CC BY
25
ISSN 2617-2909 (print) ISSN 2617-2119 (online)
Journ.Geol. Geograph.
Geology, 28(3), 417-431. doi: 10.15421/111939
Y. I. Gritsan, O. M. Kunakh, J. J. Dubinina, V. I. Kotsun, Y. I. Tkalich Joum. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 28(3), 417-431.
The catena aspect of the landscape diversity of the «Dnipro-Orilsky» natural reserve
Yuriy I. Gritsan1, Olga M. Kunakh2, Julia J. Dubinina3, Vadim I. Kotsun1, Yuriy I. Tkalich1
'Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Dnipro, Ukraine, [email protected] 2Oles Gonchar Dnipro National University, Dnipro, Ukraine, [email protected]
Melitopol Institute of Ecology and Social Technologies of the Open International University of Human Development «Ukraine», Melitopol, Ukraine. [email protected]
Received: 26.03.2019 Abstract. In the present investigation catena approaches to assess the landscape diversity
Received in revisedform: 24.04.2019 of the "Dnipro-Orilsky" natural reserve was developed. Catena which lies in the reserve Accepted: 21.06.2019 embraces flood and arena biogeocoenoses. The research was performed during the 2014-
2018. The two profiles were made at the "Dnipro-Orilsky" natural reserve within which main geomorphological landscape elements are presented. There are 29 sampling polygons within these p rofiles. The soil profile description, vegetation investigation, soil and soil animals quantitative assessment was carried out in each of them. In this publication we presented the results of sampling polygons 1-4, 25 and 26. The profile 1 best reflects the traditional view of catena: it goes from the highest places of the sand terrace (arena) to the lowest place (floodplain). But relief diversity is increased by the availability of small river Protich. It floodplain provides an alternative transit and accumulation gradient. It should be noted that the main part of the main slope profile does not fully meet the transit regime, as compiled by sandy soils, which are characterized by high filtration capacity. Therefore, the slope profile position is largely corresponded to eluvial regimes. The accumulative part of the profile which corresponds to the floodplain of Dnipro river is significantly influenced by impact of the flood factor than the accumulative part of the profile which corresponds to the floodplain of Protich river. The soils within floodplain of Protich river have more quantity of clay. Clay soils are characterized by capillary properties, as soil salinization is common in the floodplain of Protich river. Alternative profile 2 includes Orlov valley. This element of the landscape is accumulative, but not affected by flood factor. In the biogeocenotic context catena sampling points were considered as being composed of pedocatena, phytocatena and zoocatena. The biogeocenotic approach is the chain that connects the landscape structure, the diversity of soil cover, and diversities of the plant and animal communities. The functional, spatial and temporal properties of ecosystems in landscape context can be expressed by catena. The biogeocoenosis concept is a basis for integration of the pedocatena, phytocatena and zoocatena. Catena approach is the framework for a monitoring system landscape diversity both at the level of individual component biogeocoenosis (edaphotop, phytocenosis, and zoocenosis) and biogeocoenosis level in terms of its horizontal and vertical structure and at the landscape level as a whole interconnected system. The traditional idea of catena as a set of eluvial, transit and accumulative positions in a complex and diverse landscape is not able to cover the most important environmental gradients modes. The complexity of the landscape is due to relief diversity and the effects of anthropogenic transformation biogeocenotic cover. Catena therefore can be seen as a multilevel hierarchical system of the biogeocenotic polygons needed to consider the diversity of physiographic conditions and anthropogenic gradients.
Key words: catena, landscape, soil, natural reserve, diversity
Катений аспект ландшафтного р1зномашття природного заповщника «Дншровсько-Оршьський»
Ю.1. Грицан1, О.М.Кухан2, Ю.Ю.Дубшша3, ВХКоцун1, Ю.1. Т^ч1
Днтровський державний аграрно-економiчний yuieepcumem, Днiпро, Украта, [email protected] 2Днтровський нацюнальний утверситет iмeнi Олеся Гончара, Днтро, Украта, [email protected] 3Мeлiтопольський iHcmumym екологИ та со^альних технологш вiдкритого Мiжнародного yнiвeрситeтy гумантарногорозвитку «Украта», Мeлiтополь, Украта, [email protected]
Анотащя. У дослщженш був розроблений катений тдхвд для оцшки ландшафтного pi3HOMaHirra природного заповеднику «Дшпровсько-Оршьський». Катена, яка знаходиться у зaповiднику, охоплюе заплавш та ареш бюгеоценози. Дослщження про-
417
Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology
Journal home page: geology-dnu-dp.ua
водилося протягом 2014-2018 рр. У межах природного заповеднику «Дшпровсько-Оршьський» закладеш два профш, у межах яких представленi основнi геоморфологiчнi елементи ландшафту. Уздовж профЫв розмiщенi 29 експериментальних полiгонiв. Описи грунтового профшю, вивчення рослинноста, rрунтiв i кiлькiсна оцшка Грунтових тварин були проведенi в кожному з цих полiгонiв. У цш публжацп ми представили результата по полшзнам 1-4, 25 i 26. Профшь 1 найкраще вщображае традицшне уявлення про катену: вш йде з найвищих мiсць на боровш терасi (арена) до найнижчого мiсця (заплава р. Дшпро). Але рiзно-манiтнiсть рельефу збшьшуеться за рахунок наявностi мало1 рiчки Протач. II заплава забезпечуе альтернативний транзитний i акумулятивний градiенти. Основна частина головного профiлю схилу не у повнш мiрi вдаоввдае транзитного режиму, так як вш складений з пщаних Грунтав, якi характеризуються високою фiльтруючою здатнiстю. Таким чином, положення профшю схилу в значнш мiрi вщповщае елювiальний режимам. Акумулятивна частина профiлю, яка вщповщае заплавi рiчки Дшпра, в значнiй мiрi залежить вiд впливу фактора повеш, нiж акумулятивна частина профiлю, яка вщповщае заплавi рiчки Протiч. Грунти у межах заплави рiчки Протач мають бiльший вмiст глини. Глиниста Грунти характеризуються капшярними властивостями, тому i засолення грунту значно бшьш поширене у заплавi рiчки Протач. Альтернативний профшь 2 включае в себе Орлову балку. Цей елемент ландшафту е накопичувальним, але не зазане впливу фактору повеш. У бюгеоценотичному контекста катену розглядають як сукупшсть точок вiдбору проб, яю складаються з педокатени, фiтокатени i зоокатени. Бiогеоценотичний пiдхiд е ланцюгом, що з'еднуе структуру ландшафту, рiзноманiтнiсть Грунтового покриву i рiзноманiтнiсть рослинних i тваринних угруповань. Функцiональнi, просторовi i часовi властивостi екосистем в ландшафтному контекста можуть бути виражеш за допомогою катени. Бiогеоценотична концепцш е основою для штеграци педокатени, фггокатени i зоокатени. Катений шдмд е основою для системи мониторингу ландшафтного рiзноманiття як на р1вш окремих компонентв бiогеоценозу (едафотоп, фгтоценоз та зооценоз), на бiогеоценотичному р1вш в аспектi його горизонтально1 та вертикально! структури та i на ландшафтному р1вш у якостi цЫстно! системи взаемопов'язаних частин. Традицшне уявлення про катену як набiр елкшальних, транзитних та акумулятивних позицш не може повною мiрою вiдобразити найбшьш важливi градiенти екологiчних режимiв. Складтсть ландшафту виникае внаслiдок рiзноманiття рельефу та ефектав антропогенно! трансформацп бюгеоценотичного покриву. Тому катена може розглядатися як багатор1внева iерархiчна система бюгеоценотичних полтзшв, яка необхiдна для характеристики рiзноманiття фiзико-географiчних умови i антропогенних градiентiв.
