CC BY
9QbSUMUb УРвУЮ SCIENTIFIC ARTSAKH НАУЧНЫЙ АРЦАХ № 1 (20), 2024
hrU4.U4hSntG3ntb, JURISPRUDENCE, ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИЯ
THE BLOCKADE, DEPOPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARTSAKH
AND INTERNATIONAL LAW *
UDC 341.1/.8 DOI: 10.52063/25792652-2024.1.20-9
AVETIK HARUTYUNYAN
Union of Young Scientists and Specialists of Artsakh (UYSSA), Founder-Chairman; «Scientific Artsakh» Journal, Editor-in-Chief;
Chamber of Advocates of the Republic of Armenia, Advocate; «A VE JUS» Law Firm, Founder, French University in Armenia (UFAR), Lecturer, Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor, Stepanakert, the Republic of Artsakh (NKR) avetiq.hh@gmail. com ORCID: 0000-0002-9834-0083
SONA HAYRAPETYAN
Yerevan State University, Department of State and Theory of Law, Ph.D. Student;
«Tatoyan» Foundation, Center for Law and Justice, Legal Counsel; Yerevan, the Republic of Armenia hayrapetyansona21@gmail. com ORCID: 0009-0006-0507-756X
The purpose of this article is to present the planned actions aimed at depopulating Artsakh, the crimes committed, and the continuous violations of the rights of Artsakh Armenians, carried out within the framework of the ongoing Armenophobic policy of the Azerbaijani authorities.
To present the events in Artsakh accurately, the authors have set out not only to study Azerbaijan's state policy, events, and international legal acts but also to conduct fact-finding activities during the periods of blockade and forced displacement of Artsakh Armenians, and subsequent to those events.
While conducting studies within the framework of the article, both general scientific and specific methods were used to present an objective picture of the events that occurred and to highlight violations of human rights, fundamental freedoms, and crimes as stipulated by relevant international legal acts. Within the scope of the article's topic, a collation and comparative study of primary sources concerning specific facts were undertaken, along with examination, analysis, and comparison of international legal acts and doctrinal interpretations related to them.
* Япф4шЬ|] libp^oijmgi4b[ t 03.03.2024р., фш^пиф[' 17.04.2024p., rnqoiqpnLpjoil QliiyiLlii4bf 30.04.2024p.:
Additionally, documents related to international conventions were scrutinized, existing facts and legal acts were combined, and logical analysis was performed.
As a result of a comprehensive study, it can be unequivocally stated that, on September 19, 2023, Azerbaijan continued its genocidal policy in Artsakh, not being held accountable for numerous violations of human rights and war crimes ultimately leading to the complete depopulation of Artsakh.
Keywords: Artsakh, forced displacement of Artsakh Armenians, war crimes, Armenophobic policy of Azerbaijan, blockade, depopulation of Artsakh, crimes against humanity, international law.
INTRODUCTION
THE BLOCKADE OF ARTSAKH AND THE PREPARATION OF MILITARY OPERATIONS
In the framework of the Armenophobic state policy of the Azerbaijani government, the beginning of the inhumane and illegal actions against the Artsakh Armenians, as well as the common goal of depopulating Artsakh, was initiated when a group of Azerbaijanis pretending to be "eco-activists", acting as so-called "independent environmentalists" or "participants of the civil movement", in 2022 on December 12, around 10:30 in the morning, closed the only road connecting Artsakh to Armenia and the outside world, which is also known as the "Lachin (Berdzor) Corridor". After the closure of the road, the entire civilian population of Artsakh was under complete blockade and isolation, facing massive human rights violations and security threats for more than 10 months.
From the very beginning of the closure of the "Road of Life", the close connection of "eco-activists" with the Azerbaijani government was evident, and further analysis of the evidence regarding some representatives of these groups showed that these people were controlled and managed by the Azerbaijani authorities and were not actually participants of the environmental movement ("Tatoyan" Foundation, Human Rights Ombudsman of Artsakh, The Azerbaijani government's "eco-activist" agents, 3-12).
