CC BY
5
УДК 61/72
Dexqonova S. teacher
department «Social science» Namangan Engineering Construction Institute
Uzbekistan, Namangan
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE JADIDS TO NATIONAL AND
SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT
Annotation: In this article, we reflect on the socio-political movement of Jadidism.
Key words: spirituality, morality, culture, jadid, society.
The movement of the Jadids (from the Arab «Jadid» - a new one) originated in the territory of the present Republic of Tatarstan and spread in Bukhara, Khiva and Turkestan at the end. XIX - beg. XX century. The Turkestan Jadids were headed by Mahmudhoja Behbudi, Abdukadyr Shakuri, Munavvarkari Abdurashidkhanov, Abdullah Avloni and dozens of other enlighteners. In order to promote the socio-cultural development of Central Asia in a new direction, the Jadid leaders proposed a series of reforms in the fields of education, historiography, literature, the press, religion, and art. They came up with ideas for reassessing and improving ethics, faith, justice, health, improving the status of women, all aspects of life. This movement united representatives of various strata of society, which differed from each other both in terms of social affiliation and their views on individual problems. But the common thing for the Jadids of Turkestan was that they were the bearers of the ideas of independence, freedom and struggle for a brighter future. The sphere of social life, most acceptable for various national movements, including the movement of the Jadids, was popular education. Comparing East and West, Ismail Gasprinskiy (1851-1914) was one of the first to understand the reasons for the ever increasing separation of the Muslim, Turkic world from world development. He began the movement for the elimination of ignorance among the Turkic peoples, the achievement of the level of developed countries through spirituality and enlightenment of the population. Ismayil Gasprinsky raised the issue of reforming the education system, studying secular knowledge in schools. In an effort to modernize the Muslim education system in Turkestan, the Jadids opened new-method, so-called Russian-native schools. The official date of their appearance is October 19, 1884. On this day in a solemn atmosphere, in the house of the rich Tashkent merchant Said Azimbaev, a school was opened. Her first students were children from the families of the local elite. In 1887, Russian-native school opened in Samarkand, and then in other cities. Despite the absence of a unified system of textbooks, and allowances, the Jadids sought to ensure that students of these schools acquired practical knowledge. The curriculum in the newmethod schools included reading, writing in the Turkic language and Farsi language, arithmetic, history, geography, a great
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place in it occupied the foundations of religion. In the Samarkand region, a particularly notable event was the organization of the Jadida schools of Djurabaev and Abdukadir Abdushukurov (pseudonym Shakuri, his school was known as the «Shakuri school»). Shakuri was the first to introduce joint training for boys and girls. The Jadids took the initiative to send young people to study in foreign countries. Many of the wealthy people supported this undertaking of the Jadids, helped by appropriate means. Dozens of gifted adolescents were sent to study in the central cities of Germany, Egypt, Turkey, and Russia. In the 1910's. In Bukhara teacher Khoja Rafii and others created a charitable foundation «Children's education» and in 1911 and 1912 15 and 30 students were sent to study in Turkey, respectively. And created in 1909g. M.Abdurashidkhanov in Tashkent «Charitable Society» assisted in the education of children of needy parents, and also contributed to the study of youth in foreign countries. It is also important to note the fact that the Jadids laid the foundation for the development of the national press. M.Abdurashidkhanov in 1906 Organized the publication of the magazine Khurshid (Svetilo) and edited it himself. The magazine propagated legal knowledge among the population, which also contributed to the growth of national self-awareness of people. However, the tsarist officials soon banned publication of the magazine. But in 1913. M.Behbudi founded a private publishing house and a library and began publishing the newspaper «Samarkand» and the magazine «Oina». In the pages of the periodical press of the Jadids, a special place was occupied by the problems of the economic development of Turkestan. These are such problems as the creation and development of national industry; Opening of national banks; Development of agriculture; Domestic and foreign trade; Restriction of export from Turkestan of minerals and other material wealth; The organization of their processing on the spot, the export from the edge is not raw materials, and finished