Ключовi слова: катена, ландшафт, Грунт, природний заповiдник, рiзноманття
Introduction. The diversity of the landscape plays an important role in shaping the diversity and stability of living organisms communities (Zhukov et al., 2015). Catena is the elementary structure unit of the landscape (Bahnov et al., 1988). The term «catena» was originally proposed for soil layer of the biogeocenotic cover and in such a narrow scope is traditionally used to date (Milne, 1935; Urusevskaya, 1990). Within the landscape the series of horology units from the top of the watercourse to the watershed is connected to a number of soil types arrayed along a relief slope. The differences between soil types within catena are related to the difference of altitude and slope affecting on drainage (Milne, 1935; Zaugolnova, 2010). These kinds of catena are called «soil catena» or «pedocat-ena» (Zaugolnova, 2010). The methodology of the soil catena approach was developed by T. Bashnell (1942), F. Hole (1953), D. Yaalon (1971), A. Gerrard (1984). The catenas are distinguished by the following features: a) according their zone-climatic properties; b) according the composition of the soil components; c) depending on the relief genetic type; d) the main differentiating factors in soil catena - features of lithology, erosion role, hydrological regime, nature of surface water redistribution (Fridland, 1972; Karavaeva, 1982; Urusevskaya, 1990; Kozlovsky, 2003; Gennadiev & Kasimov, 2004).
Catena allows you to fully express the natural spatial and temporal properties of ecosystems that characterize their diversity and dynamics (Diduh, 2008). Appropriate horological units in a vegetation cover are called "phytocatena" (Katenin, 1988; 418
Kholod, 1991; Zaugolnova, 2001). In forest science the similar approach is represented by consideration of the forest community series in different types of soil (Romanovsky, 2002). A. E. Katenin (1988) suggested to use the concept catena only in respect of uniform lithological structures. The idea of monolithic and hetorolithic geocatenas allows to use catena concept for relatively homogeneous and heterogeneous areas (Gennadiev & Kasimov, 2004). Depending on this catenas found may be more simple or more complex in structure. The increasing complexity of the phytocatena structure occurs as more and more streams are taken in consideration as a result of increasing the catchment area (Zaugolnova, 2010). The geographical and geochemical systematic of catenas was designed, which includes such taxonomic units as a group, subgroup, category, type, subtype, family, class, genus and species (Gennadiev & Kasimov, 2004).
The catena approach is most commonly used in practice of the soil animals study (Mordkovich et al., 1985; Zhukov et al., 2016). Catena is a geomorpho-logical profile that runs from the highest place certain territory to the lowest. This profile is graduated in the context of individual factors (humidity, temperature, soil salinity, etc.) or a set of landscape conditions. Therefore, catena is a convenient model of the area through which you can evaluate the environmental preferences of the selected species along the gradient environment (Kaprus, 2011). The approaches were developed for the application of catena method to the study of the diversity of the soil animal communities within arena landscape of the Dnipro valley (within
the "Dnipro-Orylskiy" natural reserve) by means of phytoindication assessment of the basic trends of variability of environmental conditions (Zhukov et al., 2016).
From a practical point of view, catena may be considered any arbitrarily chosen of the landscape slope or the whole slope, which is a set of habitats with regular changes in environmental conditions, which is due to the relief (Mordkovich et al., 1985). There is no matter inflow (other than precipitation) at the top of a catena and there is no matter outflow at the bottom. The starting element of catena is an eluvial topographic position, and the terminal is an accumulative topographic position. Among them are transit positions. Standard catena consists from five positions: eluvial, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd transit and accumulative. The soil is responsive to changes in topography. The increase down the slope total wetting of soils and their quality determines the change in plant and animal communities (Mazey & Embulaeva, 2015).
Catena elements can be combined into complexes of a higher hierarchical level. The some links in the chain (catena) which are presented by specific habitats or plant communities, combined in mesocombi-nations and the last - in macrocombinations. The me-socombinations are also interpreted as ecomeres and can be characterized using phytoindication approach (Didukh et al., 2015).
Diversity is the basis of functional stability of the biogeocenosis (Zhukov & Gubanova, 2015). Soils represent an important aspect of biological diversity and form the aim and conditions of its preservation. Therefore, the study of soil diversity of the «Dnipro-Orilsky» natural reserve is an important and urgent problem. Of particular importance is the study of arena and floodplain soils, characterized by a large diversity of their soil forming process complexity. The variation of the physical properties of the soil has a significant ecological value (Karpachevsky, 2005). The existence of the soil ecomorphes was proved based on the research of spatial-temporal dynamics of soil mechanical impedance (Zhukov & Zadorozhnaya, 2016). Other soil physical properties such as electrical conductivity, density, and wetness are also important genetic and ecological properties (Karpachevskij, 2005; Zhukov et al., 2011; 2012; Zhukov et al., 2016).
