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PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL EDUCATION ISSN 2413 1571 (Print)
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Ф1ЗИКО-МАТЕМАТИЧНА ОСВ1ТА
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Сороко Н.В. Функцп доповненоÏ реальнот для п'дтримки STEAM oceimu в закладах загально)' oceimu. Ф'зико-математичнаосв'та. 2021. Випуск3(29). С. 24-30.
Soroko N. The augmented reality functions to support the STEAM education at general education institutions. Physical and Mathematical Education. 2021. Issue 3(29). Р. 24-30.
DOI 10.31110/2413-1571-2021-029-3-004 UDC 373.3/.5.091-026.911:004.946
N. Soroko
Institute of Information Technologies and Learning Tools of NAES of Ukraine, Ukraine
nvsoroko@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0002-9189-6564
THE AUGMENTED REALITY FUNCTIONS TO SUPPORT THE STEAM EDUCATION AT GENERAL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
ABSTRACT
The paper considers immersive technologies in education. Augmented reality classifications are provided depending on the data presentation methods, the type of AR devices, according to the type of information provided by the augmented reality, and the areas of use. The importance of augmented reality in education, in particular for the support and development of STEAM education in school, is determined. An example of a STEAM project for a secondary school using augmented reality is given.
Formulation of the problem. The need for research due to various factors impact on education, namely increased requirements for competitive youth, pandemic caused COVID-19, increasing the role of distance and online learning, digitalization of various human activities, giving special importance to digital literacy, inquiry-based science education, project-based learning, challenge-based Jearning, etc. A significant problem arises in the process of organizing practical and laboratory classes in non-humanities, where the formation of competencies takes place in the process of using laboratory equipment and inter-action with technical facilities. Therefore, the main task of our study is to replace real laboratory equipment with virtual, which is implemented by virtual (VR) and augmented reality (AR) and is one of the possible approaches in terms of distance learning, STEAM education approach and quarantine.
Materials and methods. To achieve the purpose of our study we used the following methods: a systematic and comparative analysis of pedagogical, psychological, philosophical, sociological findings, methodological and specialized literature; analysis of the pedagogical experience of using the AR for STEAM approach in school; synthesis and generalization to formulate the main points of the study; interviews and questionnaires of teachers about their understanding and attitude to augmented reality as a means of supporting STEAM education in school; interpretation of the research results.
Results. Teachers were interviewed about their attitudes and understanding of AR to support STEAM education and to identify the main augmented reality functions in conducting STEAM projects in schools. Conclusions are made on the attitude of teachers to the use of augmented reality to support and develop STEAM education and the main augmented reality functions, which teachers consider the most important for students to implement STEAM projects.
Conclusions. AR applications can enhance the learning process, learning motivation and effectiveness; help teachers to overlay information, visuals, and different forms of content on an ordinary chalkboard, providing contextual and relevant results, to enhance learning; improve student performance, help focus the user's attention on specific tasks.
AR bring significant specifics to the teachers' professional activities and student learning, to the transformation of the content of education. AR provide the formation and development of a new information method of presentation and assimilation of material, are high-tech didactic tools.
Our further research is the creation of algorithms for the use of AR for lessons and projects using the STEAM approach, which will improve the quality of education at general education institutions.
KEY WORDS: Immersive technologies, augmented reality, STEAM education, STEAM approach, STEM education, general education institution.
INTRODUCTION
The rapid development of the information society significantly contributes to the deepening of research and the emergence of new areas of knowledge and technology, such as information and communication technologies (ICT), nano- and biotechnology, and others. This causes a change of priorities in education. Important in the educational process of a secondary school is the orientation of teachers to the competence approach, the development of students' sense of initiative and entrepreneurship, creative thinking, the ability to turn ideas into life through creativity, innovation and others. Оne of the main
© N. Soroko, 2021.
trends in the modernization of education is the focus on the so-called "STEM" education, which involves integration between the disciplines of natural sciences, technological sciences, engineering and mathematics . The urgency of this area is explained by the significant demand of the world labor market for specialists who will provide scientific and technological progress (Soroko, 2020). The STEAM ("A" - art) education approach help students discover how the arts are an integral part of processes and products that involve science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The arts can also help increase engagement since students can connect artistic mediums that they enjoy (for example, music, history, literature, visual arts and other) with more technical projects that may seem daunting at first, such as building an app or programming a robots. Such approach able to combine the familiar with the unfamiliar, acquiring new skills and discovering the world of artistic innovation.
