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Mirzayeva Ayan, PhD-Student, Institute of Control Systems, Baku State University, Azerbaijan DOI: 10.24411/2520-6990-2019-10140 THE CHALLENGES AND OBSTACLES THAT COUNTRIES FACE ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TOURISM SECTOR
Мирзаева Аян,
Аспирант, Институт систем управления, Бакинский Государственный Университет, Азербайджан
ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПРЕПЯТСТВИЯ, КОТОРЫЕ СТРАНЫ СОСТОЯТСЯ В СТРАНАХ,
СОЗДАЮТ СЕКТОР ТУРИЗМА
Abstract.
In recent decades, international tourism has made a giant leap, turning into one of the largest and most profitable sectors of the world economy. It accounts for 7% of total investment, 5% of all tax revenues and a third of world trade in services. International tourism has a huge impact on key sectors ofthe economy, such as transport and communications, trade, construction, agriculture, consumer goods, acting as a catalyst for socio-economic development. It provides employment for more than 250 million people, that is, every eighth employee in the world
Keywords: tourism arrivals, ecotourism, hotel industry, hotel industry, socio-economic development.
In relation to tourism very often you come across such statements that:
1) The country has tremendous tourism potential but no development is taking place in this regard,
2) There has been a fall in tourism arrivals,
3) So and so destination is no more an attraction the way it used to be, etc.
Such conditions emerge because of sure barriers and threats. Limitations are commonly understood as
those processes and rules that block, interrupt or reverse the unfastened go with the flow of tourism. At the equal time research have shown that even cultures and perceptions can also turn out to be instruments of obstruction. Similarly, the threats to tourism can be positioned inside the very nature of tourism, attitude of the travelers, operations of the journey alternate, tourism influences, tourism policy and making plans or the attitudes of the host.
The connection between the self and the opposite is a dominant issue in tourism. Right here, the self is commonly understood as the Western or wealthy tourist. His/her identity is described by creating an alternative apart from the host or the resident. on this experience the tourism text is complete of the language of "them" and "us". In the context of domestic tourism, the textual content determines the relations between classes, groups and cultures that serve to outline themselves in terms of the alternative one.
The technique of the WTO is to facilitate tourism as the quickest developing industry within the international and its emphasis is on the expansion of tourism for political, financial and profits gains. The approach of the Travel Trade is to match a range of choices with a range of products by a number of producers operating from a variety of destinations. Something that interrupts those pursuits is a risk or obstacle to tourism. Whatever that interrupts this relationship is a risk or obstacle to the commercial enterprise of tourism. However, tourists and citizens do not view the danger to/from tourism or the boundaries that come to be a result of its improvement in one of these one sided manner. On the one hand we've the relationship among the Tourism enterprise and the consumer while on the alternative, we've got the political, monetary, sociological, anthropological and cultural encounters between vacationers, their locations and citizens. These encounters also can be a risk or an obstacle to tourism. Usually, threats and obstacles are perceived most effective at the vacation spot and now not on the factor of beginning .To understand the true meaning of a threat or an obstacle to tourism, we have to locate the conflict. This isn't always easy. battle can be physical, mental, cultural or ideological and, therefore, will be both unique (between two human beings, two nationalities or two areas) or prevalent (among the West and the East). Therefore, the threat to tourism is located on the factor of foundation in addition to the destination.
From the point of view of the Tourism Industry civil unrest is a major threat to the business of tourism. In this context are cited incidents like: -strikes in airlines or hotels -agitations or civil disturbances, -communal riots,
-activities of militants/terrorists, etc. It is a fact that tourists are very much concerned about their safety. Hence, they would avoid a destination that is not regarded safe. The cancellations immediately after the Ayodhya incidents of 1992 or the decline of domestic as well as foreign tourist traffic to Kashmir Valley are examples in this regard. However, the losses have to be looked in totality. It is not only the tour operators, airlines or travel agents who suffer a loss but the local population is also a victim.
