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7INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE JOURNAL / МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ
The Contrastive Analysis of Chinese Prepositions"Zai(#), Cong(M.)" and Corresponding Uzbek Affixes/Auxiliaries
Сравнительный анализ китайских предлогов "Zai(^), Cong(^)" и соответствующих узбекских аффиксов/вспомогательных
MMtaCChi Daojia)
Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies
daojiachi@gmail.com DOI: 10.24412/2686-9675-2-2021-176-182
АННОТАЦИЯ
Китайский язык — изолированный. Предлоги используются для выражения грамматических значении. Как правило, предложные фразы формируются с помощью существительных. Целые предложные фразы в основном используются в качестве наречии перед сказуемым. В узбекском же языке аффиксы и вспомогательные средства связи применяются в изобилии. Для выражения грамматических значении, таких как местоположение, время и объект, вспомогательные части речи фиксируются после основных частеи речи. В узбекском языке нет классификации "предлогов", и большинство из них соответствуют китаи-ским как "аффиксы или вспомогательные слова". В даннои статье показаны четыре этапа "контрастивного анализа". Во-первых, описание китаиских предлогов "Zai (at), Cong (from)" и соответствующие им узбекские аффиксы или вспомогательные слова. Во-вторых, китаиские предлоги "Zai (at), Cong (from)" сравниваются с соответствующими узбекскими вспомогательными аффиксами . Наконец, на основе результатов контрастивного анализа в даннои
ABSTRACT
Chinese is an isolated language. Prepositions are used to express grammatical meanings. Generally, prepositional phrases are composed of nouns. The whole prepositional phrases are mostly used as adverbials in front of sentence predicates. Uzbek is a cohesive language, affixes and auxiliaries are abundant. Affixes are placed after body parts of speech to express grammatical meanings such as location, time and object. There is no "preposition" classification in Uzbek, and most of them correspond to Chinese prepositions as "affixes or auxiliaries". This paper adopts four steps of "contrastive analysis". Firstly, it describes the Chinese prepositions "Zai (at), Cong (from)" and its corresponding Uzbek affixes or auxiliaries. Secondly, the Chinese prepositions "Zai (at), Cong (from)" are compared with the corresponding Uzbek affixes or auxiliaries. Finally, based on the results of contrastive analysis, this paper predicts the transfer in the acquisition of Chinese prepositions "Zai (at), Cong (from)" by Uzbek speakers.
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ КИТАЙСКИХ ПРЕДЛОГОВ '7А1(£), Шд(!Г И СООТВЕТСТВУЮЩИХ УЗБЕКСКИХ АФФИКСОВ/ВСПОМОГАТЕЛЬНЫХ
ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ: ВОПРОСЫ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЯ/ (CHI DAOJIA) / DAOJIACHI@GMAIL.COM / УДК 81
статье прогнозируется усвоение узбекскими носителями китаиских предлогов "Zai (at), Cong (from)".
Ключевые слова: китаискии язык, узбек-скии язык, предлог, контрастивныи анализ, языковои перенос
Для цитирования: Чи Даоцзя. Сравнительный анализ китайских предлогов "Zài (fé), Cong(M)" и соответствующих узбекских аффиксов/вспомогательных. Современные востоковедческие исследования. 2021; 3(2): 176-182.
1. Introduction
The so-called "contrastive analysis" refers to a method of linguistic analysis that compares the systems of the two languages to reveal their similarities and differences (Liu Xun 2000:185). In 1957, Lado pointed out in the book Intercultural Linguistics that projects that are similar to the learner's mother tongue are easier for them, and it is difficult to learn from their different mother tongue projects (Cited by D. J. Chi & S. Hash-imova,2019). Therefore, a systematic comparison of the two languages can predict where the learner may or may not have difficulty in learning the target language, thus adopting more effective second language teaching measures in the teaching. According to Lado(1957), the process of contrastive analysis generally has four steps (Cited by D. J. Chi 2019):
First, description. The target language and the learner's first language are described in detail and in detail as the basis for comparison.
Second, selection. Choose some meaningful language projects or structures to compare between the two languages.