The aim of the present investigation is to develop catena approaches to assess the landscape diversity of the «Dnipro-Orilsky» natural reserve. Materials and methods. Relief of the «Dnipro-Orilsky» nature reserve is presented by the forms of the alluvial or aeolian origin of the Dnipro lowland. There are three terraces within the area of the natural reserve. The well-developed floodplain terrace has
the lowest position which is rugged in different directions by numerous channels, dotted with lakes and marshes, stretching along the Dnipro by a belt 16 km. In the widest part, Taromske ledge, floodplain terrace is 2 km and in the narrowest part in the Nicholas ledge is 1 km. The floodplain soils are represented by a layered modern alluvium. Its lower layers are fluvial facies, formed when water levels decline due to settling of sediment deformation during routine bed. The floodplain is covered with numerous lakes, some of which turned into swamps, and rugged by a chain of the winding or sickle oxbow lakes and channels (Manyuk, 2005).
Catena which lies in the reserve embraces flood and arena biogeocoenoses (Fig. 1). The research was performed during the 2014-2018. 29 sampling polygons were made. The soil profile description, vegetation investigation, soil and soil animals quantitative assessment was carried out in each of them. In this publication we presented the results of sampling polygons 1-4, 25 and 26.
The electrical conductivity of the soil was measured in every 5 cm from the soil surface with 3 times frequency. Measuring the electrical conductivity of the soil (apparent soil electrical conductivity - ECa) ws made by using sensor HI 76305 (Hanna Instruments, Woodsocket, RI) showed a significant performance in conducting soil and environmental studies (Pennisi, van Iersel, 2002; Scoggins, van Iersel, 2006; Smagin, 2012; Zhukov et al., 2011; 2012; Zhukov et al., 2016).
The measurements of soil mechanical impedance were made in the field using hand penetrometer Eijkelkamp with an interval of 5 cm (Zhukov, 2015). The average error of the results of the measurement device is ± 8%. Measurements were performed by the cone with the size of cross section of 2 cm2. The measurements of soil mechanical impedance were made with 3 times frequency within each soil profile. The bulk density of the soil was determined using the method of Kaczynski, and humidity was determined by weight method (Vadunina, Korchagina, 1986; Zhukov et al., 2015). Morphological Soil profile description was performed according to Rozanov (2004). The expert method was used for the type profiles formalized description of the derived empirical data. Graphical display of the soil profiles completed in the program of Strater © v. 4 (Golden Software, LLC).
Results and discussion. The two profiles were made at the «Dnipro-Orilsky» natural reserve within which main geomorphological landscape elements are presented (Fig. 1). The profile 1 best reflects the traditional view of catena: it goes from the highest places
Fig. 1. The placing of biogeocenotic plots within the "Dnipro-Orilsky" natural reserve: sandy terrace: 1 - meadow, floodplain of Protich river; 2 - oak forest, Orlov valley; 3 - artificial pine plantations, the slope of northern exposure of the Orlov valley; 4 -meadow, Orlov valley; 5 - artificial pine plantations, sand hill top; 6 - psamophytic steppe, dune gate (interdune bottom); 7 - psamo-phytic steppe, the top of the hill; 8 - psamophytic steppe, the top of the hill; 9 - psamophytic steppe, dune gate; 10 - Tatarian maple bush, hillside; 11 - Tatarian maple bush, dune gate; 12 - Tatarian maple bush, hillside; 13 - psamophytic steppe, the top of the hill; 14 - psamophytic steppe, dune gate; 15 - oak forest, floodplain of Protich river; 16 - wooded bog, floodplain of Protich river; 17 -shrub bog, floodplain of Protich river; 18 - artificial pine plantations, slope arena which is adjacent to the floodplain of Protich river; 19 - oak forest, the slope of the arena, which is adjacent to the floodplain of Protich river; 20 - swamp, dune gate; 21 - meadow, floodplain of Protich river; 22 - psamophytic steppe, the top of the hill; 23 - psamophytic steppe, dune gate; 24 - Tatarian maple bush, the top of the hill; 25 - white poplar forest, the floodplain of Protich river. The floodplain of Dnipro river: 26 - oak forest, terrace near flood plain; 27 - oak forest, riverine floodplain; 28 - oak forest, riverine floodplain, Graduation to the central floodplain; 29 - oak forest, central floodplain (image taken from the satellite DG, source - maps.ovi.com)
of the sand terrace (arena) to the lowest place (flood-plain). But relief diversity is increased by the availability of small rivers Protich (Table. 1). It floodplain provides an alternative transit and accumulation gradient. It should be noted that the main part of the main slope profile does not fully meet the transit regime, as compiled by sandy soils, which are characterized by high filtration capacity. Therefore, the slope profile position is largely corresponded to eluvial regimes.
The accumulative part of the profile which corresponds to the floodplain of Dnipro river is significantly influenced by impact of the flood factor than the accumulative part of the profile which corresponds to the floodplain of Protich river. The soils within floodplain of Protich river have more quantity of clay. Clay soils are characterized by capillary properties, as soil salinization is common in the floodplain of Protich river.
Alternative profile 2 includes Orlov valley. This element of the landscape is accumulative, but not affected by flood factor.
In the biogeocenotic context catena sampling
points were considered as being composed of pedocatena, phytocatena and zoocatena. The most common characteristic biogeocenosis within catena investigated are presented further. Sampling polygon № 1. The vegetation of meadow included a total of 29 species of vascular plants, among which are dominated by Poa pratensis (L), Calamagrostis epigeios (L) Roth. Inula britannica (L) is a subdominant. The total projective cover of herbaceous species is 100% (Gudym & Ganzha, 2016). For identification of plant communities, within which research was undertaken, we give it a syntax-onomy characteristic.
Syntaxonomy of the plant community: Class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Tx., 1937 Ordo Agrostietalia stoloniferae Oberd. in Oberd. et al., 1967
Union Festucionpratensis Sipajlova et al., 1985 All. Poetum pratensis Steppeanovic, 1999
The herpetobiont invertebrates community included a total of 80 species representing 28 families
I II III IV V
II VI II I II
B
Fig. 2. Geomorphological profiles, along which catena plots are placed: A - geomorphological profile 1, B - geo-morphological profile 2: I - floodplain of Protich river; II - sandy terrace; III - terrace near flood plain of Dnipro river; IV - central floodplain of Dnipro river; V - riverine floodplain of Dnipro river; VI - Orlova valley
and 11 orders and 6 classes from two phylum (arthropods and molluscs) at the sampling polygon (Zhukov et al., 2017). Carabus excellens and Taphoxenus gi-gas are included in the Red Book of Dnepropetrovsk region (Sumarokov et al., 2018).
