CC BY
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UDC 635.655:631.5
THE CONDITION OF SEEDS AND SOYA BEAN YIELD UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DESICCANTS
Durnev G.I., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Yatchuk P.V., Post-graduate student Kirsanova E.V., Candidate of Agricultural Sciences Orel State Agrarian University, Orel City, Russia E-mail: agro-decanat@orelsau.ru
Tsukanova Z.R., Candidate of Agricultural Sciences All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Grain Legumes and Cereal Crops
ABSTRACT
It is determined that desiccants Reglon Super, Tornado and PAP-600 have to be used at the condition of plant development when low leaves begin to turn yellow and grain moisture is 65% but not 45% as it was accepted earlier. In Orel region the desiccants allow harvesting middle-ripening soybean varieties with direct combining. The harvesting occurs at the end of August that is 10-15 days earlier. Among investigated products Reglon Super at a rate of 2.0 l/ha is more effective substance on seed crops. Desiccants decrease yield of soybean seeds insignificantly but that is compensated by early harvesting at good weather.
KEY WORDS
Soybean; Desiccants; Grain moisture; Direct harvesting; Reglon Super.
Soya bean in the Orel region is a practically new crop. Its seeding has started to increase here for the last decade in connection with favorable work of local breeders who have developed early ripening seeds which are harvested at the end of August - mid-September, using the total of effective temperatures 1900-2100°C, at long-time average annual temperature 2200-2300°C. Nevertheless the crop refers to late ripening crops. To have a guarantee of ripening of soya bean grain is necessary to use desiccants. Our researches which are carried out in All-Union Scientific Research Institute of grain legumes and cereal crops deal with this problem since 2011.
It is widely agreed in recommendations to production that desiccants should be used on soya bean at a browning of beans in the lower and mid- layer [V.A. Fedotov and others; 1998]. V.N. Naumkin and others [2008] advise to use desiccants at grain moisture of 40-45 % that is about the same - the beginning of browning of beans in a lower layer of plants. Our research data allow having another point of view on this matter.
MATERIAL AND TESTING ENVIRONMENT
The researches are carried out on fields of the seed breeding department of All-Union Scientific Research Institute of grain legumes and cereal crops. The soil is dark grey, sylvogenic, it is slightly acid (PH 5), a humus level is 4 %, P2О5-12, K2O - 14m/g for 100g, according to grain-size distribution - a medium-textured loam. The weather conditions in 2011 and 2012 were approximately equal and more or less favorable for soya bean: the first half of vegetation differed in a lack of moisture and excessive heat. In the second half, starting from grain formation, excessive moistening - heavy rainfalls were observed. Soya bean was harvested with direct combining including monitoring where a desiccation was not applied - in 2011 on August, 21st, in 2012 - on August, 20th at grain moisture of 10-14 % depending on test variants. The lanceolate soya bean was used for researches. An originator and the patentee are All-Union Scientific Research Institute of grain legumes and cereal crops and Belgorod Agricultural Academy. The authors are Zaytsev V.N, Zaytseva A.I., Tsukanova Z.R., Shevchenko The breed is early-ripe, the period of vegetation is 91-105
days, of determinant type, plant height is 60-80 cm, leaves are ternate, leaflets are lanceolate. It is characterized by indehiscent pods. The seed weight of 1000 seeds on the average is 115 g. The protein content in seeds is 30-37%, oil - 21,3 - 24,4 %. The maximum yielding in the conditions of Central Black Earth is 35-37 dt/ha. It is suitable for a direct combining. It is admitted to use in Central and Central Black Earth regions [V.I. Zotikov and oths. 2012].
The area of a registration plot is 10 m2, replication is 4-fould, a randomized plot design. The seeding is wide-row in 45 cm, the seeding rate is 600 thousand seeds per hectare. The agricultural methods are common in the Orel region. During the seeding the herbicide Pulsar (2 l/hectares) was used. Two inter-row cultivations were carried out. Practically there were no weeds.