Third, comparison. Compare the selected language items or language structures in the two languages to find the same points and differences between the two languages.
Keywords: Chinese language, Uzbek language, preposition, contrastive analysis, language transfer.
For citation: Chi Daojia. The Contrastive Analysis of Chinese Prepositions "Zai(^), Cong(M)" and Corresponding Uzbek Affixes/Auxiliaries. Modern Oriental Studies. 2021; 3(2): 176-182.
Fourth, prediction. On the basis of comparison, predict the difficulties and errors that may occur in the learning of second language .
Chinese and Uzbek belong to two completely different grammatical systems. Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family and is an isolated language. Uzbek belongs to the Altai language family and is an adhesive language. The grammatical structure of the two languages is quite different. There is no "preposition" in Uzbek, only some "affixes" or "auxiliaries" corresponding to Chinese prepositions. Therefore, many Uzbek students find it difficult to learn. In addition, Chinese prepositions themselves are rich and diverse, and their usage is changeable, if the teaching methods used by teachers are not scientific enough, it will inevitably lead to a large number of errors in the use of Chinese prepositions by beginners.
According to"The Eight Hundred Words of Modern Chinese" (Lu Shuxiang ed. 1999). The space-time prepositions "Zai(at)"and" Cong (from)" are selected to contrast with its corresponding Uzbek affixes/auxiliaries. The following is a detailed introduction of the usage of the 2 prepositions and contrast with the corresponding uzbek.
2. Contrastive Analysis of Chinese Prepositions "Zai(at)> Cong(from)" and Corresponding Uzbek Affixes/Auxiliaries
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2.1 The preposition "Zai (at)"
According to "The Eight Hundred Words in Modern Chinese" edited by Lu Shuxiang, there are five usages of the preposition "Zai (at)":
1) Indicates time. E.g:
Chinese: Wo zai da xuede shihou xuexi hanyu hen nuli.(as adverbial)
Uzbek: Men universitetda o'qiyotganimda xitoy tilini tirishqoqlik bilan o'rganganman.
English: When I was in university, I studied Chinese very hard.
Chinese: Wo zuotian zai shiyidian shuijiao de. (as adverbial)
Uzbek: Men kecha soat 11da uxladim. English: I slept at eleven o'clock yesterday.
Chinese:Wo chusheng zai 1998nian. (as complement)
Uzbek: Men 1998-yilda tug'ilganman. English: I slept at eleven o'clock yesterday. Chinese: *Zai xiatian tashen'gan feichang re.
M
Xiatian tashen'gan feichang re. (V)
Uzbek: Yozda Toshkent juda issiq
English: Tashkent is very hot in summer.
Chinese: Wo yiban zai shiyidian yiqian shuijiao.
Uzbek: Men odatda soat 11dan oldin uxlay-man.
English: I usually go to bed before eleven o'clock.
"Zai" means that time can be used as adverbial (sentence ®) or complement (sentence @). Its sentence pattern is generally expressed as "Zai + time ", but in a sentence with time as the subject,
there is no need to add "Zai" (sentence ©). "Zai... shihou"(when) and"Zai---yiqian "(before) can be used as a fixed phrase(sentence ®@).The affix corresponding to the preposition "Zai" in Uzbek is "-da", and its usage is generally expressed as "time + da". "-da" can't be a single word, it can only be attached to the "root".But sometimes "Zai" is used in Chinese, while "-da" is not used in Uzbek (sentence ©). When it means "Zai-•-yiqian "(before) in Uzbek, it does not use "-da" ,but "-dan oldin".
2) Indicate the location. E.g:
Chinese: wo zai beijing xuexi hanyü. (as adverbial)
Uzbek: Men pekinda xitoy tilini o'rganyap-man.
English: I am studying Chinese in Beijing.
Chinese: women döu zhuzai tashen'gan. (as complement)
Uzbek: Biz barchamiz Toshkentda yashay-miz.
English:We all live in Tashkent.
Chinese:*Zai tashen'gan hen piaoliang.(x)
Tashen'gan hen piaoliang.(V)
Uzbek:Toshkentda juda chiroyli.
English:It's beautiful in Tashkent.