products; The introduction of achievements of science and technology in production, etc. The Jadids of Turkestan, especially their leaders, were alien to the feeling of dislike of other nations. They wrote with great admiration about the achievements of the Russian, Jewish, Armenian, German and other European peoples in the fields of economy, politics, culture, science and technology. They urged their compatriots to study history, literature, cultural achievements, language, political and legal experience of the peoples of Europe, advocated the adoption and adoption of European culture, the achievements of science and technology. In addition, the pages of the periodical press, the Jadids raised a number of problems, representing not only historical interest, but consonant with the present. These are such problems: as the training of national cadres in educational institutions of the developed countries of the world, especially Europe; The use of the religion of Islam as a means of educating the peoples of Turkestan in the spirit of high morality, patriotism, solidarity; Creation of conditions for attracting women to socially useful work, political and cultural life; Granting wide democratic rights and freedoms to citizens, regardless of social and national origin, religion. Jadids created the basis of the national theater. In 1913 On the initiative of Munavvarakari Abdurashidhanov, a group «Turan» was established - the Muslim Society of Dramatic Art Lovers. February 27, 1914. In
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Tashkent in the building of the theater «Colosseum» the official opening ceremony of the first Uzbek national theater was held. Opening the curtain of the theater Munavvarkari said: «We all know that until now there was no theater in their native language ... the word» theater «actually means a room where they give a» lesson of life, «edification or» school of greats. «The stage of the theater is like a mirror room, where the positive and negative sides of everyone enter into it on all sides, where everyone sees their own merits and demerits and draws from them proper lessons» In the direction of propaganda of enlightenment the most active activity is developed by the leader of the Jadid movement in Turkestan -Mahmudhoja Behbudi and enlightener Abdullah Kadiri. Their plays «Padarkush» («Parricide», M.Behbudi) and «Bahtsiz kuyov» («The Unfortunate Bridegroom», A.Kadiri) had a huge success on the whole territory of Turkestan. The first play tells how the ignorance and slovenliness of a young man lead him to murder his father. In the play, the viewer's attention is drawn to the fact that only the enlightenment can prevent the deviation from righteous deeds, for it makes it possible to purify. And in the second play it is told how a fanatical adherence to local customs makes a lover in love get a lot of debts to hold a wedding. In the day appointed by creditors, he can not repay debts and from powerlessness he kills himself and his young wife. Thus, the national theater becomes a mirror in which the state of society is focused, the beautiful is sung in it and disgusting, harmful, barbarous is exposed. To a large extent in the Jadid press and the theater, certain religious fanatics, their bribery and immorality are sharply criticized. Jadid journalists and playwrights condemn the use of drugs, alcohol and tobacco, adultery, debauchery and other flaws in human behavior in their creations. Unlike feudal and religious ideology, which proceeded from the inviolability of the feudal foundations, the Jadids proposed carrying out certain reforms in the socio-political and cultural life of Turkestan. So, they came out with the demand for the reform of education, opened new schools, created theatrical companies. Jadids raised problems related to the reform of the management of the region, market relations. On the one hand, they propagated the achievements of European scientific and technical thought, culture, the norm of economic and socio-political life. On the other hand, they tried to revive the past, to awaken the desire to somehow resist the penetration of bourgeois mores that contradict the demands of the Sharia, to awaken interest in the history of Islam. Speaking about the need for secular education and training of educated specialists, the Jadids sought and found confirmation of their thoughts in the Quran and hadith, giving their texts a meaning that meets the needs of social, spiritual and economic progress in Turkestan. The activity of the educators of Central Asia is one of the brightest pages of the history of social thought. Their merit lies in the fact that, during the gloomy period of feudal backwardness and colonial oppression of tsarism, they propagated the ideas of progress and social justice, formed the consciousness of national independence
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Sources used:
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