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Вестник Челябинского государственного университета. 2019. № 3 (425). Экономические науки. Вып. 64. С. 35—42.
УДК 330.88 DOI 10.24411/1994-2796-2019-10305
ББК 65.30
THE CONCEPT OF MULTIPLICATIVE INNOVATIONS IN THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE OF TECHNOLOGY
S.A. Rakhimova, L.P. Goncharenko
Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia
This article actualizes the need to design and develop multiplicative innovations in the manufacturing industry according to the degree of technological effectiveness. The author proposes to consider process innovations on the example of organizational and economic model of industrial entrepreneurship in the system of functioning of the manufacturing industry. The author introduces the concept of multiplicative innovations. The methodical tools of transformation of process innovations on high and medium-technological level are developed. The multi-attribute model of formation of the system of product innovations in the system of functioning of modern manufacturing industries is developed and offered. The formula for calculating the total accumulated investment in the innovative development of manufacturing enterprises is given.
Keywords: innovations, innovative process, multiplicative innovations, process innovations, technological degree, manufacturing industry.
Introduction. Many developing countries choose an innovative way of economic development. Signs of innovative economy are multifactorial aspects, which include the predominance in the structure of production of intellectual labor, production of products with high value added, the predominance of non-primary sectors, the recognition of the value of human resources and human capital.
In many developing countries, the construction of an innovative economy is directly correlated and interlinked with manufacturing and as a consequence, the vision of innovation policy is shaped through industrialization processes. All organizational and economic mechanisms in the industry are focused exclusively on the production of final innovative products with such attributes as high-tech, the use of na-no-technologies, the formation of high value added, the lack of analogues in foreign practice. Meanwhile, the organizational and economic approaches in the manufacturing industry, focused exclusively on the final result — the creation of innovative products, over the past strategic periods were ineffective and did not lead a number of countries to dynamic innovative development, the levels of innovation activity have always remained at very low levels. The latter is due to the fact that for the transition of the manufacturing industry to an innovative way of develop -ment, including high-tech, it is not enough to rely on the production of innovative products. In the modern manufacturing industry, it is necessary to design and develop multiplicative innovations in terms of the de-
gree of technology, the largest share of which should be of a process nature, and the result of these processes as a result will be the production of the desired innovative products.
The purpose of the research is to develop a methodology for the construction and development of multiplicative innovations in terms of the degree of technological effectiveness in the manufacturing industry, with such scientific tasks as: concretization of the essence of multiplicative innovations and their types, the establishment of aspects of their impact on product innovations, the concretization of high — tech methods of application of process innovations in the system of functioning of industrial enterprises.
The use of multiplicative innovations in terms of the degree of technological effectiveness in the manufacturing industry will make it possible to intensify the transition of the market economy to an innovative format of development, taking into account the impact of global processes of competition and scientific and technological development. The results of the research can be widely used in the practice of manufacturing enterprises.
Literature review. In modern scientific literature, scientific periodicals, economists focused on such aspects of innovative development of the economy and its industries as: the essence of innovation, their types, the content of the innovation process.
Innovation is multi-polar and complex-integrated process concept. In the modern scientific world, from the standpoint of business and entrepreneurship,
innovations, in accordance with fig. 1, are considered as dynamic innovations introduced into production systems and generating income and profit, providing qualitative transformations and changes in organizational and economic processes [1]. Particular attention in this aspect should be focused on the scientific work of Th. Shumpeter — "the Theory of economic development" [Ibid.]. The essence of innovations is almost identical in content, it is considered in the works of such scientists as: P.N. Zavlina, A. K. Kazantseva, L.E. Mindeli [2], T.B. Leybert, K.A. Tretyakov [3], R.A. Fatkhutdinov [4] and others.
In modern theory and practice, a model is used to obtain and create innovations, in which the primary role was given to scientific research, as a result of which it was called the "technological push" model (Technology push or Science push) [5].
Speaking about the innovation process, many scientists understand the life cycle of innovation, the process of gradual and dynamic transformation of an idea into a product. For example, V.E. Pyatetsky understands the innovation process as a sequential chain of events, during which the innovation "matures" from an idea to a specific product or service and spreads in economic practice [6].
The creative process of creation and transformation of scientific knowledge into new products recognized by consumers is considered to be an innovative process by A.A. Bovin, L.E. Cherednikova, and V.A. Yakimovich [7].
Meanwhile, in our opinion, it should be noted that the main result of the innovation process can be not only new products or services (product innovations), but also a range of other innovations called process innovations.
