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THE CENTER AND THE MARGIN IN SAMIRA AL-MANEA'S NOVELS
ASST. PROF. DR. FARAH GHANEM SALEH; 2SAFAA ABBAS ALI
12 College of Education for Women/ University of Baghdad [email protected]; [email protected]
Abstract
Praise be to God, and prayers and peace be upon the most eloquent of those who uttered adverbs, our master Muhammad and his family and companions, and After,, The methods and tools for the embodiment and portrayal of social and political issues and problems have gone beyond in the modern novel, and among these narrative tools and methods was (the center and the margin in the novels of Samira Al-Manea). And the political that her novels dealt with, and their role emerged through research in the novels of Samira Al-Manea. The research came in an introduction, four demands and a conclusion, as Follows:The first requirement: (the center and margin, the concept and description), the second requirement: (the relationship between the center and the margin in the literary study), the third requirement: (the center and the margin and their impact on resolving social conflicts), the fourth requirement: (the center and the margin in the light of the novels of Samira Al-Manea).Conclusion: Here are the most important results of the study.
Keywords: center, margin, Samira Al-Manea's novels
INTRODUCTION
The Arabic language in general, and literary novels in particular, are distinguished by the diversity of methods for conveying meanings and communicating ideas. Among these narrative methods and tools, the center and the margins emerged as two effective tools through which the novelist (Samira Al-Mana) depicted and embodied her ideas and expressed with them some of the social and political issues that occupied a part of her novels. My research on this content was titled: (The Center and the Margin in the Novels of Samira Al-Manea). The importance of researching this topic of study is due to several reasons, including: the importance of the center and the margin itself in depicting, embodying and contrasting some of the positions, issues and problems that the writer and novelist addresses through his novel. social and political challenges, and the literary legacy left behind; Making research into its literary effects have a special value among literary studies. Through this research, we hope to shed light on the center and the margin and their role in embodying some characters and social and political issues in the novels of the novelist Samira Al-Mana. In this study, I followed the descriptive analytical approach, based on collecting material. The nature of the research required that it be divided into an introduction, four demands, and a conclusion as follows: (Introduction) I mentioned the title of the topic, an aspect of its importance, and the goal that I sought to achieve through the study, and I mentioned the study's methodology and plan. The first requirement: (The center and the margin, concept and description). The second requirement: (The relationship between the center and the margin in literary study). The third requirement: (The center and the margin and their impact in resolving social conflicts). The fourth requirement: (The center and the margin in the light of Samira Al-Mana's novels). The conclusion: This is the most important. Results.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Center and margin in the novels of Samira Al-Manea
The center and the margin represent the two avenues of a fruitful orchard through which the novelist Samira Al-Mana became and went as she dealt with concepts and ideas that came to her mind. Through them, she embodied some of the social, cultural and
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political problems that her novels dealt with. Before diving into the center and the margin of the novelist Samira Al-Mana, I wanted to introduce the center and the margin and present Light on their relationship to each other through the following lines.
1. The first requirement: center and margin concept and description:
(a) Center and margin in language.
(The center) is based on the meaning of: (maf'il): ((the place of stability)) (1), derived from (the focus), and the article: (RKZ) in the language revolves around a pivotal connotation that indicates: (fixing something in something that goes below) Ibn Faris mentioned that: "(Rakaz) the Ra', Kaf, and Za' are two vowels: one of them confirms something in something that goes down, and the other is a sound, so the first is: Ra." I hit the spear with an emphasis" (2) ; This indicates that the component (stability) is one of the components of concentration (3). The linguistic connotation of the word carries with it the meaning of constancy.
And (al-hamish) on the adjective: (subject) is derived from (al-hamish): ((the quick to work with his fingers)) (4), and the article (hmsh) in the language revolves around a pivotal sign indicating: (speed and instability), Ibn mentioned Fares that: "(Hamish) ha' wa'l-mim wa'l-shin: origin denotes speed of action or speech. And a woman who marginalizes the hadeeth if she hastens it" (5). It indicated speed, movement, and instability other than the center. They are opposite in their linguistic significance. )B) - Center and Margin in the term:
The idea of the center and the margin is an old idea that brings to mind an image of the geometric shapes, namely the image of the circle, as each circle has a center and a perimeter, and from the circle we extract the other geometric shapes, and by mentioning the center and the perimeter we mention the position and location, the margin and the body. It raises several intellectual and philosophical questions, so when is the center a center? And when is the periphery marginal? What are the common features between them? Or what are the characteristics that separate them? And when are they opposite? And when are they combined or complement each other? Is there a difference between location and location? Are the sites suitable to be sites? Or is there a strategy for the position to be located? Or does it have the characteristic of being linked to the place, and which of them is the center and the margin? What is the importance of the place in the subject of the center and the margin? This is a series of questions that may not end, and we have entered into the debate of what one of us sees as a center that the other sees as a periphery and vice versa (6).
The concept of the center and the periphery is based on realizing the relationship between the beating heart of power and its surroundings, and this power may be economic, political, or cultural. It revolves around its orbit, this simple concept pertains to a single nucleus, but when the nuclei are multiplied and their orbits intersect, it becomes difficult to determine the center and the periphery, because it is based on multiple relationships)) (7). As for marginalization and social exclusion as a concept, it can be clarified by presenting the practices associated with it. In her study, Mujeeb Abdel Moneim adopted the definition of exclusion as: discrimination against some individuals or groups, in the political, economic, or social fields, which affects the status of these individuals and groups within the societal power structure and creates a complex in them, either pushing them to The Imam would make glory for themselves, by lifting the injustice from themselves by sacrifice, or doubling the work, to create the director of the Institute for Marginalization and Social Exclusion Studies in the (Adler) School of Specialized Psychology)) (8).