During the war between September 27 and November 9, 2020, and subsequently throughout the blockade, Azerbaijan's criminal policies and actions have resulted in widespread and serious violations of fundamental human rights as guaranteed by numerous international legal instruments. In particular, several basic human rights guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Artsakh were violated, including the right to life (Article 24), the right to physical and mental integrity (Article 25), the prohibition of torture, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment (Article 26), the right to education (Article 38), the property right (Article 60), the right to health care and medical assistance (Article 84), the right to freedom of movement and choice of residence (Article 40), the right to engage in economic activity (Article 58), and others.
The closure of the "Lachin Corridor" by Azerbaijani authorities has been confirmed as a matter of criminal policy. This argument was further validated by the rulings of international courts. On February 22, 2023, the International Court of Justice at The Hague issued a decision affirming that "there is an immediate danger of irreparable damage to the rights of Armenians within the framework of the Convention and forced Azerbaijan to take all necessary measures to ensure the passage of persons, transport uninterrupted movement of funds and cargo in both directions" (Order-2023/1, 5).
And despite the decision rendered by the International Court of Justice of the United Nations, which, incidentally, is obligatory for implementation, Azerbaijan not only failed to comply with the decision's requirements but also exacerbated the conditions of
10
the blockade in 2023. Starting from April 23rd, Azerbaijani state services installed checkpoints and blocked the Goris-Stepanakert Road in two sections, near Shushi and close to the Hakar bridge. Consequently, the Yeghtsahogh, Hin Shen, Mets Shen, and Lisagor communities of the Shushi region in the Republic of Artsakh found themselves under a dual siege. As a result, these illegal checkpoints effectively isolated several communities in Artsakh from the external world, subjecting them to a state of siege.
The blockade of Artsakh by Azerbaijan, the disruption of its civil infrastructure (electricity and gas cuts), as well as the persistent armed attacks, forced starvation and severe conditions, were aimed at ethnic cleansing by creating intolerable conditions for ensuring the vital rights of Artsakh Armenians ("Tatoyan" foundation and Human Rights Ombudsman of Artsakh, Joint report Children of Artsakh in Azerbaijani blockade, 3-4). Thus, for almost 10 months, approximately 120,000 people, including 30,000 children, lacked access to essential necessities such as medicine, food, and fuel. Consequently, on August 16, 2023, the first case of starvation was officially documented in Artsakh, corroborated by medical opinion on the cause of death (Statement).
In addition to closing the Lachin Corridor, Azerbaijan has deliberately disrupted the operation of Artsakh's most critical infrastructures, intending to exacerbate the already alarming humanitarian crisis and inflict excessive human suffering on the people of Artsakh. People, especially children, pregnant women and the elderly, face serious health problems due to malnutrition. Artsakh lacked the most basic food and vital products. In that context, the Azerbaijani authorities deliberately, without the intention of opening the Lachin (Berdzor) corridor, proposed to replace the Berdzor (Lachin) road with the Akna (Aghdam) road, which, first of all, Azerbaijan will use to promote its Armenophobic policy, as an enhanced tool of pressure on the Artsakh Armenians. Moreover, it implies Azerbaijan's disregard for international norms and suggests a true prospect of unchecked behavior without any accountability mechanisms ("Tatoyan" Foundation, 11-14).
As a result, on September 19, 2023, Azerbaijan initiated a military attack against Artsakh, with an initial focus on targeting civilian populations. During the military operations, the Azerbaijani armed forces aimed to instill fear and chaos among civilians by deliberately targeting civilian settlements and vital infrastructures. The published facts and analyses prove that the Azerbaijani side specifically targeted essential civil infrastructures, such as the water supply system in the city of Stepanakert, rendering it incapable of providing clean drinking water to the city. Ethnic cleansing and Armenphobic criminal policy are also evidenced by the fact that the Azerbaijani armed forces started military operations at 1:00 p.m. when children were in schools and kindergartens, and people were at their workplaces, as a result of which there were two dozen victims and hundreds of wounded among the civilian population (Stepanakert, Sarnaghbyur, Vardadzor villages, etc.) (Statement). Moreover, as a consequence of military airstrikes, thousands of people lost contact with their families, and civilian settlements became isolated from each other, as all inter-community roads fell under the control of Azerbaijani armed forces.