The tour operator can negotiate or arrange for changed itineraries but what alternative has the location population? In most of the cases destinations have sea-sonality. Failure of one season leads to extreme hardship - particularly for those who belong to the informal sector or depend on providing subsidiary services.
Crime at a destination is another that. For example theft, molestation or cheating, all bring a bad name
to the destination. In certain cases the inflow of tourists is severely affected when news reaches home about a molestation incident and so on. This is common to both foreign as well as domestic tourists.
The big powers use arm twisting methods in relation to the Third World Countries by issuing travel advisories. They declare countries out of bound for their citizens as per their own discretion. Many a times they have used civil unrest and terrorism as an excuse to issue such advisories. It is worth nothing here that often the duration of such advisories is very short This raises the question whether the situation was really so bad or it was used as an excuse for twisting the arms of small nations for political reasons.
Red tapism is a common feature for the delay in framing or implementation of plans. Tourism is no exception to this. Another aspect is the attitude of certain bureaucrats and politicians towards tourism. Most of them don't realize that it is a specialized area and not everyone can plan or handle the operations. Postings in tourism departments should not be considered easy postings for relaxation etc. Many a times the resources of tourism departments are utilized for the benefit of politicians or influential people rather than for generating revenues through tourism development. It is vital for tourism that competent officials who have sound knowledge of tourism industry and impacts handle the issue rather than novices in the area.
Lack of trained manpower and awareness are two other obstacles in tourism development. Tourism is a service industry where a high degree of training and professionalism is required. However, this is lacking at many levels -particularly in the informal and subsidiary services. Imagine a situation where a taxi driver does not know the route or a receptionist is unable to tell the major attractions of the city to a tourist.
Another aspect is the lack of awareness about tourism. By awareness we just do not mean as to knowing what is tourism. Awareness also includes a knowledge about the impact of tourism on day to day life of the people; their own attitudes towards tourism; benefits or loss etc. Very often, people working in one segment of tourism are unaware about the impact of their services or actions on other services.
The international community is threatened by numerous constraints like the energy crisis, the use and distribution of resources, inflation, unemployment, and deteriorating terms of trade. In this context we have to clarify the true nature of tourism and its role in the future to see how these factors function as obstacles. Most countries, by adopting paid holiday and some form of a tourism subsidy have made a commitment to leisure time and, therefore, to tourism, Such a commitment is often made without realizing that there is an interdependence between the general level of development and the social framework of civil society. This ,then act as obstacles to tourism development.
These factors are identified as obstacles to the development of modern tourism. Added to these can be economic, social and political differences in:
1. Financial Resources
2. Human Resources
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3. Institutional, Administrative and Managerial Cultures
4. Implementation and design machinery
5. Priority given to tourism
How countries react to these issues will depend on their status in the world economic order and it will be conditioned by their internal framework of development. Therefore, what the WTO defines as universal obstacles to modern tourism development are very much conditioned by mainstream mass tourism which requires heavy in-puts of finance, training and skills, a western life-style model based on compulsive consumption and waste of resources, simply because they are available. Alternative strategies are not considered.
If tourism is not to be a threat to its own future then all countries should devote special attention following areas:
1 ) A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the natural, cultural, artistic and human resources and plan their use as well as their protection. Most planned tourism extends their use but does not protect resources.
2 ) Realise that one country's heritage is a part of the heritage of mankind and, therefore, avoid conflict, war and mis-sensitivity to a holistic view of heritage.
3) Recognize the social and economic importance of tourism and extend its conversationist aspect to create an unpolluted environment.
4)Recognize that traditional values, particularly non-materialistic values should guide tourism as a social force and a negotiable resource between the rich and the poor.
5)To achieve tourism related goals via bilateral and multilateral agreements, into which socio-economic goals can be introduced, if tourism is for developing the host country.
6)The threats and obstacles model in tourism development should address to the dual problem -preserve as you develop.
