived words) undoubtedly demonstrate the appearance of new semantic units which are the result of the change in the meaning of the word. Nevertheless, it is difficult to agree that LM is only a derivational sphere which is beyond word- formation. Many linguists consider a certain amount of idiomaticity of a derivative as a sufficient reason for excluding it from the range of the words being able to be divided. That is why derived meanings of polysemantic derivatives and compound words have not been properly analyzed in many cases. However, as the research shows, we cannot but register the trace of word-formation meaning in lexicalized derivatives, the degrees of its presence enable us to create a certain system, which represents regular
correlations between word-formation and lexical meanings. The empiric material of the research includes French and English word-formation means with the semantics of denial, namely French derivatives with the prefix de and English derivatives with the suffix less.
The purpose of the research is to reveal the regular correlations between the model of semantic derivation, word-formation structure of input polysemantic word meaning and principles of conceptual integration which are at the bases of frame structures restructuring, which determine the development of CS. These correlations are based on the fact that when the polysemy of CS is developed, not only the LM of the derived sememe is changed but also its word-formation parameters: word-formation meaning, word-formation motivation, dividedness according to word-formation model, degree of idiomaticity.
Speaking about prospective course of research of dynamic aspect of word-formation, we have to underline the role of cognitive approach to derivatives. This approach helps to reveal clearly and positively the reasons and types of relations between LM and WM, rules of word-formation structure elements composition and prototype models, which characterize combination of word-formation and lexical aspects of research. Cognitive approach is especially essential because a complex sign has a special structure of representing knowledge in which the new knowledge is based on the meaning of the input unit. Complex sign represents the whole range of human knowledge and experience in the form of word-formation models and word-formation meanings, CS is a special cognitive structure since there is a certain amount of knowledge behind each of its components (word formation-base and word-formation element). These components have specific relations between each other which determine further semantic development of CS. That is why derivatologists believe that since there is a certain amount of knowledge behind word formation-base and affix, they can consider derivatives as a special cognitive structure [9, 12]. According to Ye.S. Kubryakova, using cognitive methods helps to understand the word-formation mechanism deeper, to identify cognitive peculiarities of word-formation, to describe derivatives semantics and to study the process of emerging of such new meanings, “understanding of which makes us go beyond the borders of signs as they are and, therefore, implement the mechanism of “inferention” [8, 17]. The study of word-formation dynamic aspect, especially of different word-formation changes and semantic features of CS in the process of “ageing” of a word (when developing polysemy), is also of a current interest.
In this respect it is important to clarify the following problems:
1. Semantic and structural relations which exist between a motivating word and a derivative as well as regularities of word-formation base and affix combinability.
2. Semantic differences between motivating and derived meanings of a CS. It would be advantageous to find objective reasons for these differences and criteria for their identification. The polysemic derivatives reveal such differences most apparently.
3. The ways and means of gaining new meanings and loosing old ones by CS.
4. The ability of a derivative to evaluate semantically and influence of these processes on the structural and semantic peculiarities of the sememes developed on its base.
All these problems can be solved with the help of both traditional methods of word-formation analyses and cognitive approach, especially compositional semantics. Ye. M. Pozdnyakova offers some principals of cognitive research concerning word-formation. First of all, it is an importance of representing human experience by means of human activity which means that the
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conceptual structure of CS also represents those elements of action situation which are not apparently explicit.
Secondly, there takes place a comparison of two conceptual structures, one of which categorizes while the other identifies the object of nomination.
Thirdly, we need to recognize the importance of taking into account principals of perception psychology, which are revealed in the language by explication of some elements and implication of others by a language unit. Fourthly, such instruments of man's cognitive activity as a metaphor and a metonymy take an active part in word-formation [10, 135].
It is commonly known that cognitive linguistics insists, first of all, on the importance of binding the meaning of the word with the knowledge structure it represents [7, 30]. In connection with that, according to Ye.S. Kubryakova, despite all existing research of derivative elements combinability it is still essential to study the rules of sense composition as the result of which new senses appear [8].