2. The second requirement: The relationship between the center and the margin in literary study:
The bonds of connection between the center and the margin are intertwined. No circle is devoid of a centre, nor is any circumference devoid of a centre, nor can a margin be without a body. For this reason, valleys of ink have flowed investigating the matter of the center
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and the margin. Many scholars have presented the issues of the center and the margin, at the level of the socio-cultural structure. Or socio-economic, as was the case in psychological and political studies as well. Wherever a person goes, the margin and the center follow him like a shadow, as it is unthinkable for a person or society to live in a circle without a center, or without a margin (9).
This is with regard to the relationship between the center and the margin. As for the effect of them, Dr. Ibrahim Anis likened it to the effect of vibrations that occur after throwing a stone into the water. The stronger its effect (10). Despite the strong relationship between the center and the margin; One cannot be imagined without imagining the other, and they are complementary in performing the role assigned to them in embodying issues and problems in a literary manner that is characterized by showing and clarifying the image that is intended to be presented in the issue or situation depicted in the novel, but they differ in the implications of them. In terms of strength and weakness.
3. The third requirement: the center and the margin and their impact on resolving social conflicts:
The connection of culture in general, and the novel in particular, with regard to social problems and highlighting them; With the aim of helping to find solutions to it, it is one of its most important functions to which the attention of novelists must be directed, and to present social problems through the viewpoint of centralization and periphery. It has a prominent role in resolving some social conflicts. Culture in itself is one of the clear concepts in all areas and aspects of human knowledge. And if ((man is a great flood of feelings)) (11); The concept of culture does not have temporal or spatial determinants, which determine its wide spread and circulation in all human cultures, especially in our present era, which is full of a huge amount of means of communication and publication. The novelist creates, through his writings, "an image or artistic painting that expresses the writer's experience and thought on the one hand, and tells the reality of society on the other hand" (12). The writer does not separate his novel from the reality he depicts in his society.
The connection of the concept of the novel with life or society in this way made it of a special nature and with specific functions, making it an imaginary image composed of people, actions, words and ideas, similar to the events that take place in society and similar to the people active in it, as it expresses an accurate and honest expression of the reality of the conflict. Humanity and its truth is revealed according to the writer's point of view and his own vision, an image written in prose selected from the language that people use in society and at the same time expressive of their speeches, dialects and voices) (13). And through this method of narrative narration in which imagination is not separated from reality, rather the novelist tries through his imagination to help highlight negative images in society, and develop solutions that limit their appearance, and from here the novel achieves its goal, and contributes to developing solutions to the social conflicts that surround society in light of accelerating challenges, as did Samira Al-Manea through her novels.
4. The fourth requirement: the center and the margin in the light of the novels of Samira Al-Manea:
The novelist Samira Al-Manea excelled in using the center and the margin through her novels, as she embodied through them many ideas and events, including social, cultural and political ones, and this is evident in many of the texts of her novels. the following points: )a) The role of the center and the periphery in embodying social issues and attitudes: The novelist excelled in using the center and the margin in highlighting some issues, negatives and social attitudes, and some of them can be presented through the following points:
The embodiment of marginalization through the assumption of a non-existent reality:
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Novelist Samira Al-Manea excelled in embodying marginalization through her novel: (The Befores and the Later); She painted a clear picture of him, which is reflected in her saying: (Are you still anxious?
I'm afraid I'll go back to doing something like this again. Why don't you always put something in front of you? - And her table at that moment was full of papers - Don't look unoccupied in your office, pretend that you are busy, open a notebook for example, write something in the margins. They know very well whether I am busy or not, they give me work. I advise you if you want to avoid going to the death registration office, otherwise they will see you without work, and there is no escape from using you in this regard)) (14). The narrative expresses a different social pattern; In the text, there is a clear picture of the marginalized employee in her department, who is afraid and feels pain, sadness and fear, so that the novelist shows through it, as mentioned in the above-mentioned discourse, that ((the meaning in the novel is the imaginary world that is created in the mind of the reader))(15), and she narrates to those with her about her condition, and at the same time she listens to the advice of those with her and they advise her to be busy, as in the words of the novelist: ((Write something in the margins. They know very well if I am busy or not, they give me work. I advise you if you want to avoid going to the death registry office)). Despite the events, the narrator acquired the status of the All-Knowing (16). All these events take place inside the death office.
((The arrangement is not devoid of its existence within the discourse, it is the structure and the system that governs its course, whether in the general or in the specific, and due to its importance the internal system of the discourse is complete, and in view of the concept presented by Yumna Al-Eid that the arrangement: is what is generated by the inclusion of particles in a context, or Structurally, it is what is generated by the movement of the relationship between the constituent elements of the structure, given that this movement has a certain regularity that can be observed and revealed, that is: the arrangement is the cornerstone by which the discourse is completed, and it is also the chain connected between them and it can be observed and revealed by tracking the elements. constituent structure) (17).
Through this text by Samira Al-Mana, the novelist's embodiment of the employee's marginalization emerged, and the reader did not feel the separation of this description - in which the novelist explained this marginalization - from the novelistic narrative with which he coexists.