Soil profile description
The description was made in 3 October 2018. The soil section was located in the beach of the Protich river within the "Dnipro-Orylskiy" natural reserve (Fig. 3, A). The vegetation is presented by meadow. The soil surface is relatively smooth. There is a litter cover with depth of 3-4 cm and with projective cover 90-100%. The parent material is alluvial sand. The groundwater level is at a depth of 200 cm. There are no the visible soil neoformation, carbonate debris, accumulation of salts. The soil consistency is dense. The genetic type of the profile is humus-gley. An intense carbonate effervescence after dilute hydrochloric acid treatment was occurred from 31 to 90 cm.
H0 (2-0 cm) - organogenic horizon, litter with projected cover 70-90%.
Hd (0-7 cm) - the upper humus-accumulative soddy horizon. The quantity of roots is common. Dark
grey. Moderately moist. Light loam. Loose. Structureless, rare aggregates are unstable, some aggregates are bonded by clusters of grasses roots. Cracks are missing. The distinctness with next horizon is abrupt, may be detected on the basis of the clear roots content decrease and changes of the consistency.
Hk (7-48 cm) - upper humus-accumulative carbonate. Dark grey. Dense. Moist. Light loam. Roots are absent. Cracks are missing. The distinctness with next horizon is gradual, may be detected on the basis of the color.
HPk (48-75 cm) - transition carbonate. Light grey, gradually brightens with depth. Dense. Moist. Light loam. Roots are absent. The distinctness with next horizon is gradual, may be detected on the basis of the color.
Ph1k (75-113 cm) - the first lower transition carbonate horizon. Light gray. Moderately moist. Consistence is compact. Light loam, there are no cracks. Humus spots of irregular shape with a diameter of 15-20 cm are presented. The distinctness with next horizon is gradual, may be detected on the basis of the color.
Ph2 (113-136 cm) - the second lower transition. Gray with humus spots. Consistence is compact. Light loam. Moderately moist. The distinctness with next horizon is clear, may be detected on the basis of the color.
Ph3gl (136-152 cm) - the third lower transition gleyey. Blue-gray. Clay sand. There are no cracks. Very moist. Consistence is compact. The distinctness with next horizon is clear, may be detected on the basis of the color.
P1G (152-171 cm) - gley parent material. Dark
blue-gray clay sand with reddish spots. Consistence is soft. The distinctness with next horizon is gradual, may be detected on the basis of the texture changes.
P2G (171-200 cm) - gley parent material. Dark blue-gray sand with reddish spots. Consistence is soft.
The working definition of soil: sod carbonate gley soil (Calcic Gleysols (Humic)). Sampling polygon № 2. The vegetation of oak forest included a total of 48 species of vascular plants. The tree stand are dominated by Quercus robur L., Pyrus communis L.. The shrub layer are dominated
Table 1. Elements of biogeocenotic catena
N Biogeoceonosis Element of the catena Flood regime Topographic position
Sandy terrace
1 Meadow Accumulative Short term flooding Floodplain of Protich river
2 Oak forest Transitional Without flooding Orlov valley
З Artificial pine plantations Transitional Without flooding The slope of northern exposure of the Orlov valley
4 Meadow Accumulative Without flooding Orlov valley
5 Artificial pine plantations Eluvial Without flooding Sand hill top
б Psamophytic steppepe Accumulative Without flooding Dune gate
7 Psamophytic steppepe Eluvial Without flooding Sand hill top
S Psamophytic steppepe Eluvial Without flooding Sand hill top
9 Psamophytic steppepe Accumulative Without flooding Dune gate
10 Tatarian maple bush Transitional Without flooding Hillside
11 Tatarian maple bush Accumulative Without flooding Dune gate
12 Tatarian maple bush Transitional Without flooding Hillside
13 Psamophytic steppepe Eluvial Without flooding Sand hill top
14 Psamophytic steppepe Accumulative Without flooding Dune gate
15 Oak forest Accumulative Short term flooding Floodplain of Protich river
16 Wooded bog Accumulative Short term flooding Floodplain of Protich river
17 Shrub bog Accumulative Short term flooding Floodplain of Protich river
1S Artificial pine plantations Transitional Without flooding The slope arena which is adjacent to the floodplain of Protich river
19 Oak forest Transitional Without flooding The slope arena which is adjacent to the floodplain of Protich river
20 Swamp Accumulative Without flooding Dune gate
21 Meadow Accumulative Short term flooding Floodplain of Protich river
22 Psamophytic steppepe Eluvial Without flooding Sand hill top
23 Psamophytic steppepe Accumulative Without flooding Dune gate
24 Tatarian maple bush Eluvial Without flooding Sand hill top
25 White poplar forest Transitional Short term flooding Floodplain of Protich river
The floodplain of Dnipro river
26 Oak forest Accumulative Moderate term flooding Terrace near flood plain
27 Oak forest Accumulative Moderate term flooding Terrace near flood plain
28 Oak forest Accumulative Moderate term flooding Graduation to the central floodplain
29 Oak forest Accumulative Moderate term flooding Central floodplain
A
B
Fig. 3. The profile of sod-gley carbonate soil (Calcic Gleysols (Humic)) (A) and sod-forest chornozem-like deep carbonate soil (Pha-eozems Arenic) (B)
Legend: A - H0 - organogenic horizon, Hd - the upper humus-accumulative soddy horizon, Hk - upper humus-accumulative carbonate horizon, HPk - transition carbonate, Phlk - the first lower transition carbonate horizon, Ph2 - the second lower transition horizon, Ph3gl - the third lower transition gleyey horizon, P1G - gley parent material, P2G - gley parent material; B - H0 - organogenic, Hd - upper humus-accumulative, soddy horizon, H - the first humus-accumulative, H2 - the second humus-accumulative, HPj - the fist transition horizon, HP2 - the second transition horizon, Phk - the lower transition carbonate horizon, Pk - parent material.
by Acer tataricum L., Crataegus fallacina Klokov, Sambucus nigra L., the herbaceous layer are dominated by Galium aparine L ., Glechoma hederacea L., Urtica dioica L., Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleop.) Barbar. The total projective cover of herbaceous species is 15-20% (Zhukov et al., 2018). For identification of plant communities, within which research was undertaken, we give it a syntaxonomy characteristic.