Taking all this into account, we have made an attempt to analyze a range of derivative French verbs with prefixes and English adjectives with suffixes which develop polysemy. As a result, we have found out the following correlations:
1. The model of conceptual integration has a core influence on the coming into focus of a conceptual element which correlates with either an affix or motivating base, or is the result of their rethinking.
2. The type of concept feature actualization (semantic derivation model) determines word-formation parameters of CS as well as peculiarities of its compositionality in derived sememe (LSV 2, i.e. lexico-semantic variant 2), especially:
- if a concept feature activated during semantic derivation based on CS is correlated with the motivating base of input meaning of these CS, then the derived sememe retains such word-formation parameters as partial motivation and presence of word-formation meaning in a modified form. CS demonstrates partial compositionality (i.e. its idiomaticity is partial).
- if a concept feature activated during semantic derivation is the result of rethinking of the information, fixed by both components of the word-formation structure of the input meaning, the derived sememe is characterized by obscure word-formation motivation, relative word- formation dividedness and implicitness of word-formation meaning. In this case the degree of CS integrity is
heightened. These theses have been verified by means of conceptual analysis, component analysis and by presenting semantic structure of derivative through unfolded syntactic structure [11].
The above mentioned assumptions can be illustrated by the analyses of CS with partial and obscure motivation (French verbs with the prefix de and English adjectives with the suffix less).
As a rule, partially motivated verbs are derived LCV of polysemic CS, developed due to semantic derivation (in our case -by means of metaphorization). The process of rethinking involves motivating base only, semantics of denial, which belongs to the prefix, remains unalterable, WM of such derivatives undergoes changes.
For example, the verb decouronner has the following meanings:
1. Priver de la couronne - deprive of the crown;
2. fig .Depouiller de ce qui couronne - enlever le sommet - to remove the top.
Two concepts are verbalized in the input meaning: “denial” (“deprivation”) and “power” (a crown is a symbol of power). In the model of conceptual blending, which determines the process of polysemy development, the focus is on the feature of the second concept which correlates with the motivating base, i.e. concept “power”: it is feature “location” (a crown as a symbol of power is located above). This feature is activated during semantic derivation and determines the change of word-formation and semantic parameters of derived sememe: if the input sememe is
characterized by full motivation, clear dividedness according to a word-formation model, explicitness of word- formation meaning (“deprive of what is signified by the motivating base”), then the derived sememe has only partial word-formation motivation, partial idiomaticity and dividedness of the first degree [12, 180], WM is represented in its changed form - “deprive of something which is similar to what is signified by the motivating base” (the top, as well as the crown, is located above). As for the prefix semantics, it remains unaltered.
The English adjective painless has the following meanings:
1. not causing physical pain (painless operation);
2. not causing much effort or stress (painless solution).
The input meaning of painlessverbalizes the result of two concepts integration (“physical feelings” and “denial”) represented by the motivating base and the suffix.
Scheme 1 - The process of conceptual blending at the basis of creating the English adjective painless direct meaning
concept «physical feelings»
• pain
concept “denial” • absence of something
i
blend, verbalized by LSV 1 painless • absence of pain
The term “blend” is used to identify the result of input conceptual structures integration which is to be verbalized by CS “painless” in its direct meaning. When forming the derived
meaning of the adjective in question this blend functions as an input conceptual structure and interacts with the concept “difficult situation”.
Scheme 2 - The process of conceptual blending at the bases of creating the English adjective painless derived meaning
blend, verbalized by LSV 1 painless • absence of pain
concept “difficult situation” • obstacle, trouble
i
blend, verbalized by LSV 2 painless • absence of obstacles, trouble
In the process of conceptual blending the conceptual feature “obstacle, trouble” comes into focus (pain is an unpleasant feeling, a trouble, which does not let the body function well). Activation of this feature in the process of semantic derivation determines alteration in word-formation and semantic parameters of derived
meaning, WM is represented in the modified form: “an absence of something which is similar to what is designated by a motivating base”, semantics of the suffix remains unaltered.
Processes of conceptual derivation at the basis of creation of French verbs with the prefix de proceed in the similar way.