Portraying marginalization and abstraction by transferring the real world to the novel: Transferring the world of reality to the novel entered the realms of literary tradition by describing events in a distinctive way, which has its own artistic characteristics, distinguishing it from others, such as (fear, the table, the notebook...etc.), as the language in the novel is able to bring to life visible and invisible things. As the novelist points out in the following text: ((Margaret.
The English secretary was terrified. Because she does not know the director's Arabic language; She had assumed that the quarrel that had taken place two minutes earlier on the telephone was her own. She stumbled out from around her table. She did not look in the mirror as usual. There is no hope, please rely on appearance. He canceled the reservation and spoke to her as soon as he entered his room, turning his face away from her. You just have to get out of the room. She returned to the car, trying to regain the rest of her courage and courage: Cancel the reservation, huh! How to cancel so simple? Half an hour ago, he was insisting that I rush him, and now he canceled it. He has a thousand opinions in one hour! It is he who makes things difficult and complicated. Any reservation? Reserving his car in the greasing garage, he has now changed his mind. Perhaps he remembered that tomorrow is the weekend and he will need it. I am the one who will speak to the owners of the greasing garage, not him, the cruel one! She sat on the chair, beginning to formulate a sentence in her diary, then she turned around with a ghost of a smile - I'm sorry if I uttered words, I hope they are not taken into consideration))(18).
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Here, the narrative discourse shows a clear picture of the manager's state a few minutes ago because of the call, through which Al-Manea narrates a clear picture of the employee's fear by saying: (terrified. Because she does not know the manager's Arabic language, she assumed that the conflict that occurred two minutes ago on the phone concerned her in particular. She stumbled out from around her desk.), a clear picture of its marginalization and stripping it of everything, except for him (the manager), as he is here the supreme authority, despite the volatility of his opinion in everything, and it appears. In the text there is a clear picture of the female consciousness (19), where the phrase: ((you did not look in the mirror as usual, because there is no hope to hope for appearance)) was used from the woman's imagination, as well as her conversation with herself in a narrative and realistic style that occurs frequently in the life of women.
Showing reverse marginalization through the personality of the manager.
Novelist Samira Al-Mana takes us to another narrative scene with a social context in which
we talked about women: (noisy souls and bodies deep in illness), living under the shade of
the margins, as in the following text:
Mona showed her a photograph to confirm her question:
- No, this is (David), my former manager. I have never seen a manager shake hands in my life! The hands of his employees, we were amazed at that time. He came to our house when his company went bankrupt and asked me to work with them again. He opened a record manufacturing company. I liked the idea at first, but then I changed my mind. I did not want to work with him. Because I care about him, and I cannot see him losing again. Then what about my illness? Work does not suit my illness or my time, for a long time, and asking about the nature of her illness is not welcomed by her)) (20) .
In this fictional text, there is a clear picture of the character (Mona) ignoring her manager as she ignores and avoids meeting him and dialogue with him, under the pretext of her illness, which is the reason for that, as she believes, even though he treated his employees well to the point that he would shake hands with them. ((Actions, events, and goals have meaning in their relationship to the culture in which they exist (which suggests that it is considered hypothetical or dialectical rather than natural). This culture may be viewed as a system of signs, customs, or rules for interpreting these signs/signs. We can then see a relationship between this type of Thinking and the works of Saussure, which I quoted earlier, to the extent that concepts may be different and understood not on the basis of their positive content, but rather negatively in their relations to other criteria) (21). Denouncing social indifference by showing the marginalization of Mona's character. In the following text, Samira Al-Mana shows a prominent picture of the marginalization of the doctor inside the health center, and denounces social indifference through the narrative, as she says:
((Dampness is an emissary who delivers an urgent message. The specialist doctor said, without taking into account Mr. Al-Safi's mind: And this basement is damp, so there was a murmur among the employees of the health department, and an insignificant verbal protest. Mona complained to more than one, a hot complaint, and the humidity persists in Mona was close to this description, she finally resigned without consulting any of the senior or junior employees of the embassy because of her personal impatience, and after the orthopedist insisted that her illness and pain which she is presently complaining of, is but one case of rheumatism localized in the shoulder and arm, and it will become more violent and worse to the point of paralysis if she continues to remain at her present place of work. She eats, remembers and calculates while they are sitting during the break)) (22). The picture in the scene is clear on the tongue of the character (Mona) as she narrates through her tongue what the character (the specialist doctor) told her about the humidity and heat coming from the basement. Here the novelist describes the events, suffering and marginalization within the department; It is evident through the narrative dialogue a clear picture of the deep critical view pointing to the transformed values; As this value makes the woman's femininity weak and submissive in front of the manager of the character (Mona) (23), and she complains about what she suffers from in front of more than one person, as in
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the saying of Al-Manea: (And Mona complained to more than one, a hot complaint, and the humidity continues in her determination, not A takhta clung to the weakest and weakest bodies), in the text a clear picture of the marginalization of an entire group due to negligence and negligence against its employees, this was a reason for the resignation of (Mona)'s character, as in her saying: (Her illness and the pains she is currently complaining about are only one case of rheumatism localized in the shoulder and arm, and will get more violent and worse to the point of paralysis if she continues to stay in her current place of work)
The cultural discourse in the novels of Samira Al-Manea ((the effectiveness of the pattern is evident in its being a mental origin) (it works as a model against which it is measured, and this principle is adhered to and resorted to as evidence and a social and behavioral guide). And the addition of the latter - the systemic - which, according to Al-Ghadami - is something imposed by the cultural agency, because the linguistic connotations are no longer sufficient to reveal all that the language hides, whether what is determined by the direct connotation, or that which the suggestive connotation refers to. A third is added to the two indications -explicit and implicit)) (24).
