13ISSN: 2181-1385 ISI: 0,967 | Cite-Factor: 0,89 | SIS: 1,9 | ASI: 1,3 | SJIF: 5,771 | UIF: 6,1
THE CONCEPT OF TOURISM, ITS FORMATION AND HISTORY
This article discusses the concept of tourism, its stages of formation, history, types and analyzes them on the basis of factual examples.
Keywords: Tourism, history of tourism, concept of tourism, modern tourism.
INTRODUCTION
Tourism is derived from the French word ^tour", which means a trip. Now let's look at the development process of tourism. Modern technical means have radically changed the character of movement and made it possible to travel at any time. In the sources, it is written that in 1815, special tours were organized between France and England. Writer and traveler D. Galinany was the initiator of such tours organized for the general public from Paris to London. By 1829, the first guide specially prepared for travelers was prepared and published by K. Baedeker. Technical development has given a great impetus to the development of mass tourism. In 1830, the world's first railway was launched between Manchester and Liverpool, and it practically changed the time limits of travel arrangements. Travels that used to last for weeks are now available to everyone for a small fee. Railways began to be built at an unprecedented pace in all countries. In 1833, the first Cherepanov steam locomotive was built in Russia [4].
By 1842, the number of railway passengers in England reached 23 million people. By 1850, 15,000 miles of railways were completed in the USA. In Tashkent, the first railway was launched in the direction of Krasnovodsk - Tashkent in 1899 and later in 1905 - Tashkent - Orenburg.
Thomas Cook, a Baptist clergyman who is recognized today as the founder of modern tourism, was one of the first to realize the usefulness of mass travel for travelers, and in 1843 he organized the first railway tourism for his people and achieved success. In 1851, Cook organized the participation of Englishmen from all corners of the country in the exhibition in Paris and managed to bring 165 thousand people. Due to the great profit of the exhibitions, Cook became the organizer of the mass visit of British tourists to the World Exhibition in Paris in
Zebo Khafizovna Umarova
Termez State University
ABSTRACT
1865.
February, 2023
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From 1856, tours around Europe became commonplace, Cook's tourist agency and its branches were established in places. The unprecedented success of the tourist company is confirmed by the fact that more than 8,000 hotels were listed in the catalog offered by Cook.
In 1870, the number of customers of "Thomas Cook" tourist company reached 500 thousand people. Regular ship traffic between Europe and America was started in 1832, and in 1866, Cook sent the first two groups of tourists to the USA. The tours were long-term and lasted up to five months. One of the famous American tourists who used the services of Thomas Cook was Mark Twain, who participated in a group of sixty people and later wrote about this trip.
In 1872, Thomas Cook was the first to propose organizing a trip around the world based on industry. The first 20 travelers traveled around the world for 220 days. Thomas Cook died in 1892 and his work was continued by his sons and partners. The company expanded its field of activity, became a large financial institution and started issuing traveller's checks. This was essentially the invention of the century - safe money [5].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Today, the "Thomas Cook" company has more than 12,000 tourist agencies around the world, serving more than 20 million tourists a year. With the invention of modern airplanes, it became possible to reach from one region to another faster than the speed of the earth's rotation. As a result, travelers were able to visit other time zones.
The effect of time is more visible in space travel. A new form - tourism - has emerged as a particularly attractive way of life from travel, and it is characterized by its own features and characteristics.
The main aspect that distinguishes tourism from travel is that it is organized, purposeful and public. The desire to stand out from other people, to be the first, is clearly distinguished among travelers. Compared to other areas of human activity, there is more opportunity to show oneself. Who climbs to the top and goes farthest, who does unimaginable and surprising things - the record holder - the imagination of travelers has no limits, and a separate section is dedicated to such achievements in the Guinness Book of Records. In 1913, he traveled around the world on a bicycle, traveled 50 thousand km and changed 52 tires, 36 chambers, 9 chains, 9 pedals, 4 saddles, 2 handlebars, etc. Anisim Pankratov, who was
awarded with the award, can be included not in the category of
February, 2023
ISSN: 2181-1385 ISI: 0,967 | Cite-Factor: 0,89 | SIS: 1,9 | ASI: 1,3 | SJIF: 5,771 | UIF: 6,1
tourists, but in the category of travelers. Gleb Travin, who cycled along the borders of the former USSR in three years (1928 - 1931), can also be included among the travelers.
It is even more difficult to include Czechoslovak travelers Irji Ganzelka and Stanislav Zygmud, who traveled around all the continents of the planet in "Tatra" cars for several years. Their intercontinental route was provided financially and technically by the "Tatra" concern, which served the company's advertising purposes.