When "Zai" indicate the location, it similar to the first usage, and also can be used as adverbial (sentence ®) or complement (sentence @). Its sentence pattern is generally expressed as "Zai + place ". Uzbek sentence pattern is generally expressed as "place + da". "-da" can not be used as a word alone, but can only be attached to the "root". When the sentence with place as the subject, there is no need to add "Zai"in Chinese ,but we need to add "-da" ni Uzbek (sentence@).
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ КИТАЙСКИХ ПРЕДЛОГОВ '7А1Й), Шд(!)" И СООТВЕТСТВУЮЩИХ УЗБЕКСКИХ АФФИКСОВ/ВСПОМОГАТЕЛЬНЫХ
ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ: ВОПРОСЫ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЯ/ (CHI DAOJIA) / DAOJIACHI@GMAIL.COM / УДК 81
3) Indicates the scope. E.g:
Chinese: Zai women chüjibän li,Lin na xuexi zuihao.
Uzbek: Bizning guruhimizda, Linnaning o'qi-shi eng yaxshisi.
English: Linna studies best in our junior class.
Chinese: Zai suoyou shuiguo zhöng,wo zui xihuan chi pingguo.
Uzbek: Barcha mevalar ichida men eng yoqti-radiganim olma.
English: Among all the fruits, I like apples the most.
"Zai" indicates the scope, generally in the sentence as a adverbial, its sentence is generally expressed as "Zai + scope". There is also a corresponding usage in Uzbek, and its sentence is generally expressed as "scope + da".
4) Indicates conditions. E.g:
Chinese: Zai pengyou de bangzhu xia,ta zhongyu chenggong le.
Uzbek: Do'stlarining yordami tufayli(bilan),u oxir-oqibat muvaffaqiyatga erishdi.
English: With the help of his friends, he succeeded at last.
Chinese: Zai dajia de null xia,wenti henkuai jiejue le.
Uzbek: Hammaning tirishqoqligi tufayli (bilan), muammo juda tez hal qilindi.
English: With everyone's efforts, the problem was solved soon.
"Zai" indicates conditions, and is generally used as an adverbial in the sentence. Its sentence pattern generally appears as "Zai+condition". There is no corresponding usage in Uzbek, only through free translation, its sentence is generally
expressed as "condition + tufayli/bilan". Indicates the subject of the act. E.g:
Chinese: Zai ta kanlai , xuexi hanyü hen youyisi.
Uzbek: Uning fikricha,xitoy tilini o'rganish juda qiziqarli.
English: In his opinion, learning Chinese is very interesting.
Chinese: Zai henduo ren kanlai ,zhe jihü shi bu keneng de.
Uzbek: Ko'p kishining fikricha, bu deyarli imkonsiz.
English: In many people's opinions, this is almost impossible.
"Zai" Indicates the subject of the act, often used in the "Zai-••kanlai" (in one's opinion) fixed format. There is no corresponding translation in Uzbek, only through right translation. After the translation, the affix "-da" is lost.
2.2 The preposition "Cong(from)"
According to "The Eight Hundred Words of Modern Chinese" edited by Lu Shuxiang, there are generally four usages:
1) Indicates the starting point of time. E.g:
Chinese: Xuexiao cong yiyue yihao kaishi fangjia.
Uzbek: Maktabda 1-yanvardan boshlab ta'tilga chiqishadi.
English: The school is on holiday from October 1st.
"Cong" indicates the starting point of time and is generally used as adverbial in sentences. Its sentence pattern is generally expressed as "Cong+Time". The affix corresponding to the
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preposition "Cong" in Uzbek is "-dan", and its sentence pattern is generally expressed as "time + dan". "-dan" can not be used as a word alone, but can only be attached to the "root".
2) Indicates the location. E.g:
Chinese: Wo cong tashen'gan lai .
Uzbek: Men Toshkentdan kelganman.
English: I am coming from Tashkent.
Chinese: Women cong zhetiaolu zou ba .
Uzbek: Biz shu yo'ldan yura qolaylik.
English: Let's go from this road.
