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77CENTRAL ASIAN ACADEMIC JOURNAL ISSN: 2181-2489
OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH VOLUME 2 I ISSUE 6 I 2022|
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THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ADJECTIVES IN PRESENT DAY
ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
Marjona Khurshid qizi Kholmurodova
Student: (KarSU)
Supervisor: Guzal Khursanovna Turaeva (KarSU)
ABSTRACT
Adjective is one of the main parts of speech. It qualifies or modifies a substance. The article analyses an essential difference between Uzbek and English grammatical systems.
Keywords: degrees of adjectives, to modify, to use, functional and notional words, the structure of words, nominative, to effect, collocation, combination.
The adjective expresses the categorical semantics of property of a substance. It means that each adjective used in tile text presupposes relation to some noun the property of whose referent it denotes, such as its material, colour, dimensions, position, state, and other characteristics both permanent and temporary. It follows from this that, unlike nouns, adjectives do not possess a full nominative value. Indeed, words like long, hospitable, fragrant cannot effect any self-dependent nominations; as units of informative sequences they exist only in collocations showing what is long, who is hospitable, what is fragrant. The semantically boundcharacter of the adjective is emphasized in English by the use of the prop- substituteone in the absence of the notional head-noun of the phrase. Adjectives are distinguished by a specific combinability with nouns, which they modify, if not accompanied by adjuncts, usually in pre-position, and occasionally in postposition; by a combinability with link-verbs, both functional and notional; by a combinability with modifying adverbs1.
In both English and Uzbek languages the adjective qualifies or modifies a substance2:
English Uzbek
a red apple кизил олма a clever student аклли талаба a new building янги бино red pepper кизил калампир
1Khaimovich B.S., Rogoyskaya B.L.A course in English Grammar. Moscow, 1996
2 Yusupov U'. Constrastive linguistics of the English and Uzbek languages. Akademnashr, Toshkent, 2013, 280p
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In the languages compared the adjective has the grammatical category of the degrees of comparison and typical stem building morphemes:
English adjectives: a- (amoral), ab- (abnormal), demi- (demi season), di-(diatomic), dia- (diachronic), extra- (extraordinary) il- / jm-/in-/ir-(illegal, immature, inadmissible, irrespective), post-(post- free), pre-(prechristian), un- (unpleasant), -able / -ible (valuable flexible), -al (natural), -an / -ean / -ian (american, mediterranean en-cyclopedian), -ant (disputant), -ary (revolutionary), -ate (elaborate) -ed (talented), -en (silken), -esgue (grotesgue), -fold (twofold), -ful (careful), -ic (syllabic), -ish (bluish), -ive (impulsive), -less (homeless), -like (childlike), -ly (tigerly, -most (heedmost) -tory / -ory (explanatory, modulatory), -ous (furious), -some (lonesome), -y (shady), -ical (logical).
Uzbek adjectives: ба- (бадавлат), бе- (бегам), бо- (боадаб), но-(ноаник, бад-(баднафс), -ли (кучли), -сиз (кучсиз), -ги / -ки / -ки (тунги, чиллаки, ташки), -даги (рулдаги) -чан / -чанг (ишчан, куйлакчанг), -чил (эпчил), -ий (назарий), -симон (одамсимон), -ик / -ик / -ук, (эгик, кийшик, курук), -ма (эзма), -кок / -fok (таркок, той- гок), -чок, -чик (эринчок, кизганчик,), -кир / -кир (уткир, чопкир), -гон (билагон), -ив (интенсив), -ик (демократик), -ал (актуал).
In English and Uzbek the adjective usually forms combinations with:
1. nouns:
English: an interesting book, a tall tree, a strong man etc.
Uzbek: кизикарли китоб, баланд дарахт etc.
2. link-verbs:
English: was strong, was clever, was old
Uzbek: кучли эди, аклли эди, кари эди
3. adverbs:
English: very interesting, very old
Uzbek: жуда кизикарли, жуда аклли
In English the adjective can combine with the so-called prop word one (the red one, the yellow one). In the languages compared the typical functions of the adjective are those of attribute and predicative.
The adjective as an attribute:
English: I have brought him an interesting book.
Uzbek: Мен унга цизицарли китоб олиб келдим.
4. The adjective as a predicative
English: The book was interesting.
Uzbek: Китоб кизикарли эди.
According to their structure English and Uzbek adjectives may be:
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1. simple:
English: red, good, hot, cold, slow Uzbek: ок, яхши, секин, совук, ёмон, тинч;
2. derivative:
English: passive, talented, social, snowy Uzbek: кучли, амалий, актив, кучсиз, чопкир
3. compound:
English: big-eyed, deaf-mute, eagle-eyed, never-ending Uzbek: хушбуй, ватанпарвар, учбурчакли, одамсимон On the base of their meaning adjectives are grouped into qualitative and relative classes. Qualitative adjectives express the property of nouns by means of special words denoting color, size, skill, mental or moral attribute, distinctive character, characteristic trait etc.