7) All tourism development must not be related to short term needs, no matter how pressing, but must respond to obligations which we must feel towards the exploited, the marginalized, the poor and backward, the uneducated etc. Therefore, the view of tourism should be long term. This means that the habitual consumer attitude which has been developed with general social approval, should be discouraged.
There is an assumption that in the post-industrial society tourism and leisure time will become the centerpiece of general culture. Once tourism moves away from pure entertainment and becomes a cultural vehicle, man will expand his physical space to enhance his self-awareness and emerge with a world oriented view. Journeys to more or less distant places, a temporary but intense stay at any one of them broadens the horizons and changes the outlook of the tourist by removing prej -udices and restrictions associated with them.
Tourism can be said to have freed itself from obstacles if it can help people to change their daily routines. A new environment, a new room, new food, new people, different faces, different languages, different money could be an opportunity to recognize the need for change rather than to succumb to international standards simply because they are familiar.
Sustainable tourism has received a vote of confidence from United Nations. 2017 has been declared International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development. It is the second time in 15 years that United Nation recognizes sustainable tourism. The first recognition came in 2002, when the year was declared the International Year of Ecotourism.
That sustainable tourism is large within the future and increase of tourism is now evident. From 2002 to 2017 declarations, the momentum to create attention and make sustainable tourism the norm and no longer a spot marketplace has been sustained. International locations, personal and public corporations have developed equipment or installed area systems for enhancement, implementation, tracking & evaluation, size, popularity, and reporting sustainable tourism and sus-tainability in tourism. Some of the worldwide enterprises which have engaged consist of:
• UNWTO - United Nations World Tourism Organisation
• GSTC - Global Sustainable Tourism Council
• IUCN - Green Destination Guidelines
• UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
• WTTC -World Travel & Tourism Council
The role of advocacy companies like Global Eco-tourism Network, The International Ecotourism Society, International Sustainable Tourism Council, National Geographic, and SKAL has also escalated through meetings, awards, and improvement of requirements. In academics, the contribution has come via curriculum improvement for graduate and postgraduate studies in sustainable tourism. The big research on this subject is a similarly confirmation of the relevance and significance of sustainable tourism in the destiny and growth of tourism.
Exclusive Tourism
Sustainable tourism will not be realized if tourism remains different. Tourism has emerge as increasingly more special, locking out citizens and/or, host communities from locations and resources. The old methods of doing tourism assume tourists do no longer need to engage with well-designed host and guest interplay can enhance visitor enjoy.
The parks are different examples of exclusive tourism. Records have confirmed that locking out host community's shape interacting with parks has no longer saved our natural world. Reviews imply that for example, Kenya has lost more than 40% of our flora and fauna in 40 years no matter going for walks efficient exclusionist park systems. Yet studies show that integrating controlled livestock grazing in parks can yield fine results.
It isn't enough that tourism creates jobs. It have to create dependable work programs that respect employee rights. Unfair labor practices is, a hassle among unconscious tourism companies. Kinds of injustices outline unfair labor practices in tourism
• Season-based totally employment, which deny employees advantages related to continuous long-time period employment. In regions wherein tourism is seasonal, groups are recognized to release employees, and
not using a pay, at some point of season. Most personnel can be defined as casual laborers
• Denial of right to belong to a union. Most employers in tourism deny their employees the right to sign up for unions. This is made easy due to the fact a majority of their workforce fall in the informal labor organization and the rest are taken into considered management.
The outcome of season based contracts and denial of rights to belong to unions is low wages and poverty.
Leakages
Persistent poverty in established tourism destinations in growing countries also can be attributed to high ranges of leakages of tourism earnings. When there aren't any linkages between formal tourism sector and local economy, leakages occur. The percentages of leakages are high in which there is constrained capacity by local economy to deliver items and offerings required by visitors. The importation of these goods and offerings reduces the amount of tourism earnings left in the local economic system. As part of transforming tourism toward sustainability the overall tourism method of nations must offer for skills improvement and creation of linkages.
