7THE CONSEPT OF PHRASEOLOGY AND THE BASIC TYPES OF
PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
Dilobar Rustamovna Rakhmanova
Student, Chirchik State Pedagogical University dilobarraxmanova20@gmail.com
Scientific adviser: Diana Valeryevna Abduramanova
Senior teacher, Chirchik State Pedagogical University diana1207saliyeva@gmail .com
ABSTRACT
This article is devoted to the study of phraseology's origin. In this article, the authors attempt to distinguish phraseology from lexicology. In order to comprehend phraseologism, they first introduced it to scientists, who made an initial endeavour to investigate phraseology, a subfield of linguistics. It is evident that this branch of linguistics is very new and that only a small number of scientists have been able to see the world that phraseology reveals. This article examines the primary categories of phraseological units associated with the degree of idiomaticity in the process of foreign language acquisition. Using numerous examples, the authors attempted to ascertain the categories of phraseological units.
Keywords: vocabulary, study, language, stylistic, style, idiom, word-group, origin, phraseology, stability, phraseological collocations, phraseological unities.
The most prevalent characteristic of each people's beliefs, culture, and worldview is their language. Religions, worldviews, and cultures are dissimilar, and so are the proverbs and sayings of various peoples. Nida, one of the most eminent linguists, stated that it is essential to study the language of a nation when examining its culture. According to him, language and culture each have their own system of relationships that develop simultaneously. "Cultural factors are strongly intertwined with language and thus differ morphologically and structurally from language forms," he says.
Each language's phraseology significantly contributes to the formulation of a figurative image of the world. Understanding phraseology enables you to comprehend the history and personality of the people better. Phraseologisms are closely related to vocabulary. Their
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research contributes to a greater understanding of the structure, formation, and application of lexical units in speech. When we use this term, our language immediately shifts to another concept that denotes the preceding concept. This is the phraseological unit (PU) expression.They are special language means that concentrate the originality and distinctiveness of any language. When considering PU from this perspective, we reach the disclosure of the 'phraseology' concept in its broadest sense. Phraseology is a subfield of linguistics that focuses on the study of stable speech rate.
S. Balli, a linguist and representative of the French school of linguistics, formulated the concept of PU for the first time. He referred to the PU as "combinations that have established themselves in the language." In their works on the study of PU, English and American scholars such as L.P. Smith, A. Mackay, J. Seidlou, and W. McMordi use the term "idiom." By idiom, they mean a phrase whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meaning of its constituent parts.
Every language's vocabulary is dependent not only on its ability to form new words, but also on its ability to create idioms. Phraseology is the branch of linguistics that examines the 'world' of these units. Phraseology is the study of idioms, and it was coined by Y.D. Polovinov in 1928.
Phraseology resembles a picturesque gallery containing examples of enduring and enchanting customs and traditions of the people, historical landmarks, fairy tales, and melodies. Phraseology is not only the most vibrant portion of the vocabulary, but also the most democratic.
In the study of literature, phraseology was employed for the first time. It became impossible to translate inseparable word combinations while translating some fiction from one language into another. The phraseological unities of these languages were then investigated. In 1558, the English literary scholar Neander was the first to use the term phraseology in philology. In order to translate the literary works, Neander was required to use this term. Although the majority of phraseological materials are included in dictionaries and other sources, research on the theory of phraseology is uncommon in linguistics-related sources (Smith, Curry, Ball, and Bally). The study of English phraseology has thus far been confined to grammar, stylistics, lexicography, and the history of the language.
Lexicology has included the study of later phraseology. As linguistics evolved, phraseology is now recognised and studied as an independent branch of linguistics in the majority of languages. It is important to note that a number of Eastern European and Russian scholars
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have conducted research on this topic in their published works. Numerous results were obtained. Although French scholar Charlie Bally introduced the term phraseologie to the field of study, Western European and American linguists did not use this term in their writings. Bally incorporates phraseology into stylistics. E.D. Polivanov, a Russian linguist, advocated for phraseology to be studied as an autonomous branch of linguistics. As he asserts, lexis studies the meanings of individual words, morphology studies the structure of words, and syntax studies the structure of word combinations. According to him, there is a need for an independent discipline that investigates odd and distinctive word combinations. E.D. Polivanov was confident that phraseology would become firmly established in linguistics, and this event transpired. The study of phraseology as a distinct branch of linguistics was also advocated by the Russian scholar V.V. Vinogradov. The significant contribution of V.V.Vinogradov is that he separated phraseological unities into semantic groupings. However, phraseology remained a subfield of lexicology because the primary criteria proving phraseology's independence as a field of linguistics had not yet been established.