As a consequence, tens of thousands of civilians were forcibly displaced from their homes and communities after enduring nearly 10 months of blockade conditions.
The policies and crimes committed by Azerbaijan align closely with the framework of the crimes established by several international legal documents. These include Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted on December 9, 1948, and extend to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which outlines the offences of genocide and ethnic cleansing in Articles 6 and 7 of its charter.
DEPOPULATION OF ARTSAKH AS A RESULT OF AZERBAIJAN'S MILITARY ACTIONS AND STATE ARMENOPHOBIC POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW
The 10-month blockade imposed by Azerbaijani authorities on Artsakh Armenians, coupled with their planned Armenophobic policy, culminated in an armed attack on September 19, 2023. This attack roughly violated the prohibition of war stipulated by UN's charter and numerous other fundamental principles of international law, including the trilateral statement of November 9, 2020 (Harutyunyan, Grigoryan, 9-23). The general context, trends, objectives, and conduct of Azerbaijan in planning and executing these actions, alongside the ongoing criminal policies, clearly implicate offenses outlined in Articles 6 and 7 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Specifically, these offenses encompass genocide and crimes against humanity.
First of all, the failure of Azerbaijan to adhere to the terms outlined in the 2020 ceasefire agreement, particularly regarding transit through the Lachin Corridor and the cessation of hostilities, constitutes a "substantial breach" of the agreement, which is defined by the Vienna Convention on the Law of International Treaties as "a violation of a provision essential to the accomplishment of the object or purpose of the treaty " (Article 60(3)). Significant ceasefire violations are regulated in the Regulations annexed to Hague Convention IV of 1907 (the treaty uses the term "armistice" to refer to what is now commonly called a "ceasefire").
As a member of the United Nations, Azerbaijan is obligated under the UN Charter to undertake necessary measures for the "universal respect and preservation of human rights and fundamental freedoms, without discrimination of race, sex, language, or religion." Regardless of the extent to which states have ratified specific international human rights treaties, they must uphold internationally recognized human rights, which extend to all individuals within the state's jurisdiction, regardless of their nationality. The framework and extent of Azerbaijan's international commitments concerning human rights are outlined in treaties ratified by Azerbaijan, international customary law, and various soft law documents.
Furthermore, Azerbaijan has ratified the main UN human rights treaties, including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESC), among others. Moreover, on December 10, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), recognized as "the common standard of achievement of all peoples and all nations," which delineates fundamental human rights universally deserving protection. It is acknowledged that numerous provisions of the Declaration, if not the entire document, reflect customary international law itself. Consequently, states are bound by the norms outlined in the Declaration's provisions, regardless of whether they have expressly undertaken them in a specific treaty or ratified them.
Particularly crucial are the rights to life, equality, and the prohibition of discrimination. The principle of non-discrimination is embedded in Article 55(c) of the UN Charter and detailed further in Article 2 of the Declaration. The final clause defines that "everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status " Article 7 of the Declaration additionally asserts that all individuals are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. During its first session, the General Assembly announced that ending religious and racial persecution and
discrimination was imperative for humanity's welfare, emphasizing their contradiction with the letter and spirit of the declaration. Non-discrimination and equality are also fundamental rights enshrined in all major international and regional human rights treaties and instruments. The entire human rights framework is based on the principles of equality and non-discrimination.
Certain provisions concerning human rights have not only attained the status of customary international law but are also acknowledged as binding norms of international law, or jus cogens norms. This implies that these norms are universally accepted and recognized by the international community as standards from which no deviation or limitation is permissible. While an exhaustive list of recognized jus cogens norms does not exist, it is generally understood that they principally encompass arbitrary deprivation of life, torture, enforced disappearance, slavery and forced labor, prolonged arbitrary detention, systematic racial discrimination and apartheid, genocide, crimes against humanity, and military crimes (including military operations against civilians).