Corporations ought to make new commitments to sustainable tourism by way of developing strategies and plans and setting precise goals:
• It is the year for vacation spot advertising and marketing establishments to hand over power to local, and residents as a way to create experiences for travellers.
• It is the year for investors to relook their partnerships and/or create effective partnership-based totally linkages with host groups
• It's the year for tourism operators to study the distribution of tourism in the direction of a extra honest and equitable systems that minimize leakages
• It's the year for public regulators to pay attention to fine impacts generated with the aid of tourism instead of focusing on numbers and sales
• Regulators ought to come up with ambitious and disruptive sustainable tourism techniques to secure tourism into the future
• It's the year for sustainable tourism assessors to return returned credibility to certification packages by means of recognizing and worthwhile effect, now not rate cutting measures and documented intentions
• It is the year for financing organizations to encompass sustainability concerns of their eligibility standards
• It is the year to end Green-washing.
While tourism has several advantages, it also has a few undesirable effects. Tourism can purpose social, cultural or environmental disruption. Of the most situation is the harm to the environment.
Which will entice greater tourists, sprawling motels are built which take neither the local architectural styles nor the ecology into consideration. Nature was destroyed due to indiscriminate production and efforts to offer water and waste disposal facilities and recreational arrangements to tourists.
Overuse of environmental wealth disturbs the ecological balance. Overuse of Himalayan trails, much
like the Nanda Devi trails transfer to the environmental degradation. The methods where in to the Himalayan top are strewn with garbage.
The huge glide of travelers and additionally the ever-growing avarice of the developers to construct a lot of and a number of motels and resorts to modify visitors and guests has defaced the landscape.
Monuments too have suffered from the severe float of tourists. The Taj Mahal, one a few of the Seven Wonders of the World, and additionally the majestic Khajuraho temples has suffered tens of millions of wear and tear and tear from the trample feet of vacationers.
Some socio-cultural outcomes of tourism have been destructive. Tourism regularly ushers in new life; preparations as desired by using tourists are provided so as to lead them to experience like they are at home.
The emergence of this 'other' way of life in numerous places has caused dissatisfaction amongst the local people. The local people tend to imitate foreign values, breaking away from their very own traditions.
For financial gains, the terrible locals are occasionally tempted to present themselves as items of cultural interest, thus demeaning themselves.
Making matters worse is the fact that the bursting wallets of the rich tourists lure young human beings into presenting themselves as 'objects of preference'.
In the island of Maldives efforts to reinforce tourism are destroying its priceless resource of coral reefs. As those safeguard the island from mounting sea levels, their destruction is sure to open up dangerous possibilities.
Tackling troubles posed with the aid of tourism is necessary, for once the natural sources and historical monuments are misplaced, and tourism itself will destroy. Travel industry has wakened to this truth and has all started considering tourism- associated environmental problems. 'Environment-friendly' or 'green' tourism has been pressured within the Alps, a visitor attraction that bills for a quarter of the world's revenue from tourism however which has been heavily degraded because of overuse.
To prevent overuse, commercial enterprise should be promoted within planned limits, keeping in mind factors like ecological balance and health protection. To include the socio-cultural setbacks of tourism, it's miles necessary to understand that cultural decline, that has already set in thanks to widespread use of latest technologies and growing community of network, is being inspired during a degrading means as shortly because the locals set themselves up as cultural showpieces for guests.
Standard instability of the nation is harming to tourism potentialities. Political disturbances specially, pose critical problems. The developing violence in the worldwide scene and growing risk of terrorism effect the flow of vacationers. Nations like Sri Lanka, Israel, Palestine and Afghanistan had been victims of terrorism for length and have consequently suffered setbacks in tourism.
In Egypt, where in tourism earns the country lots extra than the earnings from Suez Canal, the "Fundamental activists have" drastically reduce down revenue from tourism.