Class Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937
Ordo Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Klika 1933 Union Aceri tatarici-Quercion Zolyomi 1957 All. Vincetoxico hirundinariae-Quercetum roboris Sokolova, 2011
The herpetobiont invertebrates community included a total of 66 species representing 24 families
and 11 orders and 7 classes from tree phylum (annelida, arthropods and molluscs) at the sampling polygon (Zhukov et al., 2017). Carabus excellens is included in the Red Book of Dnepropetrovsk region (Sumarokov et al., 2018).
Soil profile description
The description was made in 11 September 2017. The soil section was located in the Orlova vallay within the "Dnipro-Orylskiy" natural reserve (Fig. 3, B). The soil surface is relatively smooth. There is the litter consisted from leaves, not decayed, with a depth of 2-3 cm, projective cover is 90-100%. The fallen leaves are disintegrated well, the bottom layer of the litter is dust. The projective cover of the grass layer is 15-20%. The parent material is alluvial sand. The groundwater level was not found. The depth of the roots of trees and shrubs up to 200 cm. There are no the visible soil neoformation, carbonate debris, accumulation of salts. There are some traces of soil invertebrates activity. Evidence of the gleying were not found. Consistence is dense. The genetic profile type is humus differentiated. An intense carbonate effervescence after dilute hydrochloric acid treatment was occurred from 127 cm.
^ (2-0 cm) - organogenic, forest litter with projected cover 90-100%.
^ (0-3 cm) - upper humus-accumulative, soddy. Very dark gray (5Y 3/1). Dry. Clay sand. Consistence is friable. The soil is moderately or weakly bounded by root systems of herbaceous plants. Soil structure is very coarse, grain-dust. There are no ckraks. Animals pedoturbation is occurred. The distinctness with next horizon is abrupt, may be detected on the basis of the color and consistence.
H1 (3-26 cm) - the first humus-accumulative. Dark gray (7.5YR 4/1). Moderately dry. Clay sand. Dense. There are some roots of shrubs. Structureless. The distinctness with next horizon is abrupt, may be detected on the basis of the color and consistence.
^ (26-80 cm) - the second humus-accumulative. Reddish gray (7.5R 5/1), becomes lighter with depth and reddish shade decreases. Slightly moist. Loamy sand. Consistence is compact. Structureless. There are some roots of shrubs. There are fragmentary inclusion of yellow sand grains. The distinctness with next horizon is graduated, may be detected on the basis of the color.
HP1 (80-97 cm) - the fist transition horizon. There are olive gray (5Y 5/2) or blue gray (5PB 5/1) vertically oriented oval spots 1-2 cm wide and 12.7 cm high on the grey background (2.5Y 6/1). Slightly moist. Consistence is compact. There are no roots. Loamy sand. There are no cracks. Structureless. The
distinctness with next horizon is clear, may be detected on the basis of the color.
HP2 (97-127 cm) - the second transition horizon. Grey-brown background (2.5Y 5/2) with vertical oval dark-gray spots (N 4/0) of the humus material width of 1 cm, height - 3-4 cm. Also, there are some round-spots of irregular shape with a diameter of 7.8 cm, probably - burrows of soil mammals filled by humus material (krotovina). Consistence is compact. Loamy sand. Slightly moist. The distinctness with next horizon is graduated, may be detected on the basis of the color and texture.
Phk (127-160 cm) - the lower transition carbonate horizon. Grey (2.5Y 6/1) with dark reddish gray (2.5YR 4/1) spots of the humus material. There are nodules of calcium carbonate on the depth 130-140 cm. Loamy fine sand. Slightly moist. Consistence is compact. The distinctness with next horizon is abrupt, may be detected on the basis of the color and texture.
Pk (160-200 cm) - parent material. Grey-brown (2.5Y 5/2) large-grained sand. Moderately moist, friable. Vertical spots from humus material likely traces of decomposed plant roots width of 1 cm, the height is 15-20 cm, 2-3 spots on 10 cm in the horizontal direction.
The working definition of soil: sod-forest chor-nozem-like deep carbonate soil (Phaeozems Arenic). Sampling polygon № 3. The vegetation of artificial pine forest included a total of 31 species of vascular plants. The tree stand are presented by Pinus sylvestris L.. The herbaceous layer are dominated by Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth., Elymus repens (L.) Gould, Rubus caesius L.. The total projective cover of herbaceous species is 5-10 % (Gudym and Ganzha, 2016). For identification of plant communities, within which research was undertaken, we give it a syntaxonomy characteristic.
Class Robinietea Jurko ex Hadac et Sofron 1980 Ordo Chelidonio-Robinietalia Jurko ex Hadac et Sofron 1980
Union Balloto nigrae-Robinion Hadac et Sofron 1980 All. Calamagrostio epigeioris-Robinietum Smagaluk 2016
The herpetobiont invertebrates community included a total of 49 species representing 25 families and 12 orders and 7 classes from tree phylum (annelida, arthropods and molluscs) at the sampling polygon (Zhukov et al., 2017). Taphoxenus gigas is included in the Red Book of Dnepropetrovsk region and Carabus (Pachystus) hungaricus (Fabricius, 1792) is included in the Red Book of Ukraine (Sumarokov et al., 2018).
A
B
Fig. 4. The profile of sod-pine pseudofibres soil with shot profile (Ferric Arenosol Aridic) (A) and sod gley soil (Gleysols (Humic)) (B)
Legend: A - H0 - organogenic, Hd - upper soddy humus-accumulative, H - upper humus-accumulative, Phi - the first transition, Ph2 - the second transition, Ph3 - the third transition, Pf - pseudofibr horizon, P - parent material; B - H0 - organogenic horizon, Hd - upper soddy humus-accumulative horizon, H - upper humus-accumulative horizon, HP - transition horizon, Ph1 - the first lower transition horizon, Ph2 - the second lower transition horizon, Ph3 - the third lower transition horizon, P - parent material, Pgl - gley parent material
Soil profile description
The description was made in 24 June 2018. The soil section was located in the artificial pine forest within sand terrace of the Dnipro river (Fig. 4, A). The soil surface is relatively smooth. There is the forest litter consisted from pine needle, not decayed, with a depth of 5-7 cm, projective cover is 100%. The litter
has a layered structure, may be easily separated from the surface ofthe soil. The projective cover ofthe grass layer is 5-10%. The parent material is alluvial sand. The groundwater level was not found. The depth of the roots of trees and shrubs up to 200 cm. There soil cracks in humus layer but there are no in deeper layers. There are no the visible soil neoformation, carbonate
debris, accumulation of salts. There are some traces of soil invertebrates activity. Evidence of the gleying were not found. Consistence is from loose to dense. The genetic profile type is humus differentiated.