English: good, wide, small, thin, thick, fat, clever, green, blue, red, little, big, dry, pale, glad, happy, hot, sick, ill, long, fluent, blunt, sharp, high, small, right, wrong etc.
Uzbek: катта, кенг, сариц, семиз, цари, тез, тенг, тентак, текис, тетик, тик, тинч, тирик, тортинчоц, аччиц, сассиц, ширин, мазали, бемаза, равшацчузинчоц, ифлос, ёруг etc.
"5
Qualitative adjectives are characterized by the following common features .
1. Many stems of adjectives are used to form adverbs: English Uzbek
wide-widely янги-янгича
fluent-fluently куп - купинча
sharp - sharply цатор - цаторасига
2. Qualitative adjectives have the degrees of comparison:
Positive Comparative Superlative
English sweet sweeter sweetest
High higher highest
Happy happier happiest
Uzbek Кенг кенгроц Энг кенг
Кора цорароц Энг цора
Relative adjectives express properties characterizing an object through its reference to another object.
3.Yusupov U'. Constrastive linguistics of the English and Uzbek languages. Akademnashr, Toshkent, 2013, 280p
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English: excessive, excitable, exclamatory, frontless, golden, Indian, Chinese, individual, posthumous, fundamental, risky, impressionable, homeless, floppy, gold, silk, silky, mental etc.
Uzbek: mymyHapxu, mypxu, туганмас, mabAUMCU3, mamxandu^, me-MupdemoH, meMupdau, cy3cu3, mepMa, цaцpaгaн, ma^xuduU, murnm, moudeK, meKUH, odaMCUMOH, mонггu, momxymun, udpamm, uwoduu, ceypnu, cy6ymnu, cyppam, cesuwnu etc.
Relative adjectives differ according to their meaning. They denote properties of nouns related to:
1) inanimate nouns which are concrete or abstract: a diamond ring, dpunmaum y3yK etc.
2) animate nouns expressing persons, animals, birds: eagle eye, moey^mum etc.
3) animate and inanimate nouns expressing locality or position: field flowers, dam гymapu.
4) animate and inanimate nouns expressing time: winter wheat, кyзгu dysdou etc.
5) verbal adjectives expressing action or state: flying machine, Уuцydaгu MaxuKa.
In both languages many nouns can function as nouns and as adjectives. The category of degrees of comparison expresses different degrees of qualities of things and persons denoted by nouns. It is represented by the system of three-member opposition:
- positive;
- comparative;
- superlative degrees.
The positive degree is morphologically unmarked. It is the primary form of the adjective and it expresses simple quality if the thing or the person expressed by the subject is not compared with anything:
He is a clever boy. She is beautiful.
In English if it is compared with something, it denotes equal quality of those things compared:
David is as clever as Mike. David is as stupid as Mike.
The comparative degree is morphologically marked in both languages. In English it expresses a higher or less degree of quality of the thing expressed by the subject in relation to the thing with which it is compared. Depending on the length of the adjective it is formed by two ways:
1) by adding the affix -er to short adjectives: long-longer, cold-colder etc.
2) by putting the words more or less before long adjectives: beautiful - more beautiful beautiful - less beautiful
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In Uzbek it is formed by adding the affix -рок to the adjective: узун - узунроц чиройли - чиройлироц
The affix -рок means a (little) bit more or a (little) bit less:
Мэри Аннадан чиройлироц
Mary is a (little) bit more beautiful than Ann.
Бу хона анови хонадан кичкинароц.
This room is a (little) bit smaller than that one.
In Uzbek the positive degree is functionally equal to the positive and comparative degrees. Compare: David is clever = Давид ацлли. David is clever than Mike = Давид Майкдан ацлли. The superlative degree expresses the highest (least) degree of the quality denoted by the adjective stem with the affix -est and the structures most + adj. and least + adj. in English and the structure энг + ad; jn Uzbek:
Mary is the most beautiful girl = Мэри энг чиройли циз.
David is the cleverest boy = Давид энг ацлли бола.
There are some adjectives in English whose comparative and superlative degrees are formed by changing the root:
Positive comparative superlative
good better (the) best
bad worth (the) worst
little less (the) least
much more (the) most
many more (the) most
far farther (the) farthest
further (the) furthest
old older (the) oldest
elder (the) eldest
These differences cause a lot of interlanguage interferences when Uzbek students speak English.
In conclusion we can say that he grammatical systems of Uzbek and English are fundamentally different. English is an analytical language, in which grammatical meaning in largely expressed through the use of additional words and by changes in word order. Uzbek is an agglutinative language, in which the majority of grammatical forms are created through changes in the structure of words, by means of a developed system of prefixes, suffixes and ending. No one knows exactly how people learn languages although a great deal of research has been done into the subject.
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Used literature:
1. Khaimovich B.S., Rogoyskaya B.L.A course in English Grammar. Moscow, 1996
2. Yusupov U'. Constrastive linguistics of the English and Uzbek languages. Akademnashr, Toshkent, 2013, 280p