"Cong" can indicate the starting point of a place (sentence ®) or the place through which it passes (sentence @). In a sentence, it is generally used as an adverbial, and its sentence pattern is generally expressed as "Cong + place". Uzbek also has its corresponding usage, and its sentence pattern is generally expressed as "place + dan".
3) Indicates the scope. E.g:
Chinese: Cong laoren dao xiaohai douqu canjiale zhege huodong
Uzbek: Qariyalardan to yosh bolalargacha bu tadbirda qatnashdilar.
English: Everyone from the old to the young participated in the activity.
"Cong" indicates the scope and is often used in "Cong---dao"(from---to) fixed format. Uzbek also has its corresponding usage, and its sentence pattern is generally expressed as "-dan----gacha ".
4) Indicates the source or basis. E.g:
Chinese: Cong tade shuohua laikan, ta jintian bu kaixin.
Uzbek: Uning gaplaridan ko'rinib turibdiki, u bugun xursand emas.
English: Judging from what he said, he is un-
happy today.
"Cong" indicating the source or basis, often used in the "Cong...laikan"(From the point of view of... ) fixed format. Uzbek also has its corresponding usage. Its sentence pattern is generally expressed as "source/basis+dan".
Chinese prepositions are rich and varied, and they are difficult to use. Students often avoid using them because "the use of prepositions and collocations is limited. It is this limitation that enables learners to use only one preposition in combination with other words and master prepositions in syntactic changes "(Zhao Kuixin 2002).
3. Conclusion
Based on the above contrastive analysis, the following transfer predictions of Chinese prepositions "Zai" and "Cong" are proposed for Uzbek native speakers.
Generally speaking, the Chinese prepositions "Zai" and "Cong" have corresponding affixe/ auxiliariy usages in Uzbek, but the word order of affixes or auxiliaries in Uzbek language is different from that in Chinese prepositions. Therefore, for beginners, there will be some negative transfer during they acquire Chinese preposition "Zai" and "cong". The details are as follows:
Affected by Uzbek affixes order, learners may place Chinese prepositions after body parts, which may cause word order errors. E.g: the preposition "Zai/Cong" is generally expressed as "Zai/Cong + time / location noun", the affix corresponding to the preposition "Zai/Cong" in Uzbek is "-da/-dan", and its usage is generally expressed as "time/ location noun + -da/-dan".E.g:"Wo zai beijing xuexi hanyu(Men pekinda xitoy tilini o'rganyap-man)", the learner may produce errors "*Wo beijing zai xuexi hanyu".
Uzbek is a cohesive language, with abundant auxiliary words and affixes. Affected by the habits
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ КИТАЙСКИХ ПРЕДЛОГОВ '7А1Й), Шд(!)" И СООТВЕТСТВУЮЩИХ УЗБЕКСКИХ АФФИКСОВ/ВСПОМОГАТЕЛЬНЫХ
ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ: ВОПРОСЫ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЯ/ (CHI DAOJIA) / DAOJIACHI@GMAIL.COM / УДК 81
of mother tongue, learners may like to add a preposition in front of words related to meanings such as time, space and objects, resulting in negative mother tongue transfer. E.g: "Tashen'gän hen piaoliang (Toshkentda juda chiroyli) ",learners may produce errors"*Zai tashen'gän hen piaoliang".
Some prepositions in Chinese have no corresponding translation in Uzbek, and these prepositions are easy to produce errors. E.g: the fixed format "Zai---kanlai" (in one's opinion), there is no corresponding translation in Uzbek, but only through right translation, while after the translation, the affix "-da" is lost. Therefore, learners are prone to negative transfer of target language knowledge due to they do not master this usage.
Литература
1. 2001 National Chinese Proficiency Test Committee Office Examination Center "Chinese Level Vocabulary Chinese Character Grade Outline", China: Economic Science Press.
2. 2002 Chinese Language Proficiency Test Department of the Chinese Language Proficiency Test Office, "Chinese Proficiency Level Standards and Grammar Grades" Higher Education Press.
3. Brown, H. D. 2005. Principals of language learning and teaching (5th ed.). New York: Pearson Education.
4. Chi Daojia 2019 The Contrastive Analysis of Modern Chinese and Uzbek Consonants. American Journal of Research, No.3-4, Michigan, USA.