^ (7-0 cm) - organogenic, forest litter with projected cover 100%, dry, compressed, well separated from the soil, has a layered structure.
^ (0-14 cm) - upper soddy humus-accumulative. Brown-gray. Dry. Sandy loam. Layered. Consistence is f loose. Soil is moderately or weakly bounded by root systems of herbaceous plants. Dust-grain structure. The cracks have a mainly horizontal direction. The distinctness with next horizon is abrupt, may be detected on the basis of the color, consistence and root content.
H1 (14-22 cm) - upper humus-accumulative. Gray. Dry. Sandy loam. It is more dense than the previous horizon, but easily crumbles with a slight clicking. There are roots of herbaceous plants and shrubs. Structureless. The distinctness with next horizon is abrupt, may be detected on the basis of the color and consistence.
Phi (22-34 cm) - the first transition. Pale yellow with gray or dark gray spots. The traces of humous residuals of roots in a horizontal direction. Dry. Clay loam. Consistence is dense, almost condensed. There are no roots of living plants. Structureless. The distinctness with next horizon is abrupt and undulate, may be detected on the basis of the color.
Ph2 (34-87 cm) - the second transition. Pale yellow with gray or dark gray spots. The traces of humous large root residuals rounded with diameter 5-7 cm. Dry. Clay loam. Consistence is dense, almost condensed. There are no roots of living plants. Structureless. The distinctness with next horizon is abrupt, may be detected on the basis of the color and consistence.
Ph3 (87-140 cm) - the third transition. Dark yellow with gray or dark gray spots. The traces of humous large root residuals rounded with diameter 5-7 cm. Moderately moist. Sand. Consistence is friable. There are no roots of living plants. Structureless. The distinctness with next horizon is abrupt, may be detected on the basis of the higher margin of the pseudofibres.
Pf (140-155 cm) - pseudofibr horizon. It consists of thin (0.5-0.7 cm) brown compacted layers (pseudofibres) which alternating with layers of yellow sand. Very moist. The distinctness with next horizon is abrupt, may be detected on the basis of the lower margin of the pseudofibres.
P (155-200 cm) - parent material. Light gray sand, very moist. Consistence is friable.
The working definition of soil: sod-pine
pseudofibres soil with shot profile (Ferric Arenosol Aridic).
Sampling polygon № 4. The vegetation of meadow included a total of19 species of vascular plants, among which are dominated by Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., and Elymus repens (L.) Gould. The total projective cover of herbaceous species is 90-100 % (Gudym and Ganzha, 2016). For identification of plant communities, within which research was undertaken, we give it a syntaxonomy characteristic.
Syntaxonomy of the plant community:
Class EPILOBIETEA ANGUSTIFOLII R.TX. ET PRSG 1950
Ordo Epilobietalia angustifolii R.Tx. 1950 Union Epilobion angustifolii R.Tx. 1950 All. Calamagrostietum epigei Juraszek 1928
The herpetobiont invertebrates community included a total of 88 species representing 27 families and 10 orders and 6 classes from two phylum (arthropods and molluscs) at the sampling polygon (Zhukov et al., 2017). Carabus excellens is included in the Red Book of Dnepropetrovsk region and Carabus (s.str.) stscheglowi (Mannerheim, 1827) is included in the Red Book of Ukraine (Sumarokov et al., 2018).
Soil profile description
The description was made in 19 September 2018. The soil section was located in up the Orlova valley within the "Dnipro-Orylskiy" natural reserve (Fig. 4, B). The vegetation is presented by meadow. The soil surface is relatively smooth. There is a litter cover with depth of 3-4 cm and with projective cover 90-100%. The parent material is alluvial sand. The groundwater level is at a depth of 200 cm. There are no the visible soil neoformation, carbonate debris, accumulation of salts. The soil consistency is dense or condence. The genetic type of the profile is humus-gley. There was no an intense carbonate effervescence after dilute hydrochloric acid treatment.
^ (4-0 cm) - organogenic horizon, litter with projected cover 70-90%.
^ (0-4 cm) - upper soddy humus-accumulative horizon. The quantity of roots is common. Dark grey. Dry. Light loam. Loose. The soil is fair aggregated, crumbly. The some aggregate are separately bonded by clusters of grass roots. The aggregate structure is granular-silty. Cracks are missing. The distinctness with next horizon is abrupt, may be detected on the basis of the clear roots content decrease and changes of the color and aggregate structure.
Н (4-32 cm) - upper humus-accumulative horizon. Dark grey. Dense. Moist. Light loam. Roots are
absent. Cracks are missing. The distinctness with next horizon is gradual, may be detected on the basis of the color and cracks.
HP (32-71 cm) - transition horizon. Light grey, condensed. Moderately moist. Light loam. The verticals cracks having a width of 0.2 cm create 15-20 cm width pedes. Roots are absent. Roots are absent. Cracks are missing. The distinctness with next horizon is gradual, may be detected on the basis of the color and cracks.
Phi (71-92 cm) - the first lower transition horizon. Light gray. Moderately moist. Consistence is compact. Light loam, there are no cracks. Light yellow spots of irregular shape with a diameter of 15-20 cm are presented. The distinctness with next horizon is gradual, may be detected on the basis of the color.
Ph2 (92-110 cm) - the second lower transition horizon. Light yellow with vertical humus spots. Consistence is compact. Light loam. Moist. The distinctness with next horizon is gradual, may be detected on the basis of the color, unclear.
Ph3 (110-140 cm) - the third lower transition horizon. Light yellow, lighter than the previous one, the marble from the enclosures of the humus spots. Light loam. Moist. The distinctness with next horizon is clear, may be detected on the basis of the color and texture.
P (140-180 cm) - parent material. Blue-gray clay sand. Very moist. Consistence is soft.
Pgl (180-200 cm) - gley parent material. Dark blue-gray sand with reddish spots. Consistence is soft.
The working definition of soil: sod gley soil (Gleysols (Humic)).
Sampling polygon № 25. The vegetation of poplar-willow forests (habitat type according EUNIS G1.1112 Eastern European poplar-willow forests) included a total of 38 species of vascular plants. The tree stand are dominated by Populus alba L. Ta Ulmus laevis Pall.. The shrub layer are dominated by Acer tataricum L., Crataegus rhipidophylla Gand., and Sambucus nigra L., the herbaceous layer are dominated by Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm., Galium aparine L. Ta Stellaria media (L.) Vill. The total projective cover of herbaceous species is 25-30 %. For identification of plant communities, within which research was undertaken, we give it a syntaxonomy characteristic.