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Scheme 3 - The process of conceptual blending at the basis of creating the French verb decouronner direct meaning
concept «denial» • denial, deprivation
concept «power» • symbol of power (a crown)
i
blend, verbalized by LSV 1 decouronner • deprivation of the symbol of power (crown)
Scheme 4 - The process of conceptual blending at the bases of creating the French verb decouronner derived meaning
blend, verbalized by LSV 1 decouronner • deprivation of a crown
concept“space”
• location (above)
i
blend, verbalized by LSV 2 decouronner • deprivation of something, which is above (a top)
So, according to the rules of compositionability of this type, which are determined by specific character of restructuring the sememe (the place of the core seme in the model of semantic derivation in compliance with the elements of word-formation structure of the input meaning), the derived LSV of analyzed CSs retains a certain degree of dividedness, i.e. low degree of integrity of its components which represent low degree of integrity of concepts represented by them. We consider such signs in their own meaning in two aspects: on the one hand, they are the results of word-formation derivation, on the other hand, they can function as input signs for semantic derivation.
We have also found out a different model of developing polysemy, which is connected with obscure motivation of derived CS meaning. The correlation between obscure CS word-formation motivation and model of semantic derivation has been revealed. The model of semantic derivation is determined by the model of conceptual blending, as in the previous case.
As the research shows, the peculiarity of the semantic derivation model in this case is the fact that its core seme does not correlate with any of the word-formation elements, but appears thanks to rethinking the input semantics of the derivative. For example, the verb debroussailler has the following meanings:
1. Arracher, couper les broussailles de (un terrain) — make the surface free from bushes, i.e., remove the bushes;
2. fig. Eclaircir ce qui est confus - make an obscure question clear, i.e., make it more understandable.
The derived sememe is completely rethought. If we compare the derived meaning with the input meaning it becomes clear that the core seme represents the result of the action “make free from the bushes” (i.e. “make the space clear, so that it’s easy to see something there”). Such rethinking is clear because of conceptual blending model, which is connected with prototypical metaphorical model “action ^ result of action” in which the conceptual feature “result” is in focus.
WM is not explicit in derived sememes of this types, word-formation motivation is obscure, idiomaticity is considerable, semantics of prefix or suffix is present only as the component of LM which proves the change in WM/LM correlation: WM is implicit, LM, on the contrary, gains new semantic components.
The derived English adjective shapeless demonstrates similar characteristics. The adjective has the following meanings:
1. without a definite shape - (shapeless dress);
2. hard to describe, i.e., of obscure nature (shapeless fear).
The direct meaning of the adjective is formed according to the
principles of its elements composition.
Scheme 5 - The process of conceptual blending at the basis of creating the English adjective shapeless direct meaning
concept «physical parameters of an object» • shape
concept “denial”
• absence of something
i
blend, verbalized by • absence
Conceptualization of an object according to its shape (LSV 1) or nature (origin) (LSV 2) is at the basis of semantic derivation forming derived meaning of the adjective shapeless. Rethinking of a feature, designated by the adjective takes place according to the metaphoric model “physical feature ^ mental feature”. Due to the cognitive mechanism “elaboration”, the feature “absence of shape” transforms into the feature “of obscure nature” which raises the
LSV1 shapeless of shape
degree of integrity of the derivative. Similar to the French verb debroussailler, activisation of the concept feature «result» takes place: as a result of shape absence the object is difficult to understand and describe.
Interaction of blend (the result of integration of initial concepts brepresented by the motivating base and the suffix) and concept “parameters of abstract object” takes place at the conceptual level.
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Scheme 6 - A process of conceptual blending at the basis of creating a derived meaning of an English adjective shapeless
blend, verbalized by LSV 1 shapeless • absence of shape^obscure nature
concept «parameters of abstract object» • nature, origin
, I
a ....
i blend, verbalized by LSV 2 shapeless
• of obscure nature, origin
Similar processes of conceptual derivation are at the basis of polysemic French verbs with prefix “de” formation.