Consequently, Azerbaijan is a party to the four Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and is also a party to the Hague Convention and Protocol for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. Of particular significance is Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions. This article outlines protections for civilians and non-combatants. It mandates all parties involved to, at the very least, uphold the principle that individuals not actively engaged in hostilities be treated with humanity, without discrimination. It prohibits acts of violence against life and person, encompassing acts such as murder, mutilation, ill-treatment, and torture, as well as hostage-taking, violations of personal dignity, and extrajudicial executions. Furthermore, parties to armed conflicts are obliged to adhere consistently to the principles of distinction, proportionality, and taking preventive measures. This means that the parties must distinguish between civilian targets and legitimate military targets. Attacks are prohibited when they are expected to result in disproportionate harm to civilians or civilian infrastructure compared to the concrete and direct military advantage expected. Parties must also take all possible measures to prevent and, in any case, minimize accidental civilian casualties, injuries, and damage to civilian objects.
Azerbaijan bears responsibility for all violations of international humanitarian law committed by its armed forces or individuals acting under its command or authority. The issue of accountability for breaches of international humanitarian law is more specifically regulated by international criminal law, within this framework, considering international legal norms, it is imperative to highlight that, from the perspective of international criminal law, Azerbaijan's actions, including the closure of the Lachin Corridor and the almost 10-month blockade of the 120,000 Armenian population, leading to starvation, as well as the war initiated against Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) on September 19-20, 2023, and the subsequent crimes committed, are genocide and crimes against humanity.
Norms prohibiting genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes are considered binding norms of international law (jus cogens), indicating that no deviation from these norms is permissible. According to international law, the recognition of crimes as jus cogens norms entails the obligation of states to prosecute and punish the perpetrators, the non-application of statutes of limitations for such crimes, and the acknowledgement of universal jurisdiction over such crimes, regardless of their location, the identities of the parties involved, or the victims. Additionally, various sources of international law and United Nations policy declare that amnesties are impermissible if they prevent the prosecution of individuals who may bear criminal responsibility for war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, or other gross human rights violations.
According to Article 6 of the ICC Statute, "genocide" means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
At the same time, according to Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its
physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
The blockade of Artsakh by Azerbaijan in the post-war period, and the war crimes committed thereafter, provide evidence of intentional genocide by Azerbaijan against the indigenous Armenian people of Artsakh through tactics such as starvation, denial of access to medical care, and lack of hygiene supplies.
Luis Moreno Ocampo, the first prosecutor of the International Criminal Court and a lecturer at Harvard and Yale universities, also highlighted in his prepared expert report that "the policy pursued by Azerbaijan against the Armenian population of the Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) as a result of the blockade of the Lachin Corridor contains crimes against humanity and constitutes grounds for genocide" (Ocampo, 22).
According to Article 7 of the Rome Statute, "crime against humanity" means any of the following acts when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack:
(a) Murder;
(b) Extermination;
(c) Enslavement;
(d) Deportation or forcible transfer of population;
(e) Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of fundamental rules of international law;
(f) Torture;
(g) Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity;
(h) Persecution against any identifiable group or collectivity on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender as defined in paragraph 3, or other grounds that are universally recognized as impermissible under international law, in connection with any act referred to in this paragraph or any crime within the jurisdiction of the Court;
(i) Enforced disappearance of persons;
(j) The crime of apartheid;
(k) Other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health.
On October 12, 2023, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) addressed the humanitarian and human rights crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh in
response to the Azerbaijani military operation initiated on September 19, 2023. The Assembly believes that this will require genuine, immediate and public investment on the part of Azerbaijan in clear and unequivocal statements, accompanied by discussions with the relevant parties on the concrete measures which will be put in place to protect the security and linguistic, religious, cultural and other minority rights of Armenians from this region. Any expressions of intolerance or revenge for past events are particularly unwelcome during this period, and the Assembly calls upon Azerbaijan to pay particular attention to this aspect. The Assembly not only emphasized the genuine threat of physical destruction in Nagorno-Karabakh, the longstanding policy of animosity toward Armenians in Azerbaijan but also the lack of confidence in their future normalization by the Azerbaijani authorities (PACE, Resolution 2517 (2023)).