In this aspect, it is possible to note similar opinions of a number of scientists. For example, K.V. Baldin, I.I. Perederyaev, R.S. Golov consider the innovation process as a set of processes of production and non-production nature, providing continuous im-
provement of production as a result of increasing social needs on the basis of interrelated progressive development of science and technology [8].
By the innovation process, B.N. Vasichev, N.G. Fatyanova, I.N. Savchenkova understand any change in the favorable direction of the parameters in relation to the original model [9].
K. Pavitt considers the innovation process as a part of innovation activity, which consists of mutually overlapping sub-processes: knowledge production, transformation of knowledge into processes, products, systems, services and continuous comparison of the latter with the needs of the market [10].
It should be noted that, process innovations, their types are not considered systematically in modern scientific works, educational and methodical literature, there is no clear specification of the relationship of process innovations and their direct logical correlation with product innovations.
Hypotheses and research methods. Process innovations, in our opinion, it is important to consider, in accordance with fig. 2, on the example of the organizational and economic model of industrial entrepre-neurship, in the system of functioning of the manufacturing industry.
The activity of a modern industrial enterprise is always viewed through the prism of interrelated processes. The process approach to the development of industrial production was proposed by the American scientist, Manager-consultant E. Deming, who put forward and proved the scientific postulate that the quality and competitiveness of products, its innovation, is the result not only of production, but the quality of all interrelated processes [11; 12].
Within each process, process innovations can be obtained or applied. Applications and types of process innovations are presented in tab. 1.
Studies show that process innovations acquire their importance and give effect only in the integration interaction. At the same time, it is important to introduce such a concept as multiplicative innovations.
Innovations
. .
S3 « S3 m <a
& _o m <a o
o
> o s-&
T3 «
«
£ S
_ Ö > O
m 'S « <H O
H
Innovation
Business
Innovations
Novelty
-►
Time
Fig. 1. Systematization of the concept of innovation in dynamics Note: compiled by sources [1—4].
FC
WC
CIS
SP
BC
IGP -► IP -I
PP
--r- P'
PC
tL
TI
<
Cl C2 C3 C4
NI /
AF
ERF1 DF2 SDF3
IGP — idea generation process IP — investment process FC — formation of fixed capital WC — working capital formation CIS-capital investments in science PC — process of HR-system formation PP — production process P' — product (finished products) SP — sales process C — cash
BC— business costs
C1 — material costs of the enterprise C2 — depreciation C3 — labor costs
C4 — other costs (expenses of the period)
TI — taxable income
NI — net income
T — taxes paid to the budget
AF — accumulation funds
ERF1 — expanded reproduction fund
DF2 — dividend fund
SDF3 — social development fund
Fig. 2. Organizational and economic model of industrial entrepreneurship in the system offunctioning of the manufacturing industry Note: based on source analysis [13].
Multiplicative innovations are a set and system integration of all types of process innovations focused on the dynamic process of organization and development of industrial entrepreneurship with access to the production of competitive innovative products.
The use of multiplicative innovations in the manufacturing industry allows to ensure the innovation and competitiveness of the desired products, and, consequently, to increase the level of intensity of product innovation. From this point of view, the set of process innovations is primary, and product innovations are secondary.
Research result. The level of innovation of product innovations in the manufacturing industry will depend on the degree of technological process innovations. Technological levels of process innovations can be:
— low-tech process innovations (first degree of adaptability);
— medium-low-tech process innovations (second degree of technology);
— medium-high-tech process innovations (third degree of adaptability);
— high-tech process innovation (the fourth degree of adaptability).
Table 1
Fields of application and types of process innovations in the system of functioning of the industrial enterprise
C
T
Processes in an industrial enterprise Types of process innovations
The process of generating ideas Marketing innovation, logistics innovation
Sales process
Fixed capital formation
Working capital formation
Investment process, economic and financial process Business modeling innovation
The process of formation of human resources Innovative HR management
Production process Innovation management, production and technological innovations
Low-tech process innovations are the initial simple organizational and economic aspects of the implementation of production processes in industrial enterprises, which are used in their system for the first time.
To achieve a high level of innovation and competitiveness of product innovation in industrial enterprises should be combined to apply high-tech process innovation.
In our opinion, the use of medium-and high-tech process innovations will make it possible in practice
to bring to a significant innovative and competitive level both simple low-tech products and high-tech products, as shown in fig. 3.
The world experience and practice of innovative activity of industrial enterprises shows that for the output of process innovations at the medium and hightech level can be used methodological tools, in accordance with tab. 2.