Scheme 7 - The process of conceptual blending at the basis of creating the French verb debroussailler direct meaning
concept “denial” concept “physical objects”
• denial, removal of something . . • bushes
I
blend, verbalized by LSV 1 debroussailler • removal of bushes
Scheme 8 - The process of conceptual blending at the basis of creating the French verb debroussailler derived meaning
blend, verbalized by LSV 1 debroussailler • removal of the bushes which makes it difficult to see
concept “understanding”
• elements which make it difficult to understand
I
blend, verbalized by LSV 2 debroussailler • making the unclear clear
So, we can see that the two ways of polysemic French verbs with the prefix de and English adjectives with the suffix less formation are based on two types of input concepts interaction in the process of conceptual blending:
1. Each of the input concepts contains its own frame, one of the frames structures the blend;
2. Input concepts include different frames, in this case the blend is structured by its own emergent frame, which includes the elements of input structures.
As a result of activation of these two types of input concepts interaction, analyzed complex signs in their derived meanings demonstrate, on the one hand, different degrees of word formation parameters explicity (higher degree of explicity in the first case and higher degree of idiomaticity in the second) and, on the other hand, different models of semantic derivation according to which complex signs develop their derived meanings. All this proves once again the close connection between mental categories and verbal ones in the language and the regular character of such connections.
In conclusion we have to underline that the rules of compositionality of CS, developing polysemy, are systemized and determined by peculiarities of prototype modeling which is at the basis of semantics development. Cognitive features, revealing in the dynamics of complex sign, have their impact on the correlation of word-formation and lexical parameters when developing CS polysemy; influence compositional properties and the degree of integrity. By carrying out a research in this field we can identify cognitive reasons for choosing a particular way of developing polysemy by CS and try to answer the question why this or that component of word-formation structure of initial LSV becomes the core seme of semantic derivation. Such correlation enables the forecast of semantic development of monosemic CS. We also have to note that the results of research based on the material from different languages which belong to different groups prove the hypothesis that the processes of conceptual blending are universal.
References
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Literature (UDC 82)
Хундаева Елизавета Очировна
Доктор филологических наук, Институт монголоведения, буддологии и тибетологии БУРЯТСКИЙ ЭПОС «ГЭСЭР» И АНГЛО- САКСОНСКАЯ ЭПОПЕЯ «БЕОВУЛЬФ»
Аннотация
Культуры не изолированы друг от друга и не имеют столь большого значения сами по себе, в отрыве от других культур. Каждая культура несет в себе энергию соседних или отдаленных культур. Воин, который олицетворяет всю сипу и мощь своего сообщества наделен щедрыми дарами от природы, поскольку его главной миссией является защита племени и рода от всевозможных бедствий. Бурятский эпос «Гэсэр» и англо-саксонская эпопея «Беовульф» имеют много общего в отношении исторической эпохи, отчасти содержания, некоторых эпизодов и мотивов, персонажей, морали и стилевых черт. Дискурс обоих текстов отличается чертами типологического сходства, среди которых наиболее примечательными являются этно-исторический фон, структура текста, обрисовка героических подвигов. Эпическое сознание обоих народов характеризуется символическими, мифологическими, тотемистическими, анимистическими чертами. Эти народы с их исконно языческим и шаманским верованиями испытывают на себе влияние других религиозных проявлений, таких как христианские и буддийские соответственно. Оба народа обладают некоторыми общими чертами, которые могут сыграть положительную роль в диалоге их культур.
Ключевые слова: диалог культур; энергия соседних и других культур; гармония; глубокое понимание; экологический императив; культурный плюрализм; герои и героические подвиги; благородство и щедрость; идея спасения.