When interpreting acts of forced displacement under the article, it is essential for both "deportation" and "forcible transfer" that the displacement takes place under coercion. The essential element in establishing coercion is that the displacement be involuntary in nature, where the persons concerned had no real choice. In addition, the displacement must be unlawful (Prosecutor v. Radoslav Br\anin, 203-204). Yet it is the absence of "genuine choice" that makes displacement unlawful (Prosecutor v. Milorad Krnojelac, 102). In the context of the constant threats of further escalations, rising tensions, instability and insecurity, evacuation can be characterized as anything but a "genuine choice" (Judgement, Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic, 186). Azerbaijan's claims that Armenians voluntarily left the region failed to convince anyone (Statement, France Diplomacy).
In its decision of November 23, 2023, the ICJ also recorded the fact of the forcible displacement of Artsakh Armenians, noting that civilians were forced to leave their homes, fearing that they would be targeted because of their Armenian nationality (Order, Armenia). v. Azerbaijan, 15).
CONCLUSION
The brazen and genocidal actions undertaken by the Azerbaijani authorities are a direct consequence of the international community's failure to impose sanctions on them as required by international law following the war unleashed in 2020, which led to war crimes against over 120,000 Armenians residing in Artsakh and forced displacement from their homeland.
Consequently, without being held accountable for numerous human rights violations and war crimes in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh), Azerbaijan continued its genocidal policies on September 19, 2023, and successfully achieved its stated objective of creating an "Artsakh without Armenians", which was followed by the forcible displacement of Artsakh Armenians and ongoing territorial and other claims against the sovereign Republic of Armenia.
To prevent violations of the rights of Artsakh Armenians and address the threats to the Armenian people and their collective existence, we propose the following measures:
• Establishing a professional group composing leaders from Armenia and Artsakh, diplomats, military officials, and internationally recognized specialists. These individuals will contribute their authority and connections to internationalize the issue of forcible displacement of Artsakh Armenians and the return of Artsakh Armenians to their homeland.
• Organizing regular meetings and discussions to present events that took place in Artsakh to the international community.
• Conducting a comprehensive study of existing fact-finding materials and creating a collective document representing all countries with direct and indirect regional interests at international platforms.
• Initiating international judicial processes based on fact-finding missions to hold Azerbaijan's military-political leadership accountable within the framework of the International Criminal Court statute.
• Initiating international legal processes to preserve the cultural heritage of Artsakh, engaging the UN and other relevant organizations.
• Establishing an international peacekeeping mission in accordance with the UN Charter to ensure the right of return for Artsakh Armenians and preserve the national identity of Artsakh Armenians in Artsakh.
REFERENCES
1. УЦЬт^р Яш^^пьЦшЪ, ишр^ши Qp^qnp^U. «2020 p. Unjbdpbp^ 9-^ «LbnUoij^U Пшршрш^и ^Рш^ ^ш^шрЬдишЪ» Ьгсш^п^и hшJmшpшpnLpjшU ^ршЦшршЬш^шЪ nLdU nL hbrn^UpUbpp», О-ртшЦшЬ Ырдш^, h.2, N 17, 2023, t2 923, DOI: 10.52063/25792652-2023.2.17-9:
2. "Center for Law and Justice Tatoyan" Foundation and Human Rights Ombudsman of Artsakh. "The Azerbaijani Government's "Eco-activist" Agents who Blockaded the Road of Life Path Connecting Artsakh with the World", joint report, https://tatoyanfoundation.org/wp-
content/uploads/2023/02/EC0 ACTIVISTS 22.02.2023V2.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3njroTYg9Qu wD6BL4U4PRiFKQGfDqbVgMxkjQm 6Uu 30E239afHBm4Ew. Available: 15.04.2024.
3. The Order of the International Court of Justice, 2 February 2023, https://www.icj-cij.org/node/202558. Available: 15.04.2024.
4. International Court of Justice. Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/180/180-20230222-SUM-01-00-EN.pdf. Available: 15.04.2024.