Experiment is done on the background of application of fertilizers N30 P45 K45. There were tested 3 desiccants: Reglon (active material - diquat); Tornado (active material -glyphosate); RAP-600 (glyphosate) The desiccants were used in three periods with a difference in 6-8 days at three rates: Reglon-1,5-2,0-2,5 l/hectares; Tornado - 2,0-2,5-3,0 l/hectares; RAP-600-1,0-1,5-2,0 l/hectares. The hand-operated pressure-pneumatic spraying machine OP-1,5 was used.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Learning this problem it is necessary to control a condition of soya bean plants both at monitoring, and also at desiccation use. We checked grain moisture, determining it every two days (Figure 1).
In 2012 it was decided to use desiccants earlier, in the beginning of turning yellow of lower leaves, i.e. in a condition which can be noted visually. Grain moisture was 65 %, beanstalk moisture was 33 %. The grain is green, the beans are green. It was possible to harvest the soya bean directly in 2 weeks as well as in 2011, after Reglon use, a week earlier - at the end of August. Using the Tornado and RAP-600 desiccants the direct harvesting was possible in 18-20 days after their usage. It is necessary to stress, that the use of desiccants in 2011, and in 2012 practically has not influenced soya bean yield. Thus, there is a tendency to some decrease on variants with desiccation at maximum rate, but practically within an experimental error (Table 1).
Control M Region, 2.0 l/ha
Figure 1 - Moisture of grain during treatment periods
Table 1 - Soya bean yield depending on periods and rates of desiccants use (dt/ha)
Variants Periods of the use On the average of years
I II III
21.08.2011 11.08.2012 26.08.2011 19.08.2012 31.08.2011 27.08.2012 2011 2012
Monitoring 21 21,6 21,4 22 21,4 21,7 21,3 21,8
Region
1,5 l/ha 19,8 20,9 21,2 21,4 21,3 21,4 20,8 21,2
2,0 l/ha 19,4 20,9 20,1 20,8 20 21,1 19,8 20,8
2,5 l/ha 19,1 20,6 19,2 20,2 20,3 20,7 19,5 20,4
HCPo,5 1,23 0,32 1,11 0,33 0,7 0,78
Tornado
2,0 l/ha 20,9 21,4 21,2 21,8 20,9 21,6 21 21,6
2,5 l/ha 20,6 21,2 20,8 21,3 20,1 21,5 20,5 21,3
3,0 l/ha 20 21,3 20,4 21,4 20 21,4 20,1 21,3
HCPo,5 1,56 0,43 1,78 0,43 1,48 0,14
RAP-600
2,0 l/ha 19,1 21,6 19,4 21,7 20,7 21,4 19,7 21,6
2,5 l/ha 18,7 21,4 18,9 21,5 19 21,6 18,9 21,5
3,0 l/ha 18,3 21,2 18.6 21,4 19 20,7 18,6 21,1
HCP05 0,82 0,53 1,07 0,43 1,64 0,38
The data according to the terms of desiccants use show that the later their usage phases the later effect they produce. It is very important to determine the date of the first early period and its minimum influence on soya bean yield and sowing qualities of soya bean seeds.
CONCLUSION
The researches show that the desiccants on soya bean should be used when grain moisture does not correspond to 45 % (a green grain, beans begin to turn yellow, leaves have turned yellow in a lower layer), referring to the common recommendations, but when moisture is 65 % (a green grain, green beans, the lower leaves have only begun to turn yellow). Among the studied desiccants: Reglon Super, the Tornado and RAP-600, the most effective is the first one at the rate of 2 l/ha, especially on seed soya bean.
The use of desiccants on soya bean in the earliest periods - at the beginning of lower leaves turning yellow at grain moisture of 65 % inconsiderably reduces the yield (more often within the experimental error), but allows to harvest directly for 10-15 days earlier, in the conditions of the Orel region at the end of August, at good weather and with the minimum losses.
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