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THE CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF COMPOUND WORDS IN ENGLISH AND IN TURKMEN
Hudayberdiyeva Gulshat Saparbayevna, Turkmen State Institute of Finance, c.Ashgabat
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract. The main goal of the work is to study, to classify, to analyze and to compare the compound words of the Turkmen and English languages from the morphological and lexical points of view. The novelty of the work is that in the work one can find new approaches to the contrastive analysis of the compounds in the two
Key words: compound words, classification of compounds, synchronically and diachronically, criterion of a compound.
Our people have always valued and appreciated the knowledge, and the following wise proverbs created by them are not in vain: "The educated people will headway, ignorant will fail", "The strong man will defeat only one, but educated-thousands". There is a deep wisdom in these saying, having been fed people's fate along their history. Now in the Prosperous epoch of the Powerful state our science is being raised to the level worthy the true scientific importance and wisdom of our ancestors.
It's not a secret, that in modern conditions the power and prosperity of any state is defined first of all by the level of their nation. The science is a major instrument of the progress without which sustainable, social and economic growth of the country is impossible.
For these purposes our President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov issued the Decree "On the Establishment of the National Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan".
Today, with Turkmenistan entering the Prosperous epoch of the Powerful state, science is a cornerstone of all the radical reforms of society and serves the national interests.
For the first time in the history of our country, there adopted "The Law of the Republic of Turkmenistan on Education" and "The Law of the Republic of Turkmenistan on the National Programme of Personnel Training System". The main
languages.
objective of all reforms in the field of economic policy is the individual. Therefore the task of education, the task of rising up a new generation capable of national renaissance will remain the prerogative of the state and constitute a priority. At present great importance is attached to the study and teaching of foreign language. That is why it is necessary to learn and compare English and Turkmen lexicology, grammar and phonetics.
A compound is a word or word group that consists of two or more parts that work together as a unit to express a specific concept. Compounds can be formed by combining two or more words (as in double-check, cost-effective, farmhouse, graphic equalizer, park bench, around-the-clock, or son of a gun), by combining prefixes or suffixes with words (as in ex-president, shoeless, presorted, or uninterruptedly, or by combining two or more word elements (as in macrophage or photochromism). Compounds are written in one of three ways: solid (as in cottonmouth), hyphenated (screenwriter-director), or open (health care). Because of the variety of standard practice, the choice among these styles for a given compound represents one of the most common and vexing of all style issues that writers encounter.
Turkmen compounds are short compounds.
Ex: oklukirpi (дикобраз), dtiyegu§ (страус), gelneje (невестка).
The ways of forming Turkmen and English short compounds are the same.
1. The solid or closed form in which two usually moderately short words appear together as one. Solid compounds most likely consist of short (monosyllabic) units that often have been established in the language for a long time.
English: housewife, lawsuit and wallpaper.
Turkmen: basybalyjy (завоеватель), da§de§en (дятел).
2. The hyphenated form in which two or more words are connected by a hyphen. Compounds that contain affixes, such as house-builder and single-mind (ed) (ness) but if these words are written in Turkmen they will be written without hyphen: single-minded - maksada okgunly (целеустремлённый).
As well as adjective-adjective compounds and verb-verb compounds, such as blue-green and freeze-dry, are often hyphenated. But Turkmen verb-verb compounds are not hyphenated: Barsagelmez (the name of village).
Compounds that contain particles, such as mother-of-pearl and salt-and-pepper, mother-in-law, merry-go-round, are also hyphenated.
3. The open or spaced form consisting of newer combinations of usually longer, such as: distance learning, player piano, lawn tennis.
In Turkmen there are also such kinds of open compounds: Murgap deryasy (река Mургaп), Berdi aga, Bibi eje.
Many scholars have claimed that a compound is determined by the underlying concept, others have advocated stress, and some even seek the solution of the problem in spelling. One of the scientists holds that the criterion of a compound is a
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psychological unity of combination, adding that there seems to be a difference of intonation between a compound and a syntactic group which it is, however, difficult to describe.
Stress also has been advocated as a criterion. Wherever we hear lesser or least stress upon a word which would always show high stress in a phrase, we describe it as a compound member ice-cream dondurma (мороженое) is a compound, but ice cream is a phrase, although there is no denotative difference of meaning. Turkmen a§gazan (желудок) is a compound (the organ of body) but a§gazan is a phrase which means a pot for making a meal.
Classification of compounds according to the parts of speech:
English compound words may be classified:
a) from the functional point of view;
b) from the point of view of the way the components of the compound are linked together;
c) from the point of view of different ways of composition;
d) functionally compounds are viewed as words belonging to different parts of speech.
Turkmen compound words are classified:
a) from the point of view of the way the components of the compound are linked together: mekgejowen (кукуруза), gtinebakar (подсолнечник), da§de§en (дятел);
b) from the point of view of agreeing: razy bolmak (согласиться), ho§al bolmaklyk (быть довольным);
c) from the point of view of relationship between subject and predicate: first elements of such kind compound will be predicate: makul bildiler (одобряли), geyip gordi (примерил).