Fig. 3. The process of influence of multiplicative high-and medium-tech innovations on the level of innovation and competitiveness of industrial products
Methodological tools for transformation of process innovations to high and medium technological level
Table 2
Types of process innovations Methodological tools of transformation process innovation at the high and medium technological level
Marketing innovations — internet marketing; — virtual marketing; — innovative sales marketing; — innovative industrial marketing (marketing of innovative concepts of formation of fixed and working capital)
Logistics innovations — creation and development of infrastructure logistics hubs; — use of services of national and international logistics operators
Business modeling innovations — business model "Canvas"; — business model "BCG Matrix"; — the business model of "McKinsey"; — "Shell" business model; — business model of "Hofer-Shendele"
Innovative HR management — development and application in practice of effective systems of recruitment of human resources; — review of HR resources as a key element of the value of the business enterprise; — application of the concept of HB-management (human being management)
Innovation management, production and techno -logical innovations — use of services of science and technology parks, engineering companies; — outsourcing of production processes; — outsourcing of economic and financial processes; — application of modern international management systems; — innovative organizational and management structures
When applying marketing innovations in practice and for their transformation into a high and medium-high—tech level, industrial enterprises can actively use Internet marketing, virtual marketing [14].
With the help of Internet marketing, modern industrial enterprises can:
— monitor markets;
— analyze competitors' activities;
— search for customers and partners;
— to communicate with the public [15; 16].
With the help of such studies, marketing staff can quickly adjust and change the range, adjust and change the price of the goods, improve the processes of contact with potential consumers, sending them advertising and explanatory information and receiving answers from them [Ibid.].
In the field of sales processes, innovative marketing can be implemented through tools such as:
— merchandising (the use of statistical methods in the work of sales systems; the use of special sensors to track the movement of buyers);
— aromamarketing;
— package design;
— advertising action;
— use of discount and accumulative cards;
— self-service systems (consumer trust systems);
— creation of online stores [14-16].
As part of the development of innovative marketing, the company can create specialized units engaged in in-depth research of the capital market, raw material resources, semi — finished products, while developing their own unique marketing concepts [Ibid.].
With the transformation of logistics innovations to a high-tech level, industrial enterprises can be integrated into the logistics hub, use the services of operators of national and international logistics companies.
One of the significant advantages of the logistics hub is the ability to optimize the delivery of goods, concentrating all traffic flows in one place [17].
When designing innovations in the field of business modeling, industrial enterprises can practically apply a number of modern high-tech business models, such as: business model "Canvas", business model "BCG Matrix", business model "McKinsey", business model "Shell", business model "Hofer-Shendel" and a number of others [18].
Business models in the practice of industrial enterprises are focused on achieving the following medium-term and strategic priorities, such as:
— cost optimization and revenue maximization (core business process);
— creation of unique systems of innovative consumer values and satisfaction of the problems of potential consumers (the core of the entrepreneurial process).
Business models are always unique and directly integrated into specific production and economic processes of industrial enterprises.
In the 21st century, high technology can be developed in the field of HR management.
In low and medium-low technological concepts of personnel management, there were significant contradictions between employers and employees, whose targets were focused exclusively on increasing productivity. In the new emerging and applied in practice high-tech concepts of HR-resources management, the emphasis is placed on its contribution to the achievement of strategic corporate goals, such as innovative development, diversification of production, development of new markets, increasing competitiveness [19].
A wide range of high technologies can be accumulated in innovation management and production and technological innovations. Bright value in this aspect can receive technology outsourcing of scientific, industrial, economic and financial processes.
A unique innovative technology in the field of production and technological processes is the transfer directly of the production to a third party-the operators of the production process. At the same time, the activity of the industrial enterprise is focused on science, experimental design, creation and production of a limited series of unique prototypes of production innovations [20].
For dynamic innovative development of production at industrial enterprises can be implemented international management standards, such as:
— ISO 14001-environmental management system;
— OHSAS 18001-occupational health and safety management system;
— ISO50001-energy management system;
— ISO 27001-information security management system;
— ISO 20000-IT services management system;
— SA 8000-social responsibility management system;
— BSCI, an international initiative of social responsibility of business;
— BS 25999-business continuity management;
— ISO 28000-safety management systems in logistics.
In the design and creation of high-tech systems of innovation management, in the practice of industrial enterprises can be used unique innovative organizational and management structures:
— horizontal management systems-operate on the principles of effective interaction of human resources, and not on the principles of subordination and hierarchy;
— virtual management systems-management systems do not require investment in fixed capital of administrative processes and take place in the "digital virtual space" [19].
Medium and high-tech process innovations in industrial enterprises allow to create a multi-attribute model of product innovation.
The multi-attribute model of product innovation clearly separates the core of the innovative product and its innovative environment, which in turn consists of the expected, augmented and potential innovative product, which is presented in accordance with fig. 4.