The place here poses a great danger to her health. The director should have listened to her
and those with her, but he ignored them and only cared about what he wanted.
Presenting marginalization and power through the novel: (The Umbilical Cord)
Here is a clear picture of margin and power from the novel: (The Umbilical Cord), embodied
by Samira Al-Mana, as in the following text:
))Our city has bad water... and so on"...
(Talal Al-Khafaf) finished his speech, and he was really distinguished. All the people listened to him as if birds were on their heads. He felt a slight sense of pride after seeing their silence and astonishment. He looked at his Moroccan wife and saw her eating bread dipped in a dish (hummus with tahini). He had not tasted anything of it yet, nor had he eaten the food that Madiha had placed in front of him. He tried to hold a spoon and start eating, but he chose to stop a little. He hesitated, worried lest he miss the talk and win the podium. He decided to devour a grain of oil in a hurry, drink a sip from a mug, and keep his eyes on the audience who were hungry to hear him. He did not miss the opportunity to storm the field (25).
On the platform, a clear picture of (Alaa's) personal authority appears, as the author describes it and how it started, but at the same time he was looking into his wife's eyes while marginalizing the presence of everyone present except her. By looking at the psychological tendencies of the writer, we find that the obsession with imbalance is lurking in his inner worlds, as it hides inside him and leads him to a continuous run after the mirage, hoping that he will restore that lost balance in his soul, and the closest way to achieve this is the novel, as he tries through it to reach the end of the maze. And to find himself among its ramifications, that is the lost soul that ventures and realizes the ways; To realize itself, but it is far from possible for her to do so, as if the destiny of this spirit, or to transfer the novel, is that its search for perfection is long and eternal, which is an indication that the novel is an artistic literary genre that is open, incomplete, and in constant experimentation, so the novel as a literary genre characterizes and distinguishes it from the rest of other literature (26).
Embodying society's view of women and men through the center and the margins. Novelist Samira Al-Manea embodies, in another text from the novel (The Navel Rope), society's view of women, and the fear and persecution women suffer from out of fear of their husbands. She says:
))You see their eyes attached to their men, without a doubt, beckoning to them supporting their ideas, embracing their principles, sacrificing because of them, so they become communists, imprisoned, persecuted, religious Muslims, veiled, Baathists in the dock, or beneficiaries walking with the man to the last round. In other words, desiring to befriend him and favor him, believing what he issues from Rulings, realizing what he wants from them at home and on the street, so that they are accepted among his ranks and in society
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as a whole, feeling that their coming most of the time is counted as half of the value of the man, and their testimony considering the woman as a witness is only taken in some courts as half of the testimony of the man even if she saw the crime with her own eyes This is before the woman in the twentieth century realized - also - that some men in the region enacted laws for her according to their convenience, mood and taste, forbidding her to travel outside the country on her own unless she was accompanied by a male supporter who would protect her, regardless of whether the latter was a teenage idiot and the woman was a Dhuat al-Hajji)) (27).
In the above text, the novelist conveys the suffering of the marginalized woman, even in her ordinary life at home, on the street, traveling...etc. It may be manifested through the social cultural role, despite the woman going out to work and no matter how her situation changes, she still considers her primary role to be the wife, just as men view her (28). All the feelings "evoked by death, and the fear of death, are of the type of feelings that take on a philosophical dimension." In terms of being basic ideas as well, since ideas are directly related to life and loss of life, they are - certainly - direct and main ideas, despite all the transformations to which human thought preoccupied with praxis resorts, or with every activity that organizes its existence as a living social being. Of course, there are many differences between Patterns of thinking, or between a group of ideas and philosophies, especially between ideas that take from the feelings of fear of death (or anxiety) theoretical elements that constitute nihilistic, absurd, or pessimistic philosophies, and between philosophical approaches that direct their interest towards redrawing and organizing life as the only one given to the living. as an expression of their existence and aspirations, as well as of their responsibilities towards themselves)(29); This applies to what the novelist mentioned. In the text, there is a clear picture of the marginalization of a certain party (the woman) in light of the center (marriage) that oppresses her rights according to its mood and desires.
)b) The role of the center and the periphery in embodying political issues and positions: The novelist's interest was not limited to the social aspect, its issues and personalities, but rather she had a patriotic sense and a keen political thought. Like other people of her Arab homeland, she was preoccupied with issues and political positions that she lived through. Some of which can be shown through the following points:
The embodiment of the Palestinian cause through the confrontation between the center and the periphery:
The fictional embodiment based on the contrast between the center and the margin is one of the features that characterize the novels of Samira Al-Manea, the most prominent of which is (The London Duality), in which it says:
))With representatives of the democratic and progressive forces in Israel, i.e.: General (Pelid), and the former member of the Knesset: (Bori Avnery), and the latter two supervise a small political organization within the Zionist entity and it is called: (Matrin) represented by one member in the Knesset. The important thing in this The context is not what some Western politicians and intellectuals put forward, such as: member of the British House of Commons: (Das Walters) or: (Michael Adams), but rather the constructive dialogue that took place between those who spoke in the name of the Palestine Liberation Organization and those who spoke in the name of the peace forces inside the enemy state. The official voice authorized to speak on behalf of the PLO was the voice of the one who explained in detail his concerns, his views, and the reasons that prompted him to open dialogue with people such as: General Peled in Paris last year, explaining that this official communication is a diplomatic signal to the Israeli government that the organization evaluates its strength, It must be interpreted as an acknowledgment of the political entity with which these forces operate in meetings with its arena" (30).