Thus, phraseology was studied as part of lexicology. After E.D.Polivanov and V.V.Vinogradov, the scholar B.A.Larin was the first to advocate for the independent study of phraseology. He stated that not enough scientific research had been conducted in the field of phraseology. According to the Russian linguist A.V. Kunin, phraseology has left the lexicology circle; its scope and significance have expanded. Numerous scientific studies had been conducted on phraseology despite the fact that numerous, often controversial, opinions had been expressed regarding the subject. N.N. Amosova, A.V. Kunin, V.A. Smirnitsky, S.S. Gorelik, V.L. Arkhangelsky, V.V. Vinogradov, B.A. Larin, I.A. Melchuk, I.I. Revzin, S.N. Savitskaya, and Yu.D. Apresan have made significant contributions to this field of study.
The meaning of phraseology is determined by reconsidering, not by deducing the value of its constituent parts. This is because the phraseological phrase is not a free phrase, but its reproducibility is one of its primary characteristics. So the free combinations are the expressions 'white snow,' 'black pen,' and 'yellow pencil,' which are created from separate words during the communication process, whereas the expressions 'white lie,' 'black gold,' 'black market,' and 'yellow papers' are PU, which are retrieved from memory just like individual words. Any breach in the syntactic or semantic structure of these PU results in the irreparable loss of
their meaning.
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Word-groups analysed as functionally and semantically inseparable entities are regarded the subject of phraseology, as has been stated numerous times. It is important to observe that a proper scientific investigation of English phraseology has only lately been attempted. The English and American linguists attempted to compile a variety of words, word-groups, and sentences by presenting their distinctive points of view, style, origin, and usage. No attempt has been made to analyse these idioms as a distinct class of linguistic units, although they are typically referred to as idioms.
However, the extant terms, such as phrases, idioms, and equivalent words, reflect the most contentious issues in phraseology to some extent. The term phraseology implies that the stability of lexical components and the grammatical structure of phrases is the primary criterion for differentiation. Typically, the term "idioms" implies that the defining characteristic of the language units under consideration is idiomatic or motivationless.
Phraseological units are typically defined as unmotivated word-groups that cannot be freely composed in speech but are instead reproduced as a prefabricated system. This definition is based on the assumption that the most important characteristics of phraseological units are the stability of their lexical components. It is commonly assumed that, unlike the components of free word-groups, which may differ based on the requirements of communication, the words of phraseological units are reproduced as singular, unchanging collocations.
Depending on the level of idiomaticity, phraseological units can be divided into three major categories: phraseological fusions, phraseological unities, and phraseological collocations.
Phraseological fusions are entirely unmotivated word-combinations, such as red tape- "bureaucratic methods"; weighty father- "serious or solemn role in a theatrical production"; kick the bucket- "die"; and so on. At least synchronically, there is no connection between the meaning of the components and the meaning of the group as a whole. Idiomaticity is typically accompanied by complete stability of lexical components and grammatical structure of the synthesis.
Phraseological unities are partially unmotivated because their meaning is typically gleaned from the metaphorical meaning of the phraseological unit as a whole. For instance, to expose one's teeth or to wash one's dirty laundry in public, if interpreted as semantically motivated based on the combined lexical meanings of the component terms, would naturally lead to a literal interpretation. The entire unit's metaphorical meaning, however, readily suggests 'take a menacing tone' or'show an intention to injure' for show
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one's fangs and 'discuss or make public one's quarrels' for launder one's soiled linen in public. Generally speaking, phraseological unities are characterised by relatively stable lexical components.
Phraseological collocations are motivated, but they are composed of words with particular lexical valency, which accounts for a degree of stability in such word-groups. In phraseological collocations, the variability of individual terms is restricted. For example, bear a grudge can be transformed into bear malice, but not intobear a favour or preference. Take an affection (favourite) but not loathing (disgust). These frequent collocations tend to become cliches in which the meaning of individual terms is largely dominated by the meaning of the whole group. Due to these phraseological collocations, a degree of semantic inseparability is perceived.
Considering the degree of idiomaticity, phraseological units can be divided into three groups: phraseological fusions, phraseological units, and phraseological phrases, as stated in the conclusion of the article. They differ in their idiom, as examples demonstrate.
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