5. Chi Daojia, Hashimova S. 2019 The Contras-tive Evaluation On Modern Chinese and Uzbek Vowels. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), Volume-9 Issue-1. India: Blue Eyes Intelli-
gence Engineering& Sciences Publication Ellis, R. 1985. Understanding second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University
6. Gass &Selinker 2008 Second language acquisition: An introductory course(Third edition). New York:Routledge.
7. Gulibanumu 2015 Uzbek Language Course, Beijing: Central University for Nationalities Press
8. Huang Borong, Liao Xudong 2011 Modern Chinese (updated five editions), Beijing: Higher Education Press.
9. James, C. 1980. Contrastive Analysis. London: Longman.
10. Liu Xun 2000 Introduction to Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language,Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.
11. Liu Xun 2002 Practical Chinese Textbooks [M], Beijing: Business Press
12. Lu Shuxiang 1999 "Modern Chinese 800 Words" (Revision) , Beijing: Commercial Press
13. Shao Jingmin 2008 General Introduction to Modern Chinese (2nd Edition), Shanghai: Shanghai Education Press .
14. Whitman, R. L., 1970. Contrastive Analysis: Problems and Procedures. Language Learning, Volume 20, pp.191-197.
15. Yang Jizhou 1999 Chinese Course, Beijing Language and Culture University Press
16. Zhao Kuixin, 2002, "Investigation of Foreign Students Studying and Using Chinese Prepositions" World Chinese Teaching, No. 2, P100-106
References
1. 2001 National Chinese Proficiency Test Committee Office Examination Center "Chinese Level Vocabulary Chinese Character Grade Outline", China: Economic Science Press.
MODERN ORIENTAL STUDIES № ^
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ВОСТОКОВЕДЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ISSN 2782 . 1935 (ONUNE]
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2. 2002 Chinese Language Proficiency Test Department of the Chinese Language Proficiency Test Office, "Chinese Proficiency Level Standards and Grammar Grades" Higher Education Press.
3. Brown, H. D. 2005. Principals of language learning and teaching (5th ed.). New York: Pearson Education.
4. Chi Daojia 2019 The Contrastive Analysis of Modern Chinese and Uzbek Consonants. American Journal of Research, No.3-4, Michigan,USA.
5. Chi Daojia,Hashimova S. 2019 The Contras-tive Evaluation On Modern Chinese and Uzbek Vowels.International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), Volume-9 Issue-1. India:Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering& Sciences Publication
6. Ellis, R. 1985. Understanding second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University
7. Gass &Selinker 2008 Second language acquisition: An introductory course(Third edition). New York:Routledge.
8. Gulibanumu 2015 Uzbek Language Course, Beijing: Central University for Nationalities Press
9. Huang Borong, Liao Xudong 2011 Modern Chinese (updated five editions), Beijing: Higher Education Press.
10. James, C. 1980. Contrastive Analysis. London: Longman.
11. Liu Xun 2000 Introduction to Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language,Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.
12. Liu Xun 2002 Practical Chinese Textbooks [M], Beijing: Business Press
13. Lu Shuxiang 1999 "Modern Chinese 800 Words" (Revision) , Beijing: Commercial Press
14. Shao Jingmin 2008 General Introduction to Modern Chinese (2nd Edition), Shanghai: Shanghai Education Press .
15. Whitman, R. L., 1970. Contrastive Analysis: Problems and Procedures. Language Learning, Volume 20, pp.191-197.
16. Yang Jizhou 1999 Chinese Course, Beijing Language and Culture University Press
17. Zhao Kuixin, 2002, "Investigation of Foreign Students Studying and Using Chinese Prepositions" World Chinese Teaching, No. 2, P100-106
Информация об авторе
Чи Даоцзя
Ташкентский государственный университет востоковедения
Ташкент, Республика Узбекистан daojiachi@gmail.com
Information about Author
Chi Daojia
Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies Teshkent, the Republic of Uzbekistan daojiachi@gmail.com
Статья одобрена рецензентами: 30.04.2021 Статья принята к публикации: 11.05.2021
Reviewed: 30.04.2021 Accepted: 11.05.2021