In practice, this was a normal and paid service of technical testers. In the Guinness Book of Records, a large place was reserved for trips and feats organized with the intention of surprising others.
A man named Jesse Rosedale has set himself the goal of being in many countries around the world and getting his documents stamped by the border services of all countries, for which he traveled 2,627,766 km and crossed the borders of 215 countries. and received a Guinness diploma for it. However, for this he had to leave his position as a teacher at a school in Illinois (USA). Missionary Alfred Waldern (USA) set a goal to travel on horseback and traveled 424,850 km (unknown if it was one or more) on horseback. He gave more than 16,000 lectures.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Records have been set for traveling by foot, ski, bicycle, car, railway, air and sea transport. However, most of them consisted of hard work to prove the perfection of a person and to overcome all difficulties in order to achieve the set goal. Even astronauts in space - landing on the moon, flying around the earth's orbit (they can also be included among tourists) - strive to set a record. The first person who flew into space, the first female cosmonaut, the length, height and distance of the flight, the length of the walk on the lunar surface and a number of other facts are the basis for recording the record. When considering the differences between travel and tourism, it is permissible to dwell on the goals and material support of this activity. Most of the trips and expeditions serve certain purposes (trade, science, discovery of new lands, product advertising, etc.) and are financed by interested persons, organizations, state and private funds. For example, the great David Livingston, who conquered Africa and discovered the Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River, traveled with missionary funds and was mainly engaged in attracting the local population to
February, 2023
ISSN: 2181-1385 ISI: 0,967 | Cite-Factor: 0,89 | SIS: 1,9 | ASI: 1,3 | SJIF: 5,771 | UIF: 6,1
Christianity. A traveler is primarily a profession, so to speak, and can become a source of livelihood or a lifestyle for those who travel [1].
This is the goal of the activity, which is different from the goals of tourism. There are also such trips that cannot be called a profession. Such trips are related to faith. Take Imam Bukhari for example. He visited Hijaz, Mecca, Medina, Taif, Jeddah, Basra, Kufa, Baghdad, Sham, Misr, Balkh, Herat, Nishapur, Ray, and Jibal cities in order to collect the hadiths of our prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him. showed self-sacrifice in a hard way. Such examples can also be found in Imam Tirmidhi. Bahovuddin Naqshband, Amir Temur, Mirzo Ulugbek, Babur Mirzo and many other military leaders, scholars, and wise men went to other countries to fulfill their goals.
Unfortunately, none of the literature written by non-Muslim experts mentions their names. Time has significantly changed human capabilities. Today, almost every person who has free time and enough funds can travel around the world in a hot air balloon or other means of transportation, and visit places of the world where no human foot has reached. Tourist companies specializing in adventure tourism offer long-term (up to 30 weeks) intercontinental trips in specially prepared vehicles throughout South America, Africa and Asia.
Also offered are 190-day cruises retracing the routes of the great explorers, priced at $50,000. Based on this, it can be said that tourism is a type of travel, but (based on the description we mentioned above) it is a visit of people to different areas, depending on the goals, direction and means of movement of the person participating in it.
Depending on the specific characteristics of tourism, a tourist can be called a sailor, cosmonaut, businessman, naturalist, etc. In statistics, a traveling person is called a "visitor". Although tourism was formed at the end of the 19th century, it developed rapidly only by the 20th century, and as a result of the development of techniques and technologies, the rise of social relations, it received the name "phenomenon of the 20th century". Today, tourism is a very strong global industry, its share in the world gross product is 10%, and a large number of employees, fixed assets and large capital funds are involved in this sector [2].
CONCLUSION
In this topic, we tried to provide information about the concept of travel and tourism, as well as their history. It should be noted that the first
travel and travelers go back to the distant past, therefore, we
February, 2023
ISSN: 2181-1385 ISI: 0,967 | Cite-Factor: 0,89 | SIS: 1,9 | ASI: 1,3 | SJIF: 5,771 | UIF: 6,1
focused on the history of the first travel in foreign countries and the travelers who participated in it, the trips made by our compatriots in the history of our country. In our future work, we will have to collect new scientific information about the first travelers who came from our country and their activities. Also, we should learn factual information about the tourists who went abroad and came from abroad, their experiences and spiritual achievements during the trip.
REFERENCES
1. Mamatqulov M., Bektemirov B va boshqalar. Xalqaro turizm.- Toshkent, 2009. - 156 b.
2. Mirzayev M., Aliyeva M. Turizm asoslari.- Toshkent, 2011. - 302 b.
3. www.uzbekturizm.uz.
4. http://www.russian.slavica.org
5. https: //www.britannica.com/topic/tourism
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