5. "Center for Law and Justice Tatoyan" Foundation and Human Rights Ombudsman of Artsakh. "Children of Artsakh in Azerbaijani Blockade: Inflicting Sufferings by Ethnic Cleansing (evidence-based analysis)", Joint report, February 2023, https://tatoyanfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Childrens-rights -
report final 28.02.2023-
verjnakan.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3GHi3RhRIGL0fHj r1cBECzM45H69YYrLf JlSfsT-6gglJtePx0y0rCw. Available: 15.04.2024.
6. "Center for Law and Justice Tatoyan" Foundation, statement, https://tatoyanfoundation.org/arcaxum-sovamahuthyan-depkhn-irakan-e/. Available: 15.04.2024.
7. "Center for Law and Justice Tatoyan" Foundation. "Opening of the Akna (Aghdam) Road is an Existential Threat for Artsakh Armenians and not an Alternative to the Berdzor (Lachin) corridor", urgent report, August 2023, https://tatoyanfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/opening-of-the-Akna-road-is-an-existential-threat-for-Artsakh-Armenians-1.pdf. Available: 15.04.2024.
8. "Center for Law and Justice Tatoyan" Foundation, Statement, https://tatoyanfoundation.org/phastahavakh-ashxatankhneri-ardyunkhner/. Available: 15.04.2024.
9. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf . Available: 15.04.2024.
10. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, entered into force for the Republic of Armenia on June 23, 1993, https://www.arlis.am/DocumentView.aspx?DocID=75835. ЯшишЪЬ^ t 15.04.2024.
11. Luis Moreno Ocampo, Genocide against Armenians in 2023, expert opinion, New York, August 7, 2023,_ https://luismorenoocampo.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Armenia-Report-Expert-Qpinion.pdf. Available: 11.04.2024.
12. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. The Humanitarian Situation in Nagorno Karabakh, Resolution 2517 (2023), https://pace.coe.int/en/files/33145/html. Available: 16.04.2024.
13. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. The judgement of Prosecutor v. Radoslav Br\anin, Case No. IT-99-36-T, 1 September 2004 https://www.icty.org/x/cases/brdanin/tjug/en/brd-tj040901e.pdf. Available: 15.04.2024.
14. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. The judgement of Prosecutor v. Milorad Krnojelac, Case No. IT-97-25-A, 17 September 2003, https://www.icty.org/x/cases/krnojelac/aciug/en/krn-aj030917e.pdf. Available: 05.04.2024.
15. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. The judgement of Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, 02 August 2001, https://www.icty.org/x/cases/krstic/tjug/en/krs-tj010802e.pdf. Available: 15.04.2024.
16. Evidence is available at the following links: https://clck.ru/3AHB7v; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCKBGr5BMfI&t=710s; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= UZWQoJe2TJw. Available: 10.04.2024.
17. Evidence is available at the following links: https://clck.ru/3AHBCE. Available: 15.04.2024.
18. International Court of Justice. Order, Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Request for the indication of provisional measures, 17 November 2023, https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/180/180-20231117-ord-01-00-en.pdf. Available: 11.04.2024.
WORKS CITED
1. Avetiq Harut'yunyan, Mariam Grigoryan. «2020 t'. noyemberi 9-i «Ler'nayin Gharabaghum kraki dadarecman» Er'akoghm haytararut'yan iravabanakan ujhn u hetevanqnery'», Erevan, [Legal Force and Implications of the Tripartite Statement "On Ceasefire In Nagorno-Karabakh" Of November 9, 2020, Yerevan] 2023.