Class Salicetea purpureae Moor 1958 Ordo Salicetalia purpureae Moor 1958 Union Salicion albae R.Tx. 1955 All. Populetum albae Br.-Bl.1931
The soil invertebrates community included a total of 66 species representing 27 families and 10 orders and 6 classes from tree phylum (annelida, arthropods and molluscs) at the sampling polygon. Carabus ex-cellens is included in the Red Book of Dnepropetrovsk region and Carabus (s.str.) stscheglowi (Mannerheim, 1827) is included in the Red Book of Ukraine (Suma-rokov et al., 2018).
Soil profile description
The description was made in 5 May 2018 (additionally - 2 June) (Fig. 5, A). The poplar-willow forests in the floodplain of the inflow of Protich river (margin of the sand terrace of Dnipro river valley). The soil surface is relatively smooth. There is the litter consisted from leaves, not decayed, with a depth of 5-6 cm, projective cover is 90-100%. The projective cover ofthe grass layer is 25-30%. The parent material is alluvial sand. The groundwater level was 90 cm 5 May, 2 June the groundwater level was 122 cm. There are some traces of soil invertebrates activities, which are mixing horizons not exercise significant influence. There are no the visible soil neoformation, carbonate debris, accumulation of salts. Consistence is from friable to dense. The genetic profile type is humus differentiated. An intense carbonate effervescence after dilute hydrochloric acid treatment was occurred from the surface.
H0 (6-0 cm) - organogenic, forest litter with projected cover 90-100%.
Hdk (0-7 cm) - upper soddy carbonate humus-accumulative horizon. Yellow-red (10YR 4/2), interspersed with sand particles, tightly intertwined by roots of herbaceous plants. Dry. Clay sand. The structure is grain-dust. Consistence is friable. There are no cracks. The distinctness with next horizon is clear, may be detected on the basis of the color and consistence.
Hk (7-35 cm) - humus-accumulative carbonate horizon. Blue-gray (5B 5/1) interspersed with sand particles. Consistence is friable, slightly moist. Clay sand. There are some roots of shrubs. There are no cracks. Structureless. The distinctness with next horizon is gradual, may be detected on the basis of the wetness and texture.
Hpk (35-58 cm) - the upper transition carbonate horizon. Black (2.5Y 2.5/1). Consistence is friable, moist. Viscous, tacky. There are roots of shrubs. There are no cracks. Structureless. Consistence is dense. The distinctness with next horizon is gradual, may be detected on the basis of the color.
HPk (58-80 cm) - the transition carbonate horizon. Gray (10YR 6/1) interspersed with light-gray (2.5Y 7/1) sand particles. Sandy loam. Moderate-
Horizon
2(1 .TO 40
— 50 60
— 70
— 80 90 100
— isa
— 120
170 ISO
2-0
Hd 0-7
H 7-24
HP 24-43
Pall 43-54
1 $449
[HPgl] 69-94
PalgH 94-1 Oh
Palgl2 IC6-1U
Palgl3 111-133
PatGl 133-171
171-200
A
B
Fig. 5. The profile of alluvial meadow and forest deep loamy soil (Mollic Gleyic Fluvisol (Calcaric)) (A) and alluvial sod forest layered normal gley soil (Umbric Gleyic Fluvisol) (B)
Legend: A - H0 - organogenic, Hdk - upper soddy carbonate humus-accumulative horizon, H - humus-accumulative carbonate horizon, Hpk - the upper transition carbonate horizon, HPk - the transition carbonate horizon, Phglk - the transition carbonate gleysolic horizon, PkGl - carbonate gleysolic parent material; B - H0z - organogenic, Hd - upper soddy humus-accumulative horizon, H - humus-accumulative, HP - transition horizon, P 1 - alluvial horizon, [H1] - the first buried humus-accumulative horizon, [HPgl] - the buried gleysolic humus-accumulative horizon, Palgl1- the fist alluvial gleysolic horizon, Palgl2 - the second alluvial gleysolic horizon, Palgl3 - the third alluvial gleysolic horizon, P - alluvial gleysolic parent material
ly moist. Densed. There are no roots of shrubs and cracks. The distinctness with next horizon is abrupt, may be detected on the basis of the consistence.
Phglk (80-112 cm) - the transition carbonate gleysolic horizon. Blue-gray (10B 5/1), gradually brightens with the depth, moist. A dense, almost merged, sticky and plastic. Sandy loam, there are no cracks. The distinctness with next horizon is abrupt,
may be detected on the basis of the color and texture.
PkGl (112-122 cm) - carbonate gleysolic parent material. Yellow (5Y 6/2) sand. Wet. Densed, consists of large lumps of sand that disintegrate when pressed. Bordered by subsoil waters.
The working definition of soil: alluvial meadow and forest deep loamy soil (Mollic Gleyic Fluvisol (Calcaric).
The alluvial sod soils are formed in riverine floodplain within the natural reserve "Dnipro-Orilsky" on layered sandy alluvium. There are four subtypes in type of alluvial soil: primitive sod, sod underdeveloped, sod short profile and sod valid (Nakonechny, Pozniak, 2011). The weak participation of groundwater water in water regime of profile through a limited lifting height of capillary water in the sands is peculiarity of this soil type. The signs of gleization are poorly expressed or absent. The short profile soil are the most common types (Manyuk, 2005). Alluvial sod soils are formed at the highest parts of the floodplain. Profile of soils consisting of three genetic horizons - humus-accumulative (H), transition (Ph) and parent material (P). Humus horizon is gray, wet, compacted (Nakonechny, 2016). Sampling polygon № 26. The vegetation of flooded oak forest included a total of 60 species of vascular plants (Zhukov et al., 2017). The tree stand are dominated by Quercus robur Ta Ulmus laevis. The shrub layer are dominated by Rubus caesius Ta Amorpha fruticosa. The total projective cover of herbaceous species is 30-40 %. For identification of plant communities, within which research was undertaken, we give it a syntaxonomy characteristic.
