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МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ НАУКА» №10-1/2016 ISSN 2410-6070
продукцией агропромышленного сектора собственной продукцией, что, в последствии, привело к заполнению дынного рынка товарами иностранных поставщиков.
Таким образом, переходная экономика породила множество противоречий в области земельных отношений: противопоставление интересов всех участников экономики, а также продовольственной проблемы в стране.
В системе рыночной экономики земельные отношения играют важную роль в формировании и развитии любого сектора экономики любого государства. Отношения собственности на основное средство производства - землю способствуют оптимизации всех процессов экономического развития. Земельные отношения играют преобладающую роль в эволюционных процессах развития общества в целом, имея многовековую историю совершенствования механизма формирования земельных отношений и видоизменяясь под влиянием внешних и внутренних факторов. Список использованной литературы
1. Рязанцев И.И. Земельные отношения в России / И.И. Рязанцев // Вестник Воронежского государственного аграрного университета. - 2011. - № 4. - С. 256.
2. Закон РСФСР от 23.11.1990 N 374-1 «О земельной реформе».
3. О некоторых особенностях развития агропромышленного комплекса в российской экономике / Гафиятова Т.П., Лебедева О.И. // Проблемы современной экономики. 2011. № 1. С. 309-312.
4. Земельные ресурсы - природный капитал страны / Гафиятова Т.П., Лебедева О.И. // Вестник Казанского технологического университета. 2015. Т. 18. № 2. С. 430-432.
© Гафиятова Т.П., 2016
УДК 330.1
M.N. Grigoriev
PhD of technical sciences, Professor Baltic State Technical University «VOENMECH» named after D. F. Ustinov St. Petersburg, Russian Federation S.A. Uvarov
Doctor of economic Sciences, Professor Saint-Petersburg state University of Economics St. Petersburg, Russian Federation N. A. Braila Student
Baltic State Technical University «VOENMECH» named after D. F. Ustinov St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
THE CONCEPT OF FIRM'S LOGISTICS IN THE EARLY 21st CENTURY
Annotation
Article from the modern point of view examines the development of the concept for firm's logistics. Special attention is paid to logistics engineering.
Keywords
Logistics, efficiency of economy, factors of logistics' efficiency, logistical strategy, marketing, target parameters. The firm, being the fundamental part of market economy, differs the certain duality: it is both the consumer,
МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ НАУКА» №10-1/2016 ISSN 2410-6070 and the manufacturer [1]. The behavior of а firm in the market environment is defined by a number of factors: costs of firm; efficiency of economic activities; demand for production and the prices for it; the capital of firm; the prices for raw material, materials and completing products; a condition of a competition in the market; solvency of consumers and so forth [2].
From the point of view of the cybernetic approach the firm represents a black box, on which input - resources, and on an output - production and services [3]. . Transfer function of the firm, i.e. a parity of target and entrance parameters, finally predetermines the level of its competitiveness [4]. Target parameters - proceeds from realization of production and rendering of services - are appreciably determined by the external economic environment [5]. On such parameters as product demand and the equilibrium price the firm can influence in rather limited extent. In a greater extent, efficiency of the resources use, and decrease in costs depends on firm [6].
In industrial production the factor of equipment's loading was one of the major parameters of the enterprise's efficiency [7]. It deals with high relative density of machines and units in a fixed capital and a significant part of manufactures in structure of costs acted. So high loading of the equipment was one of the important purposes at formation of strategy of firm [8].
In a postindustrial society within the limits of both strategic planning, and firm's management this reference point has turned from the purpose to means, having conceded target positions to such parameters, as: the timeliness of order's performance; a low stock rate; the shortest possible time of resources' passage through an industrial subsystem of firm [9,10].
The listed parameters are already logistical categories, and to optimize their level, not resorting to methods of logistics, within the limits of traditional orientation and the organization of manufacture, obviously is not possible [3]. Thus the logistics operates with the following categories reflecting an essence of logistical processes:
• Charges for transport and procuring (TaP) - the expenses connected with the organization of the order and its realization, with preparation and delivery commodity-material assets; they represent a part of logistical costs and include expenses on formation of a suppliers network, choice and an estimation of partners, and also costs on transport, post and cable, travelling, representation and other charges, shortage and loss in ways within the limits of norm of a natural loss;
• Charges on formation and storage of stocks - the expenses of the consumer connected with routine maintenance of stocks (payment of taxes,
carrying out of inventories, a payment for the bank credit), costs of storage, cost of risks;
• Transport costs - the part of TaP charges including expenses for transportation of production from the manufacturer up to the consumer; expenses for charging-discharging enter into them, payment of services of forwarding agents payment of tariffs;
• Costs of storage - a part of charges on formation and storage of stocks; expenses enter into them under the maintenance of warehouses, wages of the warehouse personnel, cost of production in its natural loss volume, administrative and managerial charges [11,12,13].
On that basis for firm the logistical approach means: system thinking, integrity, optimization of the general costs, unity of a management, and the primary goals of realization of the integrated strategy of logistics can look like as a schematic diagram, presented on fig. 1. The analysis of algorithm for the solving the given problem allows to note the following moments.