Taking into account the above, the total total investment in the innovative development of manufacturing enterprises can be calculated by the formula
I IE _ , T
•dD _ *MI 1M,
t IB
where — investments of the industrial enterprises. aimed at a comprehensive innovative development; J — investing in high-and medium-tech multiplicative innovation; — investment in creation of product innovations.
In our opinion, in essence, investments in high — and medium-tech multiplicative innovations will create a system of expanded formation of added values, which in turn will lead to the dynamic development of manufacturing industries with high added value.
Conclusion. The study of modern approaches to the construction and development of multiplica-
tive innovations in terms of the degree of technology, shows that in the conditions of intensification and globalization of competition and scientific and technological progress, modern manufacturing enterprises have significant reserves to improve the attributes of their innovation activity, which should take into account all the qualitative aspects of production and economic activity.
Multiplicative innovations should be in constant dynamics and development and serve as a set of tools to achieve the mission and vision of enterprises. Taking into account the latter, in this aspect, a special role should be given to the top management of enterprises, top management, which should develop a comprehensive and comprehensive new philosophy of activity.
Application of multiplicative innovations in practice requires a new look at the organizational and management processes, in most cases it will be necessary to create new structural units at industrial enterprises, whose functions will include the generation of new ideas and approaches for the transformation of all production and economic processes to a high-tech innovation level.
The potential for multiplicative innovation and its wide-scale application in practice will also depend on the level of development of the institutional market environment. At the macroeconomic level, priority and relevant infrastructure elements, such as consulting organizations, recruitment agencies, science and technology parks, engineering and logistics centers, should be created and developed.
The use of multiplicative innovations in terms of technological effectiveness can have an effect both on large industrial enterprises and on medium and small
The core of innovative goods (according to the entrepreneur's plan)
The expected innovative product (product performance in the real)
Product with additional innovative attributes (supplemented, extended)
Formed-a complex, potential innovative product
The formed system of "innovative impressions" about the product on the part of the entrepreneur and the consumer
Fig. 4. Multiattributive model offormation of the system ofproduct innovations in the system offunctioning of modern manufacturing industries Note: the figure is made by the author on the basis of the analysis of the source [21].
ones. Medium and small enterprises in terms of the degree of technological effectiveness can also apply process innovations in a wide range, including in an integrated format to accumulate their synergetic effect.
Modern manufacturing enterprises for innovative development should provide, reserve the appropriate financial resources, while significant investments should fall not only on research and development, but also on the creation of process innovations, the foundations for their integration.
Large-scale application of multiplicative innovations in terms of the degree of technological effectiveness in the manufacturing industry will create new opportunities and prospects for innovative development not only of economic entities themselves, but also of the economy as a whole.
In the future, research and development in the field of design of multiplicative innovations can be developed in a number of related interrelated areas, such as innovation economy, the economy of impressions.
Information about the authors
Rakhimova Saule Abaibekovna — PhD in Economics, Senior Researcher, Scientific Research Institute "Innovative Economy", Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia. Saulesha_rahimova@mail.ru.
Goncharenko Lyudmila Petrovna — PhD in Economics, professor, director of the Research Institute "Innovative Economy", Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia. inn.invest@mail.ru.
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Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University.
2019. No. 3 (425). Economic Sciences. Iss. 64. Pp. 35—42.
КОНЦЕПЦИЯ МУЛЬТИПЛИКАТИВНЫХ ИННОВАЦИЙ В ОБРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ ПО СТЕПЕНИ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧНОСТИ
С. А. Рахимова
Российский экономический университет им. Г. В. Плеханова, Москва, Россия. inn.invest@mail.ru
Л. П. Гончаренко
Российский экономический университет им. Г. В. Плеханова, Москва, Россия. Saulesha_rahimova@mail.ru
Актуализируется необходимость разработки и развития мультипликативных инноваций в обрабатывающей промышленности в зависимости от степени технологической эффективности. Авторы предлагают рассмотреть инновационный процесс на примере организационно-экономической модели промышленного предпринимательства в системе функционирования обрабатывающей промышленности. Введено понятие мультипликативных инноваций. Разработаны методические инструменты трансформации технологических инноваций на высоком и среднем технологическом уровне. Разработана и предложена многоаспектная модель формирования системы инновационных продуктов современных обрабатывающих производств. Представлена формула расчета общего объема накопленных инвестиций в инновационное развитие промышленных предприятий.
Ключевые слова: инновации, инновационный процесс, мультипликативные инновации, технологические инновации, технологическая степень, обрабатывающая промышленность.