In the fictional text, Al-Mana refers to a clear picture of the center and the margin to show the pulsating force, as in her saying: (to the representatives of the democratic and progressive forces in Israel, i.e.: General (Peled), and the former member of the Knesset: (Bori Avnery), and its surroundings, as in her saying: (in the name of the Liberation
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Organization He is a voice, who explained in detail his concerns, his views, and the reasons that prompted him to open a dialogue with people such as: General: (Peled), as the dialogue concerns one nucleus, which is (Palestine), marginalized by the Israeli aggression, ((since one of the characteristics of cultural systems is the emergence of its impact In the intellectual structures of society or the group, it is what establishes the mental behavior that controls the behaviors and beliefs of people.Hence some scholars considered that cultural patterns are a source of behavioral or systemic imbalance, and this is what prompted (Bart Foucault) to be one of the contributors to the call for criticism of patterns Cultural and mentality in cultural discourse and dealing with cultural discourse and its systemic transformations according to an excavation reading that reveals the hidden ideological subtext and the dimensions of sensuality disguised behind a facade) (31) . As the writer shows that what concerns us ((is the distinction between the classification description that tries to embody the thing in all its details away from the recipient or his sense of this thing, and the expressive description that deals with the impact of the thing and the feeling that this thing arouses in the soul of the one who receives it)) (32). It is evident in the above scene that the party in the hand of the executive decisions is the (centre) that controls, and the (periphery) the other party that does not have a decision to change the scales or the authority that qualifies it for that, so it has nothing but implementation. From the contrast between the center and the periphery through the narrative narrative, which is one of the most prominent templates that characterized the novel (The London Binary), which was embodied in its texts ((a clear picture of female consciousness)) also (33).Employing the diversity of opinions to embody the marginalization of the Palestinian issue, employed the diversity of opinions and different points of view to embody Palestinian marginalization, as is evident in the following text: ((The opinion of these parties (democratic and progressive Israelis) with whom the dialogue is taking place is, firstly: They do not represent any political or popular weight within the Zionist entity.
Secondly: These parties still adhere to their Zionism and consider Zionism (the Jewish national movement that embodied the aspirations of the Jewish nation for the independence and building of its state and sovereignty over its land.
Third: Both Peled and Avnery acknowledge that the Palestinians have national rights and should be granted the right to self-determination and build their independent state, but they do not allow any number of Palestinians to return to pre-1948 lands. General Peled insisted on limiting The discussion on the current period and what should be done to reach a settlement that puts a final end to the Arab-Israeli conflict, and that any talk about the historical stages that the Palestinian issue has passed through is useless and will not have any fruitful results. Most of the participants in the symposium adhered to this opinion (the liberal enlightened one), and only an elderly Palestinian man disagreed. He came to the symposium in his personal capacity and insisted on discussing what happened before the establishment of the State of Israel, and the methods followed by the Zionists in confiscating the lands of the Arabs of Palestine and expelling them from them through terrorism. And strength) (34).
In the novel, the writer refers to the realistic references with which she expressed cultural and spatial diversity, as she employed multiple opinions and different points of view. To show in the above speech that it is a clear picture of Israeli marginalization against Palestine. It is clear that Israel's ascendance to the position of power is at the expense of their political interests. ((Political authority seeks to direct individual human and ideological behaviors towards cognitive and authoritarian mental controls and laws, formulated by the authority to organize internal and external matters in societies, according to their needs or to achieve their goals. Political authority is inherent in (all) society and urges respect for the rules on which this society is based. It protects from its own shortcomings and limits within it the results of competition between individuals and groups) (35). However, the reality imposed by the political authority in Iraq is a special reality. Politics has used its
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influence through coercion and usurping the rights of others, to achieve major authoritarian desires and interests, represented by an unjust and tyrannical authority.. At the same time, the narration in the fictional text refers to two aspects ((one is semantic and the other is synthetic), and it follows from the mixing of these two aspects that the narration has become a construct with elevations and degrees, in addition to the fact that its constituent material is like a part of the living society, so that the narrative structure contains people and communities. Together, thought and language) (36). Depicting the position of (Jamal Abdel Nasser) from the Iraqi Republic: Here, the novelist begins to paint a clear picture with different connotations of the center and the margin against Gamal Abdel Nasser, as in the novelist's critical discourse: ((Those who are hostile to the regime, an instigator as they hear Gamal Abdel Nasser himself addressing the masses, attacking the new rulers of Iraq, and he only meant the Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, the Chief of Staff in the Iraqi Army, Abd al-Karim Qassem, who led with his fellow officers a revolution (1958 AD) when they overthrew the monarchy in Iraq, announcing for the first time in its history since: (4000) the year of the founding of the Iraqi Republic, the dispute intensified and the debate heated up among the Iraqi people as a whole, between supporters and opponents of Gamal Abdel Nasser's policy and his call to join the republic, which he presides immediately without seriousness. or hesitation)) (37).