Khundaeva Elizaveta Ochirovna
PhD in Philology, Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan studies THE BURYAT EPOS «GESER» AND THE ANGLO-SAXON EPOPEE «BEOWULF»
Abstract
Cultures are not isolated from one another and are of no significance all by themselves, taken separately. Each culture carries in itself the energy of neighboring and other cultures. The warrior who personifies all the strength and might of his community is showered gifts on by nature for his chief mission is protection of his tribes and kin from all kinds of misfortune. The Buryat epos “Geser " and the Anglo-Saxon epopee “Beowulf” have much in common regarding the historical epoch, content, episodes and motives, characters, morals and style features. The discourse of both the texts is noted for the features of typological similarity, among which most prominent are ethnic and historical background, textual build-up, heroic deeds. The epical consciousness of both the peoples was noted for their symbolical, mythological, totemic, animistic features, pagan and shaman beliefs somewhat mixed up with some other religious tendencies like Christian and Buddhist ones respectively. Both possess some common features that can play a positive role in the dialogue between the two cultures.
Keywords: dialogue of cultures; energy of neighboring and other cultures, harmony; the greatest understanding ever possible, ecological imperative, cultural pluralism, heroes and heroic deeds, generosity; salvation.
The epos as part of culture is an expression of national mentality, it can help identify the national belonging of a person. At the same time the communicative function of folklore makes possible the exchange of cultural achievements among certain human communities as well as individuals. This function makes possible the communication within the framework of dialogue of cultures which in its turn helps create the international cultural stock. The process of globalization brings peoples and their cultures closer to each other. One can witness mutual understanding and interpenetration of some elements of various cultures, fragments of epical works, for one. One of the functions of culture is connected with the social and individual factor; in other words, with disintegration, on the one hand, and integration of social, national and other communities of people, on the other hand.
The international picture of the world, globalization of positive and negative tendencies is evidence of integration of formerly closed, disintegrated human communities. Cultures are not isolated from one another and are of no significance all by themselves, taken separately. Each culture carries in itself the energy of neighboring and other cultures. In this context the theory of incomprehensibility of the other cultures is groundless. The idea of peculiarity of each national culture, the contribution of each nation to the culture of the whole mankind is evident. It does not contradict the idea of certain commonness of all cultures.
Now the humankind came up to the point beyond which there might be global catastrophes. This prompts the need in change of the former model of unstable development and integration in the spiritual aspect as well. The words “harmony” and “understanding” should become the key notions of the contemporary world view. People belonging to different cultures should treat each other with the greatest understanding possible. The dialogue of cultures as interpretation of “the alien“, different cultures calls for quite a special mentality, new ontology, otherwise a new paradigm “world with man” or “man with the world” or “man in nature” rather than “nature for man”.
It is important to become aware of the priority of the spiritual basis in the whole life of the contemporary mankind, as well as of ecological imperative, human-conformable and nature-conformable tendencies. Internationalization, globalization brought world civilizations and cultures closer to each other. The world does become united and integrated. In the light of the theory of “cultural pluralism” culture is a connecting link among nations. Therefore understanding and respect for cultural values is not a matter of being educated but an indispensable condition for harmonious development.
No doubt there are very many outstanding tales and legends depicting the ideals of kindness, truth and justice. Among them one could mention an Anglo-Saxon epopee “Beowulf”. The poem of Beowulf is the only great work of the heroic epos of Anglo-Saxons that came to us almost intact. It was composed in an armed force community just as the Buryat Geseriade, they both describe battles, warriors and feasts in honor of the victory over the enemy. The early medieval period of history, i.e. the V-XI centuries is described in the Beowulfiade. The story began when in the middle of the V century Anglo-Saxons and other tribes of German origin invaded the territory of Britain. The end of that period is 1066 when there was the battle at Hastings that marked the conquest of the British Isles by Normans. The Anglo-Saxons founded some small kingdoms. Angles founded Mercia and Northumbria, Saxons - Wessex, Jutes - Kent. Those new formations struggled for the political superiority. Soon Northumbria yielded to Mercia, then in the IX century to Wessex. The western-Saxon dialect of Wessex became the classical dialect of the Old-English language. “Beowulf” was based on the old German pagan legends which appeared among German tribes long before Anglo-Saxons settled in the territory of Britain. The scenes of the poem were laid on the shores of the Baltic sea.
In the Geseriade the actions take place on the territory of the present Buryatia (Russia), Mongolia and Tibet (Amdo, Kam). The interaction of the Tibetan, Mongolian, Buryat, Turkic and other cultures made possible the creation of various versions and variants
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