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Terrorist activities and different violent acts in India currently had large unfavorable effects on tourism. Current eruption of violence in exclusive parts of the country has caused the decline in revenue earnings of the country.
The pollution from plastic is also a very serious problem from tourism. Many people drop the plastic bottles everywhere that they want. It causes soil pollution, this factor can affect local residents' lifestyle. Also, the noise pollution made by tourists influences the lives and lifestyle of local people .It may not seem like a large trouble, but loud noises can scare animals out of the place and also disrupt the local ecosystem.
In all respects, tourism does much less damage to the environment than other sectors of the economy. However, its sustainable development for the benefit of the natural and cultural environment remains a priority for industry leaders.
Initial efforts to introduce sustainable development should minimize the negative environmental impacts of tourism. This task takes on special importance in the rapid development of the industry, which is expected in the coming years, and the increase in its burden on the environment, if appropriate measures are not taken. After all, in the final analysis, the industry will be able to develop only with the sustainable use of natural resources. Therefore, in the future, transport and hotel services, catering, waste disposal and other guest services should be organized with much greater profitability and environmental soundness than in the past.
Today stay at the hotel - not at all the same as before. You will be given clean towels every day, only if you specifically ask for it. Hot water is likely to be heated with the help of solar energy, and dirty drains from baths, showers and washing machines will probably be cleaned up and reintroduced into the water supply system. Plastic card - the key to the electronic lock of your room - when leaving, it completely de-energizes the room so that the appliance, which was not accidentally switched off, wastes energy. And all this is done to preserve the resources of the environment.
Currently, the hotel business is becoming more environmentally friendly thanks to organizations such as the International Association of Hotels and Restaurants , the International Environmental Quality Initiative in Hospitality, the Industry and Environment Division of UNEP, the World Travel and Tourism Council , as well as the efforts of a number of leading hotels.
The employees of the hotel business face big challenges. The hotel directors, in particular, should be more knowledgeable about how hotels should be located on the ground, what the layout should be, in order to fit the landscape as much as possible. It is necessary to be able to assess the impact of hotel facilities on the environment and to conduct checks of such impact. In constant activity it is necessary to constantly take into account environmental factors, improve methods of environmental monitoring and actively disseminate information on environmental and resource-saving activities among hotel guests and other interested persons.
The industry of travel and tourism creates jobs much easier and faster than any other sectors of the
economy, which is extremely important for industrialized countries with high unemployment. Rural tourism is capable of breathing new life into many regions of the world where for whatever reason farming is becoming obsolute. Ecotourism opens up opportunities that did not exist before small village villages in Central America, India and Africa, and the so-called cultural tourism, aiming to get acquainted with domestic and socio-cultural characteristics of the peoples of the world, contributes to the maintenance of local handicrafts and handicrafts where there is not yet a reliable basis for industrial development.
The role of the state is also important, since only it is able to develop a much needed strategic framework for planning the tourism industry. Only the state can ensure the identification of valuable and particularly vulnerable habitats, carry out basic research and monitoring, and also assess the overall infrastructure needs and their consequences. And only it is able to set emission limits, as well as requirements for the location and design of tourist facilities.
In recent years, the number of non-governmental organizations whose sphere of interest has captured the tourism industry has increased significantly, mainly due to the growth of the tourism sector, as well as the strengthening of economic, social and other effects from its development.
Tourism as such is the result of the interaction of a wide range of stakeholders - governments and governments at the national and local levels, tourists and other economic sectors, supplying goods and services in the tourism system, as well as the tourism industry itself. Only their interaction and cooperation can ensure rational management of this area, mitigate the adverse effects of tourism and maximize benefits for all parties involved.
In addition, tourists themselves should be aware of the impact they have on the environment. Many nongovernmental organizations have already significantly influenced consumers' preferences and behavior through public education and educational programs. However, much remains to be done in this area.