We see the narration present in the text with a force dictated by the political circumstances (38) Although the monarchy was in the time of the personality (Jamal Abdel Nasser), the new government worked to end the monarchy and declare a republican rule, as in her saying: (When they overthrew the monarchy in Iraq, announcing the first Once in its history, 4000 years ago, the founding of the Iraqi Republic, the dispute intensified and the debate heated up among the Iraqi people as a whole, between supporters and opponents) ((The hero achieves something, but his opponent will oppose him. The hero may overcome and he may be defeated. In addition to this, the theoretical rules consider the conflict as a spring (zamblik) in the act that extends and bends until it reaches the end. In this mental trial, there is a fact available, which is that these relationships On the one hand, because it left a very vital feature in the conflict on its side, namely, as it reflects the basic vital contradictions and as it constitutes the heart of the idea of the content in the play, Y. Koponov, the conflict will be justified by the situations included in the subject, but the conflict - constantly - is more extensive even in its launch And his positions from the presentation of the topic)) (38). As in the narrative text. Depicting the position of (Abdul Karim Kassem) regarding political parties: Al-Mana takes us to a clear picture of the center and the margin, through the position of (Abdul Karim Qassem) regarding political parties, this is evident by her saying: ((Impulsiveness and passion, (Abdul Karim Qassim) grew up and his individual person became inflated with his opinion and it became difficult to stop him at his limit, but he became all in all and the symbol of the young republic, just as the relationship between the ruler and the ruled became devoid of the manifestations of democracy and the national movement as a whole was paralyzed, despite the announced demonstrations Loyalty to the Republic, but the individual government of (Abdul Karim Qasim) is capable of blackmailing parties, and the Communist Party in particular. Despite the noise and manifestations of violence, for the first time, clouds began to appear that were not reckoned with by students in Moscow, led by (Jalal). For a cup and wine immersed in his contemplations, as his enthusiastic and optimistic group of the past, who had great theories, dreams and hopes, shared with him some evenings drinking with him. Free and happy people" (39).
The text is full of implicit symbols, as the novelist varied in her use of them in light of the rise to personal power (Abdul Karim Qasim), as he marginalized the authority of Gamal Abdel Nasser and imposed his authority on the demonstrators and the Communist Party by declaring republican rule and moving forward with it despite the responses and differences of opinions of the people at that time, but Qasim was on Complete readiness to declare his republic. ((The intellectual and psychological disturbance that he appears to have, due to
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his limited awareness and lack of experience in facing life's difficulties and his absolute clinging to existence, leads him to believe that it is absurd for a person to die an easy death due to loss imposed by nature)) (40), and if death is necessary, let it be in an arena. Fighting in defense of the noble values in which he believes.
CONCLUSION
[1] The treatment of the center and the margin in the novels of Samira Al-Manea resulted in several results, the most prominent of which are:
[2] The center and the margin are two narrative tools in which the novelist pours his thoughts and directions, and they can be employed in many narrative contexts.
[3] the strength of the link between the center and the margin; One cannot be imagined without imagining the other, and they are complementary in performing the role assigned to them in the embodiment of issues and problems in a literary manner that is characterized by showing and clarifying the image to be presented, but they differ in the effects of strength and weakness.
[4] The ingenuity of novelist Samira Al Mana in employing the center and the margins in embodying the social and political issues she addressed in her novels.
[5] The novelist's narrative style was characterized by accuracy and depth, which was evident through her use of some symbolic characters to express her ideas and trends.
[6] Samira Al-Mana's narrative style varied in clarifying her ideas and presenting the issues that formed the themes of her novels, between: (showing marginalization), (explaining the power of the center), and (contrasting marginalization and the center); Which gave her novels high literary value.
[7] The personality of the novelist appeared in every novel she narrated, and this is not evidenced by the emergence of female awareness in her novels, the emergence of her interest and preoccupation with women's and society's issues, and her influence on the events and political issues that she experienced.
MARGINS
[1] Al-Misbah Al-Munir fi Gharib Al-Sharh Al-Kabeer, Ahmed bin Muhammad Al-Fayoumi Al-Hamwi (T: Towards 770 AH), Edited by: Dr. Abdel-Azim Al-Shennawi, The Scientific Library - Beirut, I: 2, 1987 AD: 1/ 237, (RKZ.(
[2] Language Standards, Ahmed bin Faris bin Zakaria Al-Razi (T: 395 AH), Edited by: Abd al-Salam Muhammad Haroun, Dar Al-Fikr, Dr. I, 1399 AH - 1979 AD: 2/433, (RKZ.(
[3] Semantics, Ahmed Mukhtar Omar, World of Books, ed: 5, 1998 AD: 116, 126, adapted .
[4] The sequel, the appendix, and the connection, Al-Hassan bin Muhammad bin Al-Hassan Al-Saghani (T: 650 AH), under the third part: Muhammad Abu Al-Fadl Ibrahim, Dar Al-Kutub Press - Cairo, 1973 AD: 3/ 527, (HMM.(
[5] Language scales: 6/66, (HMM.(
[6] See: Center and Margin in the novels of Izz al-Din Jalawji, Ph.D. Dr. Abd al-Rahman Tabarmasin, Faculty of Literature and Languages - Mohamed Kheidar University - Biskra, 2016: 16.