игзиюь ^ULPU^bSnhfaSUL СГЭиФиЧПШС, ЯиЗи^иФПШС ЬЧ
иьэиэ^изьъ ьги^пьъес
uabSbe яигпьгазпьъзиъ
ирдшур Ьр^тшишрр дртЬшЦшЫЬрр LL ьГшиЬшдЬтЬЬрр
фшЦпр^шЬ (UbO-UU) ЬриЬшфр hшушqшh, «О-ртшЦшЬ ирдш¡у» щшррЬршЦшЬр дУшЦпр уфшдрр,
ЯЯ фшитшршЬЬЬрр щш[шт^ фшитшршЬ, «иЯ.Ь ЗПШ» фшишшршЬшЦшЬ дршиЬЦшЦр hfiUhшфp, ^ШJШumшЬnLd &ршЬиршЦшЬ hшdшLuшpшbfi ршишупи, рршЦшршЬшЦшЬ qfimnLfflnLLbbpfi рЬЦЬшдпц рпдЬЬт, f. итЬфшЬшЦЬрт, ирдшур ^шbpшщhmnLpJnLb
ипъи яизги^ьэзиъ
Ьр^шЬр щЬтшЦшЬ hшüш[uшршU| ppшЦшqpmnLßJшh фшQnL[mbm| щbmnLpJшll LL pршЦnLЬpp mbunLpJшU шфрпЬр шищрршЬт, hршЦnLйp| LL шрtyшрnLpJшl ЦЫтрпЬ «&шрп]шЬ» h|üUш^ршü| |^ршЦшfynрhрtyшmnL, д. Ьр^шЬ, ^ш]шитшЬр ^шЬршщЬт^рпЬ
UnLjb hn^^ö^ Ъщштш^Ъ t ЪЬп^шдЪЬ ^2NшbnLpjnLbbbпK
hшJшmJшg рш^шрш^шЪ^^шЪ 2шпnLbш4ш4шbnLpJшb 2П2шЪш^й ^пш^шЪшдЦш0 Упдш^р hшJшpшфblnL щ[шЬшЦппЦш0 ЧПП0П^Р>]П1ЪЪЬПР, ^пш^шЪшдЦш0 hшbgшqnпönLpjnLbbbПQ й шпgш^шhшJnLpjшb ^пшЦпьЪрЪЬп^ 2шппьЬш4ш4ши nmbшhшпnLJQ:
Uпgш^nLJ тЬф nLbшgшöQ ЬЬп^шишдЬЬ^ hшJшп hbфbш4bbПQ ^Ъфп ЬЪ ^пЬ[ nLunLÜUшu^пbLnL n^ J^uijb У^прЬ2шй^ щЬтш^шЪ рш^шрш^шЪ^р^Ъо, тЬф ^ЪЬдш0 ^пш^шп^р^ЪЪЬпр й фшЦш^шЪ ш^тЬпр, шдй
^ш^шЪшдпЬ ЬЪ фшumшhшЦшß ш2^штшЪрЪЬП шпgшfaшhшJnLpJшb 2П2шфш^йшЪ, pnb^ mbqшhшbnLpJшb dшJшbш4ш2П2шbbbпnLJ й ^пшЪ^д hbsn тЬф nLbbgшö ФП^^ПЬЪЪЬП^ ФПШРЬПМ:
2П2шЪш^й nLunLdЪшuфnLpjnLbbbп фш^шЪшдЪ^^и оцтшцппвЦ^ ЬЪ рЪфшЪ^п ч^тш^шЪ й фЪфЬт JbpnQbb^ тЬф nLbbgшö фш^шп^р^ЪЪЬп^ opjb^s^4 щшт^Ьпр bbп4шJшgbbLnL, ^щЬи Ъшй hшJшщшmшufaшb фшЦш^шЪ ш^тЬппЦ шфшчпЦш0 йшп^ фшфьЪрЪЬп^ й h^dЪшпшп шqшmnLpJnLbbbп^ faш^mnLdЪbпQ й hшbgшqnпönLpJnLbbbпQ bbп4шJшgbbLnL hшJшп: О-^тш^шЪ hn^^öp 2шпш^п^^и фпшпЦЬ bb фЪфЬт фшитЬп^Ъ ЦЬпшрЬпп^ u4qpbшQPJnLПbbп^ hшJшQпJшb й hшJbJшmш4шb nLunLdЪшu^пnLpjшb, ^пшЪд ЦЬпшрЬпп^ ф2шqqшJ^Ъ фшЦш^шЪ ш^тЬп^ й Qn4mп^bшL Jb4bшpшbnLpJnLbbbп^ рЪЪш^шЪ 4b^nLÖnLp^b nL hшJbJшmnLpjшb, ф2шqqшJ^b фb4bbg^шbbп^b ЦЬпшрЬпп^ фшитшр^рЬп^ nLunLd^u^nLp^b, шп^ш фшитЬп^ nL фшЦш^шЪ ш^тЬп^ hшJшQпnLpJшb й mпшJшpшbш4шb 4b^nLönLp^b ЦЪрп^ЪЬпо:
Яшйшщшпфш^ nLunLÜЪшu^пnLpJшb шпН-jnLbfnLÜ ^шп^^ t humшфпbb b2bL, ПП Упдш^^й йшп^ ^пшЦпьЪрЪЬп^ pшqJшp^Ц ^ш^mnLÜЪbп^ й ^q^^b hшbgшqnпönLpJnLbbbп^ hшJшп ^П^ПЦ n^ ф щшmшu^шbшmЦnLpJnLbx UQПPb2шbp 2023 p. иЬщтЬфЬп^ 19-^Ъ 2ШПП1ЪШ^Ь t ф дЬ^шищшЪш^шЪ ^^^^bnLpjnLbp* hшubbLnЦ Упдш^^ ШФП^Ш^ШЪ hшJшpшфJшbp:
Я^йЬшршпЬр4 Ырдш^, шрgшfaшhшJnLpJшl pnhp lлhцшhшlnLpJnLü, щшmbршqüшQшU hшlgшqnрónLßJnLllЬр, ЩррЬршЬ/ hшJшmJшg
pшцшpшЦшlnLpJnLl, 2P2шфшЦnLÜ, ирдш^р hшJшpшфnLÜ, üшрцЦnLpJшll r\bü ыццЦшд hшЬgшqnрönLßJnLЬЬhр, ü|2шqqшJ|b |lршЦnLbp:
