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УДК: 08.00.11
Urunov R.
TFI
Uzbekistan, Tashkent THE CONCEPT AND SUBJECT OF STATISTICS
Annotation: This article discusses the subject of statistics and its essence.
Key words: Statistics, concept, category, metadology, processing.
Statistics is one of the social sciences, aimed at collecting, organizing, analyzing and comparing the numerical presentation of facts related to the most diverse mass phenomena. This is the doctrine of the scorecard, i.e. quantitative characteristics, giving, giving a comprehensive idea of social phenomena, the national economy as a whole and its individual sectors. Statistics is an effective tool, a tool of cognition used in the natural and social sciences to establish those specific laws that operate in specific mass phenomena studied by this science.
Statistics is also one of the forms of people's practical activity, the purpose of which is the collection, processing and analysis of mass data on various phenomena.
Statistics are also called various kinds of numerical data characterizing various aspects of the life of the state: political relations, culture, population, production, etc.
The main features and characteristics of the subject of statistical science:
1) Statistics does not examine individual facts, but mass socio-economic phenomena and processes that act as sets of separate facts that have both individual and general characteristics. The object of statistical research is called the statistical population. A statistical population is a set of units with mass character, uniformity, a certain integrity, interdependence of the states of individual units and the presence of variation. Each individual element of this set is called a unit of the statistical population. The units of the population are characterized by common properties, i.e. signs. Under the qualitative homogeneity of the aggregate refers to the similarity of units for some essential features and the difference for some other features. Each unit of the population has individual characteristics and differences that distinguish them from each other, i.e. there is a so-called variation of the trait.
2) Statistics studies the quantitative side of social phenomena and processes in specific conditions of place and time, i.e. the subject of statistics is the size and quantitative ratio of socio-economic phenomena, the laws of their relationship and development.
3) Statistics characterize the structure of social phenomena, i.e. internal structure of mass phenomena (statistical set).
4) Statistics studies changes in the level and structure of a phenomenon over time, i.e. in dynamics.
5) Statistics reveals the connections between phenomena and processes. By statistical regularity it is customary to understand the form of manifestation of a causal relationship, expressed in the sequence, regularity, frequency of events with a fairly high degree of probability.
Thus, statistics is a social science that studies the quantitative side of qualitatively defined mass socio-economic phenomena and processes, their structure and distribution, spatial distribution, time movement, revealing the existing quantitative dependencies, trends and patterns, and in particular place conditions and time.
Statistical methodology is a system of techniques and methods aimed at studying the quantitative patterns that manifest themselves in the structure, dynamics and relationships of socio-economic phenomena.
A statistical study consists of three stages:
Statistical observation;
Initial processing, summary and grouping of observation results;
Analysis of the resulting consolidated materials.
Passing each stage of the study involves the use of special methods, explained by the content of the work performed.
1) Statistical observation - a scientifically organized collection of information about the studied socio-economic processes or phenomena. The data obtained are the source material for the subsequent stages of the statistical study. These data must be processed in a certain way. Such processing is the next stage of statistical research.
2) A summary of the source data to obtain generalized characteristics of the investigated process or phenomenon. The results of the statistical summary and grouping are presented in the form of statistical tables.
3) Statistical analysis - the final stage of statistical research. In his process, the structure, dynamics and interconnections of social phenomena and processes are investigated. The following main stages of analysis are distinguished:
• Statement of facts and their assessment;
• Establishment of characteristic features and causes of the phenomenon;
• Comparison of the phenomenon with other phenomena;
• Formulation of hypotheses, conclusions and assumptions;
• Statistical verification of advanced hypotheses using special statistical indicators.
The general theory of statistics is the science of the most general principles, rules and laws of digital coverage of socio-economic phenomena. It is the methodological basis of all branches of statistics.
Statistical data - a set of quantitative characteristics of socio-economic phenomena and processes obtained as a result of statistical observation, their processing or corresponding calculations.
Statistical observation is a massive, systematic, scientifically organized observation of the phenomena of social and economic life, which consists in registering selected signs from each unit of the population. The statistical observation process includes the following steps:
Observation preparation. At this stage, scientific and methodological problems are determined (determination of the purpose and object of observation, the composition of the attributes to be registered; development of documents for data collection; selection of the reporting unit and the unit with respect to which monitoring will be carried out, as well as methods, means and time of data acquisition, etc. e.) and organizational matters (determining the composition of the bodies conducting the observation; selection and training of personnel for conducting the monitoring; drawing up a calendar plan of work for the preparation, conduct and processing of materials of the monitoring eniya; replicating instruments for data collection, etc.)..
Mass data collection.
Development of proposals for improving statistical monitoring.
The purpose of observation is to obtain reliable information to identify the dependencies of the development of phenomena and processes.
The object of observation is a statistical aggregate in which the studied socio-economic phenomena and processes flow.
To determine the object, it is necessary to determine the boundaries of the studied population, for which it is necessary to indicate the most important features that distinguish it from other similar populations. Each object consists of separate elements, i.e. units of observation that are the carrier of signs to be registered.
The reporting unit is the subject from whom the data about the unit of observation is received.
An observation program is a list of signs (questions) to be registered during the observation process.
The statistical form is a single sample document containing the program and observation results. An example would be a census form, a questionnaire, questionnaire, etc. In this case, two systems of the statistical form are distinguished:
1) Individual (card), which provides for the recording of answers to questions about only one observation unit.
2) The list provides answers to questions about several units of observation.
The choice of time when the observation will be carried out consists in
solving two questions:
- establishing a critical moment (date) or time interval.
- determination of the period or period of observation.
Critical moment (date) - a specific day of the year, hour of the day, as of which the signs should be registered for each unit of the studied population.
The observation period (period) is the time during which the statistical forms are filled, i.e. time required for mass data collection.
Source used:
1. Statistical Dictionary. Second edition, revised and supplemented. M .: Finance and statistics, 1989
2. Ryauzov H.H. General theory of statistics. M .: Statistics, 1979
3. Rybakovsky L.L. Methodological issues of forecasting. -M .: Statistics, 1978