The "green planet", launched as a rational use of the environment and intended for tourist companies, quickly transformed into a program of operators of tourist destinations.
Today, the Green Planet program involves 500 organizations operating in approximately 100 countries and working to improve practical measures to protect and improve the environment. The work on the certification of hotels has just been completed, and regulatory standards for other sectors of the travel and tourism industry are being developed. Approximately 20 programs, tourist routes around the world are also being prepared, and this work is based on cooperation between the public and private sectors.
One example of such cooperation led to the creation and launch of a project called Marine (Coastal) Ecotourism for the Atlantic Region , which is a cross-national research project funded by the European Regional Development Fund.
For some reason, the solutions to serious problems are beginning to be sought after the harmful effects of this or that phenomenon are already clearly visible, so in the future tourism should use strategic planning and modeling to use the scenarios of sustainable development in order to predict the possible negative consequences of its development and accordingly avoid them. This is one of the important requirements for the future of sustainable development of the tourism industry.
Further use of tools such as geographic information systems (GIS) and environmental impact assessment (EIA) should be encouraged. In the tourist sphere, environmental management systems should be used. This activity includes the development and application of mechanisms to support efforts to reduce pollution, improve certification and labeling.
Another direction for the future development of tourism is to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor, raising the standard of living in developing countries. Because, the correct development of the tourism industry can contribute to the increase of welfare, and the removal of social tension. But this will require certain efforts and sacrifices on the part of international organizations and developed countries. But all this is necessary for overall sustainable development.
21 century - this time of colossal changes, one of the most important should be the spread of sustainable tourism as the only possible. There will be further integration of all tourism areas based on the principles of sustainable development. For example, this may look like this: a tourist arrives at a recreational vehicle that has minimal noise and emissions, is located in a hotel where all services are strictly limited and all materials are re-used, food is provided to farms where pesticides are not used and other chemicals. Although the transition of all types of tourism to the path of sustainable development will require a lot of effort, the adoption of various, often strict and unpopular measures. But as experience of development of ecological tourism shows, sustainability is quite achievable goal.
The main thing is that the movement towards sustainable tourism should come from both sides. Tourists should objectively evaluate all their requests, be ready to consume new services. And the host and servicing party should implement and advertise all forms based on the concept of sustainable development. Then the achievement of the cherished goal will become more real.
CONCLUSION
Tourism is often seen as the closest and safest in relation to the environment industry, giving large quantitative examples of the growth in the number of arrivals, receipts and other indicators. But with a superficial introduction to this issue, all this leads to the formation of some ideal sphere of tourism. One of the
tasks of the work was to consider aspects of the influence of tourism. Despite the interest in the cleanliness of the environment, the tourism industry is a major resource consumer and waste producer. The rights of the local population are often infringed upon and cultural and historical values are lost. But tourism can make all these problems and positive impact, which is possible with further sustainable development. The first examples of using the concept of sustainable development were the creation of national parks, the use of hotels in the systems of repeated cleaning and water conservation. For the further successful existence of new forms of tourism, consolidation of efforts at all levels is needed, taking into account the interests of tourists, local residents, governments, tour operators, carriers, hotel owners.
An important role was played by international organizations, whose efforts were widely disseminated to all development problems, what measures are proposed to address them. The demand for environmental services is rapidly growing and the areas of their provision in tourism are expanding. On the one hand, this is the development of ecotourism, and on the other hand, the introduction of the principles of sustainable development in the field of tourism. But we must distinguish between sustainable tourism and ecological. The second is a good example of the first, and is simply one of the types of tourism. Sustainable tourism is the direction of its further development, including the use of certain principles.
In conclusion, tourism is a splendid economic contribution to today's economic system. It's best way for people to spend their cash and for towns to attract different human beings. In doing so, towns across the world attract hundreds of thousands of dollars just so foreigners get the chance to revel in existence in a brand new location.
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