In Turkmen the relationship between the components of compound words are different. They show:
- comparison: atgulak (щавель), dtiyegu§ (страус), kyrkayak (сороконожка), donytirek (жестокосердный), gegigu§ (синица);
- relevance, purpose for something: demiryolgy (железнодорожник), ayakgap (обувь);
- connection to some places: suwulgan (a snake which lives in water), yerzemin (подвал), gulakhalka (серьга) like in English zookeeper, postman, house keeper, headdress, ear-ring;
- the mark of something: Akdepe, Gokdepe (the names of villages). In English long-legged, bluebell, slow-coach;
- relationship to quantity: kyrkayak (сороконожка), tigburgluk (треугольник), sekizburgluk (восьмиугольник), ba§atar (винтовка). This rule is also relevant to English compounds such as: three-cornered, fifteen-fold, six-fold, five-sided polygon.
Some conditions are put forward to form compound words from simple ones in Turkmen.
Linked simple words develop in their previous meaning and accept a new meaning in whole.
Ex: pi§ik (кошка), dyrnak (ноготь) -pi§ikdyrnak (мимоза); kyrk (сорок), ayak (ножка) - kyrkayak (сороконожка).
Linked simple words should turn to a word pronounced at one stress: gelin (невестка), eje (мать) - gelneje (невестка); bagyr (печень), oyken (лёгкие) -bagroyken (ливер).
Simple words which turn to a compound word should modify each other: demiryol (железнодорога).
Each simple word which turn to compound word should answer to different questions, but wholly should answer to one question: demiryolgy (железнодорожник), bedenterbiyegi (физкультурник).
The components of Turkmen compounds are combined in this way:
Compound proper nouns are written together: Orazdurdy, Annamyrat, Gokdepe, Kormolla, Kopetdag, Syrderya (the names ofpersons', mountain and river).
In Turkmen there are also such kinds of compound proper nouns which are written separately: Murgap deryasy (the river Murgap), Wolga deryasy (the river Volga).
One of two vowels which are come in the middle of compound proper nouns is omitted in pronunciation, but both are written in written form: Annaoraz (the name of person), Konetirgeng (the name of town).
Compound words which are connected with stress, phonetically developed and accept a new meaning are written together: gozdandy (жмурки), da§de§en (дятел), gtinebakar (подсолнечник), arkadayang (опора), halkara (международный), gozyetim (кругозор), mekgejowen (кукуруза), otlugop (спичка), igigara (злонамеренный), agzala (несогласный), ba§yyllyk (пятилетка), orunbasar (заместитель), basybalyjy (завоеватель), myhmansoyer (гостеприимный), ikiytizli (двуличный).
The word which modifies such words as kadi (тыква), don (халат), yol (дорога) are written separately: demiryol (железнодорога).
Such words as jan, aga, eje are written separately after proper nouns: Berdi aga, Myrat jan, Bibi eje (the names of person).
A compound word has a single semantic structure. We distinguish the meaning of the compound words from the combined lexical meaning of its components. A change in the order of components of compound words brings a change in the lexical meaning.
Compound words are classified into completely motivated, partially motivated and non-motivated compound words.
Compound words are words consisting of at least two stems which occur in the language as free forms. In a compound word the immediate constituents obtain integrity and structural cohesion that make them function in a sentence as a separate lexical unit.
The structural cohesion and integrity of a compound may depend upon unity of stress, solid or hyphenated spelling, semantic unity, unity of morphological and syntactic functioning or, more often, upon the combined effect of several of these or similar phonetic, graphic, semantic, morphological or syntactic factors.
The integrity of a compound is manifested in its indivisibility, i.e. the impossibility of inserting another word or word group between its elements. In describing the structure of a compound one should examine three types of relations, namely the relation of the members to each other the relation of the whole to its members, and correlation with equivalent free phrases.
Some compounds are made up of a determining and a determined part, which may be called the determinant and a determinate group.
The analysis of the semantic relationship existing between the constituents of a compound presents many difficulties. Some authors have attempted a purely logical interpretation distinguishing copulative, existential, spatial and other connections. This scheme, however, failed to show the linguistic essence of compounds and was cumbersome and artificial.
In completely motivated compound words the lexical meaning of compounds is easily deduced from the lexical meanings of the stems.
The compound words are partially motivated compounds because we can guess their meaning partially. The compounds in which the connection between the meaning and structure and the meanings of components of compounds cannot seen from the meaning of its components are called non-motivated compound words.
Like other linguistic phenomena we may approach to the study of compounds synchronically and diachronically. Synchronically we study the structural and semantic patterns of compound words while diachronically we study the various changes compound words undergone on the course of time and the way compound words appear in the language.
Literature:
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4. Гинзбург Р.З. и др. Лексикология английского языка. М. 1979
5. Канцельсон С. Д. Содержание слова, значение и обозначение. М. 1965
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