[7] The Center and the Margin in the Literature of Issa Lahilah, Dalila Al-Bah, doctoral dissertation, supervision: A. Dr. Abdul Rahman Tabarmasin, Faculty of Arts and Languages - Muhammad Khaydar University, 2016 AD: 14 .
[8] The Center and the Margin in the Novels of Izz al-Din Jalawji: 21.
[9] Previous source: 19.
[10] See: The Meaning of Words, Ibrahim Anis, Anglo-Egyptian Library, 5th edition, 1984 AD: 106.
[11] The space of the narrative narrative is more interactive with the movement of renewed life, as it describes the components of the personality and its interactions with its three banks as a model, Firas Mahmoud and Yahya Maarouf, Al-Ustad Journal for Human Sciences, Volume: (62), Issue: (1), 2023 AD: 336.
[12] Previous source: 3.
[13] Studies in the Arabic Novel, Dr. Abd al-Rahim Muhammad Abd al-Rahim, edition: 1, 1411 AH -1990 AD: 3.
[14] The Forerunners and the Followers, Samira Al-Manea, Dar Al-Awda - Beirut, 1st edition, 1392 AH - 1972 AD: 12.
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[15] Building the novel, a comparative study in (the trilogy) by Naguib Mahfouz, Siza Kassem, Reading for All Festival, 2004 AD: 108.
[16] The point of view on women's biography in modern Iraqi literature, Atheer Muhammad Shihab and Rana Riyad Fayyad, Journal of the College of Education for Girls - University of Baghdad, Volume: (8), Issue: (2), 2017 AD: 456.
[17] Cultural Patterns in the novel "Aisha the Saint" by Mustafa Lughtiari, Ibtisam Sahrawi and Asmaa Balhamo, Master's thesis, supervised by: Prof. Dr. Naglaa Najahi, Faculty of Literature and Languages - Kasdi Merbah University, 2021: 6-7.
[18] Previous and subsequent: 17-18.
[19] Aesthetics of fantasy, and manifestations of the metanarrative in the novels of Ahmed Saadawi (Diary of Diaries) as a model, Zainab Abd al-Amir Hussein, Al-Ustad Journal for Human Sciences, Volume: (61), Issue: (2), 2022 AD: 322 .
[20] The London duo, Samira Al-Manea, vol.: 1, London, 1979: 52 .
[21] Cultural criticism is an initial introduction to the main concepts, authored by Arthur Eisberger, translated by: Wafaa Ibrahim and Ramadan Bastawis, 2003 AD: 150 .
[22] London double: 9.
[23] See: Violence against women, a field study in the city of Baghdad / Al-Karkh, Kawthar Abdul Hamid Saeed, Journal of the College of Education for Girls, Volume: (22), Issue: (4), 2011 AD: 692.
[24] Cultural Criticism - A Successive Reading of Its Foundational Approaches, Awrad Muhammad, Journal of Human Sciences, Issue: (2) - June, 1017 AD: 17.
[25] Navel rope, Samira Al-Manea, Dar Al-Awda, Beirut, 1990: 87.
[26] Narrative Experimentation: Approaches to the Maghreb Novel, PhD thesis, Samia Hamdi, supervised by: A. Dr. Muhammad Lakhdar Zabadiyeh, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Arabic Language, Literature and Arts, Hajj Lakhdar University, Republic of Algeria, 1449 AH - 2018 AD: 21-22.
[27] Umbilical cord: 104 - 105.
[28] See: The contribution of Iraqi women to development from the point of view of the faculty members of the Al-Jadriya Complex / Baghdad, Iftikhar Abd al-Razzaq and Iman Rahim Salem, Journal of the College of Education for Girls, University of Baghdad, Volume: (27), Issue: (4), 2016 AD: 288.
[29] Reflections on Civilization and Alienation, Aziz Al-Sayyid Jassim, Public Affairs House, vol.: 1, 1986: 155.
[30] London double: 18.
[31] The marshes in the Iraqi novel, a study in the light of cultural criticism, Jabbar's Arabism, Aswab Allah, a master's thesis, supervised by: Dr. Hamed Nasir Al-Zalimi, College of Education, University of Basra, 2013: 1/114.
[32] The construction of the novel, a comparative study in (Trilogy) Naguib Mahfouz: 113.
[33] Aesthetics of fantasy, and manifestations of meta-narratives in the novels of Ahmed Saadawi: 322.
[34] London double: 19.
[35] Center and Margin in the Iraqi Feminist Novel 2003-2010, Ibtihal Kazem Ahmed Al-Taie, Master Thesis, supervised by: Fawziyya Layous Ghazi Al-Jabri, College of Education for Human Sciences - Al-Muthanna University, 2019: 38.
[36] The narrative structure in the Saudi novel, a study and models of the Saudi novel, Noura bint Muhammad bin Nasser Al-Marri, PhD thesis, supervised by: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Saleh bin Jamal Badawi, Umm Al-Qura University, 2008: 6.
[37] Umbilical cord: 150.
[38] Consider: The problem of memory in the Iraqi narrative, recognition of memory technology, Atheer Muhammad Shihab, Faculty of Education for Girls, special issue of the research of the Third International Conference on the Arabic Language, 2022 AD: 148.
[39] The psychological war used by the Palestinian resistance in the face of the Israeli aggression on the governorates of Gaza in 2014 AD, Abdel Basset Muhammad Abu Namous, supervision: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abd al-Aziz al-Juraisi, Al-Aqsa University, 2015: 210.