The preliminary analysis serves the purposes of definition of problems and opportunities of logistics for the given firm. In this case as objects of the analysis act following categories:
• Organizational structure of the firm, i.e. set of the ordered communications between the main elements providing steady functioning of firm. The structure of manufacture (a parity between let out firm production or rendered services of different kinds and the purposes, measured by means of natural or cost indexes) is analyzed; industrial structure by a principle of sequence of operation (structure of operated parts of the firm possessing technological or cooperation interrelations); structure of a control system of the firm (set of the specialized subsystems interconnected during acceptance and realization of administrative decisions);
• Tools and ways of logistics: arrangement of orders for buyers, planning of selling and a turnover, planning of capacities and process of manufacture, management of maintenance, manufacture and stocks;
МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ НАУКА» №10-1/2016 ISSN 2410-6070 • Structure of production and services (duration and sequence of a work cycle), buyers (with allocation of big clients), stocks and deliveries;
Fig.1 - The Primary goals of realization of the integrated strategy of firm's logistics
• Structure of a materials' stream (its orientation, character and intensity) and loading of capacities;
• Structure of costs of the firm as a whole and logistical costs in particular.
Logistical engineering begins with formation of the structural division consisting of employees of various departments, borrowing (holding) various posts, with a view of the accelerated realization of the project of logistics covering simultaneously a number of subsystems of firm: marketing and selling [14], material support, manufacture, distribution, the staff, the finance and accounts departments. It allows executing interdependent parts of the project not consistently, and in parallel, that promotes economy of time, observance system and integrated approach of development, increase of their quality and efficiency.
The purposes and factors of logistics' efficiency are the basis for development of logistics' strategy. At the present stage of economic development it is necessary to carry increase of competitiveness of firm, growth of its incomes to overall objectives, profits, profitability, a turn, realization. At the same time the market with a conjuncture favorable for buyers influences logistics of the firm, demanding the fullest achievement of following parameters:
• Observance of terms and conditions of service of deliveries;
• Decrease in duration of passage of the order;
• Increase of flexibility of the firm's logistical system and accuracy of forecasts;
• Availability to firm of the relevant economic and technical information.
The concept both planning starting with it and the organization of actions are formed in view of requirements of logistics of business. The unity of the conceptual approach is realized in system and complex study of structure, the organization, toolkit of firm, and qualification of its personnel, passed through the analysis of type "expenses -results".
Activity of logistics service is directed on integration of the cores logistical business-processes and interfunctional coordination - maintenance of interrelation with manufacturers, with all functional divisions of the company for the decision of the complex, disputed problems arising at all levels of management:
Logistics - the top management (realization of corporate, marketing, industrial, logistical strategy).
Logistics - a department of orientation to clients (duly delivery of necessary products in necessary quantities on warehouses).
Logistics - commercially focused service, planning of stock rates on the basis of forecasts of sales of commercial service (service of sales).
Logistics - technically competent service (duly granting of product samples for laboratory analyses, scientific researches, reception of the necessary engineering specifications).
Logistics - the service focused according to book keeping (duly granting of invoices, unprofitable for
МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ НАУКА» №10-1/2016 ISSN 2410-6070
processing the information, the control over duly payment for the put goods on warehouses). Logistics - actually logistical intermediary (the control and management of
transportation, warehousing and freight processing, duly granting of necessary documents for import, customs registrations of a cargo).
The primary goals of a department of logistics are: reduction of stocks, acceleration of a firm's working capital, the control and management of stock rates, optimization of logistical expenses.
Efficiency of service of logistics in the company according to chosen logistical strategy, in many respects is defined by the used information integrated system mentioning all structural divisions, and also supporting operative data exchange with logistical intermediaries, suppliers and consumers [15].
Integration logistics' department with other functional divisions of the company allows providing the fullest account of time and spatial factors in processes of optimization of management by material, financial and information streams for achievement of the strategic and tactical purposes of the firm in the market. So, interaction with managers on sales allows making more exact forecast of the customer demand and accordingly to cut down transport and warehouse expenses. Interaction with a technical department and the top management allows deducing on the market a new product during necessary time and in the necessary quantity, to expand assortment according to marketing strategy with a view of satisfaction the consumers demand and to lower the cost price of production. References:
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2. Григорьев М.Н., Долгов А.П., Уваров С.А. Логистика. Продвинутый курс. Учебник для магистров, 3-е изд., пер. и доп., Сер. Магистр - М., 2011 - 734с.
3. Григорьев М.Н., Долгов А.П., Уваров С.А. Управление запасами в логистике: методы, модели, информационные технологии, учебное пособие для студентов вузов - СПб., 2006 - 368с.
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обучающихся по спец. 061500 "Маркетинг", 060800 "Экономика и управление на предприятии (по отраслям)", 4-е изд., доп., Сер. Бакалавр - М., 2012 - 464с.
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8. Григорьев М.Н., Уваров С.А. Логистика Учебник для бакалавров, 4-е изд., пер. и доп., Сер. 58 Бакалавр. Академический курс - М., 2014 - 836с.
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© Grigoriev M.N., Uvarov S.A., Braila NA., 2016