БЛОКАДА, ДЕПОПУЛЯЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ АРЦАХ И МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ПРАВО
АВЕТИК АРУТЮНЯН
учредитель и председатель Объединения молодых ученых и специалистов Арцаха (ОМУСА); главный редактор Журнала «Научный Арцах», адвокат Палаты адвокатов Республики Армения; учредитель юридической фирмы «AVE JUS», преподаватель Французского университета в Армении (UFAR), кандидат юридических наук, доцент, г. Степанакерт, Республика Арцах (НКР) 18
СОНА АЙРАПЕТЯН
аспирант кафедры теории государства и права Ереванского государственного университета, юрисконсульт центра закона и справедливости фонда «Татоян» г. Ереван, Республика Армения
Целью данной статьи является представление спланированных действий, направленных на депопуляцию Арцаха, а также совершенных преступлений и постоянных нарушений прав арцахских армян, осуществляемых в рамках продолжающейся армянофобской политики азербайджанских властей.
Для достоверного освещения событий в Арцахе авторы поставили перед собой задачу не только изучить государственную политику Азербайджана, события и международно-правовые акты, но и провести работу по сбору фактов в периоды блокады и насильственного переселения арцахских армян, а также после этих событий.
При проведении исследований в рамках статьи использовались как общенаучные, так и специальные методы, позволяющие представить объективную картину произошедших событий и выявить нарушения прав человека, основных свобод и преступления, предусмотренные соответствующими международно-правовыми актами. В рамках темы статьи было проведено обобщение и сравнительное изучение первоисточников, касающихся конкретных фактов, а также изучение, анализ и сравнение международно-правовых актов и доктринальных толкований, связанных с ними. Кроме того, были тщательно изучены документы, относящиеся к международным конвенциям, объединены имеющиеся факты и правовые акты, проведен логический анализ.
В результате всестороннего исследования можно однозначно утверждать, что 19 сентября 2023 года Азербайджан продолжил свою геноцидальную политику в Арцахе, не понеся ответственности за многочисленные нарушения прав человека и военные преступления, которые в конечном итоге привели к полной депопуляции Арцаха.
Ключевые слова: Арцах, насильственное перемещение арцахских армян, военные преступления, армянофобская политика Азербайджана, блокада, депопуляция Арцаха, преступления против человечности, международное право.