The umbilical cord: 155.
[40] Previous source: 41 .
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REFERENCES
[1] Al-Misbah Al-Munir fi Ghareeb Al-Sharh Al-Kabir, Ahmed bin Muhammad Al-Fayoumi Al-Hamawi (d. about 770 AH), edited by: Dr. Abdel-Azim Al-Shennawi, Al-Maktabah Al-Ilmiyyah - Beirut, 2nd edition, 1987 AD.
[2] Before and After, Samira Al-Manea, Dar Al-Awda - Beirut, vol.: 1, 1392 AH - 1972 AD.
[3] Complement, appendix, and connection, Al-Hassan bin Muhammad bin Al-Hassan Al-Saghani (d.: 650 AH), Muhammad Abu Al-Fadl Ibrahim, Dar Al-Kutub Press, Cairo, 1973 AD.
[4] Cultural criticism - a sequential reading of its foundational approaches, Awrad Muhammad, Journal of Human Sciences Issue: (2) - June, 1017 AD.
[5] Cultural Criticism: An Initial Introduction to the Main Concepts, authored by Arthur Eisberger, translated by: Wafaa Ibrahim and Ramadan Bastawis, 2003.
[6] Cultural Patterns in the Novel "Aisha the Saint" by Mustafa Ghaghtiry, Ibtisam Sahraoui and Asmaa Balhamou, MA Thesis, supervised by: Prof. Dr. Naglaa Najahi, Faculty of Literature and Languages - Kasdi Merbah Ouargla University, 2021.
[7] In the problem of memory in the Iraqi narrative, recognition of memory technology, Atheer Muhammad Shihab, Faculty of Education for Girls, special issue of the research of the Third International Conference on the Arabic Language, 2022 AD
[8] Language Standards, Ahmed bin Faris bin Zakaria Al-Razi (d. 395 AH), edited by: Abdul Salam Muhammad Haroun, Dar Al-Fikr, ed., 1399 AH - 1979 AD.
[9] London duo, Samira Al-Manea, London, vol.: 1, 1979 AD.
[10] Narrative Experimentation: Approaches to the Maghreb Novel, PhD thesis, Samia Hamdi, supervised by: Prof. Dr. Mohamed Lakhdar Zabadia, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Arabic Language, Literature and Arts, Haj Lakhdar University, Republic of Algeria, 1449 AH-2018 AD.
[11] Navel rope, Samira Al-Manea, Dar Al-Awda, Beirut, 1990.
[12] Reflections on Civilization and Alienation, Aziz Al-Sayyid Jassim, Public Affairs House, vol.: 1, 1986 AD.
[13] Semantics of words, Ibrahim Anis, The Anglo-Egyptian Bookshop, vol.: 5, 1984 AD.
[14] Semantics, Ahmed Mukhtar Omar, World of Books, ed: 5, 1998 AD.
[15] Studies in the Arabic Novel, Dr. Abdel-Rahim Muhammad Abdel-Rahim, vol.: 1, 1411 AH - 1990 AD.
[16] The Aesthetics of Fantasy, and the Manifestations of the Metanarrative in the Novels of Ahmed Saadawi (Diary of Diaries) as a Model, Zainab Abd al-Amir Hussein, Al-Ustad Journal for Human Sciences, Volume: (61), Issue: (2), 2022 AD.
[17] The Center and Margin in the Novels of Izz al-Din Jalawji, Ph.D. thesis, Jigkh Fictitious, supervised by: Prof. Dr. Abd al-Rahman Tabarmasin, Faculty of Literature and Languages_ Muhammad Kheidar University- Biskra, 2016.
[18] The Center and the Margin in the Literature of Issa Lahilah, Dalila Al-Bah, PhD thesis, supervised by: Prof. Dr. Abdel-Rahman Tabarmasin, Faculty of Arts and Languages - Muhammad Kheidar University, 2016.
[19] The construction of the novel, a comparative study in (trilogy) Naguib Mahfouz, Siza Kassem, Reading for All Festival, 2004.
[20] The contribution of Iraqi women to development from the point of view of the faculty members of the Jadriya Complex / Baghdad, Iftikhar Abdul Razzaq and Iman Rahim Salem, Journal of the College of Education for Girls, University of Baghdad, Volume: (27), Issue: (4), 2016 AD.
[21] The Marshes in the Iraqi Novel, A Study in the Light of Cultural Criticism, Jabbar's Arabism, Aswab Allah, Master Thesis, supervised by: Dr. Hamid Nasir Al-Zalimi, College of Education, University of Basra, 2013.
[22] The point of view on women's biography in modern Iraqi literature, Atheer Muhammad Shihab and Rana Riyad Fayyad, Journal of the College of Education for Girls - University of Baghdad, Volume: (8), Issue: (2), 2017 AD.
[23] The space of the narrative narrative is more interactive with the movement of renewed life, as it describes the components of the personality and its interactions with its three banks as a model, Firas Mahmoud and Yahya Maarouf, Al-Ustad Journal for Human Sciences, Volume: (62), Issue: (1), 2023 AD.
[24] Violence against women, a field study in the city of Baghdad / Karkh, Kawthar Abdul Hamid Saeed, Journal of the College of Education for Girls - for Girls, Volume: (22), Issue: (4), 20111 ADD.
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