Class Alno glutinosae-Populetea albae P. Fukarek et Fabijanic 1968 (a6o Carpino-Fagetea Passarge in Passarge et G. Hofmann 1968)
Ordo Alno-Fraxinetalia excelsioris Passarge et G. Hofmann 1968
Union Alnion incanae Pawlowski, Sokolowski et Wallisch 1928
Subunion Ulmenion minoris Oberdorfer 1953 -gy60B0-B'a30Bi 3annaBm rncu
The soil invertebrates community included a total of 34 species with a total abundance of 178.4 ± 26.9 ind./m2 (Zhukov et al., 2018). The earthworm is a dominant group, which constitute 38.8% of the total community abundance. Earthworms are presented by four ecological types: litter dwelling Dendrobaena octaedra, two species of the endegeic Aporrectodea trapezoides and Aporrectodea rosea and one species of the anecic Octodrilus transpadanus.
Soil profile description
The description was made in 3 October 2017 (Fig. 5, B). The oak forest in the floodplain of the Dni-pro river. The soil surface is relatively smooth. There is the litter consisted from leaves, not decayed, with a depth of 1.5-2 cm, projective cover is 30-40% digging extensively by boar. The parent material is alluvial sand. The groundwater level was 171 cm. There
are no the visible soil neoformation, carbonate debris, accumulation of salts. Consistence is dense. The genetic profile type is humus differentiated. There is no a carbonate effervescence after dilute hydrochloric acid treatment.
H0z (2-0 cm) - organogenic, forest litter with projected cover 30-40 %, digging extensively by boar.
Hd (0-7 cm) - upper soddy humus-accumulative horizon. Light-gray. Dry. Clay sand. Consistence is friable, tightly intertwined by roots of herbaceous plants. Structureless. The distinctness with next horizon is abrupt, may be detected on the basis of the consistence.
H (7-24 cm) - humus-accumulative. Light-gray. Slightly moist. Clay sand. Consistence is condensed, tightly intertwined by roots of herbaceous plants. Structureless. The distinctness with next horizon is graduated, may be detected on the basis of the consistence.
HP (24-43 cm) - transition horizon. Yellow-gray. Moderately moist. Clay sand. Structureless. Consistence is condensed. There are some roots of shrubs and trees. The distinctness with next horizon is abrupt, may be detected on the basis of the color.
Pal1 (43-54 cm) - alluvial horizon. Light-gray with rusty spots, which increase with depth. Sand. Slightly moist, structureless. There are occasionally vertical humus smudges. The distinctness with next horizon is diffuse, may be detected on the basis of the color.
[H1] (54-69 cm) - the first buried humus-accumulative horizon, structureless. Dark-gray. There are some roots. There are no cracks. Sand. Condensed. Slightly moist. There are occasionally vertical humus smudges. The distinctness with next horizon is graduated, may be detected on the basis of the color.
[HPgl] (69-94 cm) - the buried gleysolic humus-accumulative horizon. Dark-gray. ark red spots irregularly shaped 3-5 cm in diameter. There are some roots. There are no cracks. Sand. Condensed. Moderately moist. There are occasionally vertical humus smudges. The distinctness with next horizon is abrupt, may be detected on the basis of the color.
Palgl1 (94-106 cm) - the fist alluvial gleysolic horizon. Yellow-gray. Loose sand. Vertical humusovani smudges. The distinctness with next horizon is graduated, may be detected on the basis of the color.
Palgl2 (106-111 cm) - the second alluvial gleyso-lic horizon. Gray. Loose sand. Moderately moist. The distinctness with next horizon is graduated, may be detected on the basis of the color.
Palgl3 (111-133 cm) - the third alluvial gleysolic horizon. Red-rusty. Loose sand. Moderately moist.
The distinctness with next horizon is graduated, may be detected on the basis of the color.
Pa|G| (133-171 cm) - alluvial gleysolic parent material. Sand. Moderately moist. Dark-blue-gray, loose.
The working definition of soil: alluvial sod forest layered normal gley soil (Umbric Gleyic Fluvisol).
Floodplains are among the most young and dynamic landscape elements. They were formed in the Holocene and continue to develop rapidly (Parkhomenko, 2015). Floodplain ecosystems are complex natural systems that characterized by a large spatial variability (Reddy, Patrick, 1993; Stolt, 2001; Rinklebe, Langer, 2006). The soils in the floodplain habitats are affected by erosion and the effects of sedimentation and transformation and translocation of substances which generally has the permanent effect, which forms veins and layers of sand or clay deposits, and varying degrees of accumulation of humus (Wälder et al., 2008). The floodplain soils are significantly affected by the underlying processes of rocks and parent materials, variability of standing groundwater, past and current velocity of water flow in the river, relief positions, approaching the river or dam and anthropogenic impacts (Wälder et al., 2008). Floodplain soils are seen as complex and polygenetical and polychronos formation, reflecting the long stages and litho-geomorphological paedogenesis and geological structure of river valleys (Mikhailyuk, 2001).
Floodplain of the Dnipro river is formed by furcation type. The genetic zones of the modern floodplain are formed due channel furcation, superimposed on genetic areas associated with the degree of remoteness from the mainstream, ie attenuation of alluvial tension. The floodplain relief is considered as segment systems within each of which formed riverine, floodplain and central plant conditions (Mirkin, 1974). The area of the floodplain is periodically covered by floodwater, after which the recession on soil surface is silt, which determines the morphological characteristics, properties and fertility of alluvial soils and lithology. The alluvial soils form a complex mosaic structure of soil cover due to unequal treatment of flood waters in different parts of the floodplain (Manyuk, 2005). Conclusions
1. The biogeocenotic approach is the chain that connects the landscape structure, the diversity of soil cover, and diversities of the plant and animal communities. The functional, spatial and temporal properties of ecosystems in landscape context can be expressed by catena. Within the natural reserve
«Dnipro-Orilsky» catena covers of the floodplain and sand terraces biogeocoenoses.
2. The biogeocoenosis concept is a basis for integration of the pedocatena, phytocatena and zoocatena. Catena approach is the framework for a monitoring system landscape diversity both at the level of individual component biogeocoenosis (edaphotop, phytocenosis, and zoocenosis) and biogeocoenosis level in terms of its horizontal and vertical structure and at the landscape level as a whole interconnected system.
3. The traditional idea of catena as a set of eluvial, transit and accumulative positions in a complex and diverse landscape is not able to cover the most important environmental gradients modes. The complexity of the landscape is due to relief diversity and the effects of anthropogenic transformation biogeocenotic cover. Catena therefore can be seen as a multilevel hierarchical system of the biogeocenotic polygons needed to consider the diversity of physiographic conditions and anthropogenic gradients.
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