In the context of the pandemic caused by COVID-19, distance learning with the help of ICT becomes important for the school learning process. In distance learning, the teaching of theoretical material is sufficiently well implemented by simple means of audio or video broadcasts, placement of text materials or presentations. A significant problem arises in the process of organizing practical and laboratory classes in non-humanities, where the formation of competencies takes place in the process of using laboratory equipment and inter-action with technical facilities. Therefore, the main task of our study is to replace real laboratory equipment with virtual, which is implemented by virtual (VR) and augmented reality (AR) and is one of the possible approaches in terms of distance learning, STEAM education approach and quarantine.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDS
VR is a digital environment where elements are displayed to a user via different interfaces for the respective senses, and in which the participant is immersed in an artificially created world, which may or may not mimic the properties of a real environment, either existing or fictional, but which may also exceed the bounds of physical reality by creating a world in which the physical laws governing gravity, time and material properties no longer hold (Craig, Sherman, & Will, 2009).
Tepe T., Kaleci D., Tuzun H. define VR as a three-dimensional simulation environment where users can experience closeness to a real-world experience in an artificial world developed with a variety of visualization devices and equipment, as well as interacting with other objects (Tepe T., Kaleci D., Tuzun H., 2018).
Virtual reality should not be confused with augmented reality. Their fundamental difference in that the virtual constructs a new artificial world, and augmented reality only introduces certain artificial elements into the perception of the real world.
We should pay attention to the idea "Reality Virtuality Continuum" by Paul Milgram (Milgram, et al., 1995). It spans from a completely real environment to a completely virtual environment. The span between the two extremities is a range called "mixed reality" (MR), which includes the virtual reality (VR) and the augmented reality (AR), while technology enabling immersion into mixed realities is commonly referred to as "immersive technology" (Mihelj, et al., 2014).
We provide a comparative description of VR and AR to understand, how they differ from each other:
- VR constructs a new artificial world, and AR only introduces some artificial elements into the perception of the real
world;
- VR is a reflection of the real world around us, artificially created by technical tools and presented in digital form by specialized helmets and goggles; AR is usually implemented using applications for smartphones and tablets, augmented reality glasses, stationary screens, projection devices and other technologies.
Researchers determine that augmented reality is more promising for its use in various spheres of human activity than virtual reality.
In 2019, the Perkins Coie conducted a survey on the attitude of citizens to the use of augmented reality (Augmented and Virtual Reality survey report, 2019).
The vast majority - 70% - of respondents (the survey was completed by 200 respondents) said in 2019 they anticipate the AR market to surpass the VR market in revenue. When asked when the AR market will surpass the VR market, 81% of respondents predicted it would happen within five years (Augmented and Virtual Reality survey report, 2019).
In January and February 2020, 191 professionals completed the 2020 Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality Survey conducted by Perkins Coie LLP, the XR Association, and Boost VC (Augmented and Virtual Reality survey report, 2020). Among the respondents were: C-Suite (48%); Engineer / Producer (14%); Marketing / Business Development (12%); Consultant / Lawyer (5%); Investor (4%); Other (17%).
The situation regarding the attitude of respondents to augmented and virtual realities has not changed compared to 2019: 76% of respondents said they anticipate the AR market to surpass the VR market in revenue (Fig. 1).
80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
Do you anticipate that the AR market will surpass the VR market in revenue?
70% 76%
30%
24%
Yes
No
2019 (N-200) 2020 (N-191)
Fig. 1. Diagram of presenting the results of respondents' answers to questions «Do you anticipate that the AR market will
surpass the VR market in revenue?» (2019 & 2020)
The arguments for such respondents' answers (Fig. 1) were provided by the respondents in the answers to the questions «Which of the following factors are most responsible in terms of the AR market surpassing the VR market? (Select all that apply)»:
- Cost (e.g., creating good AR apps or adding AR features to an existing app is cheaper than producing good VR apps and content) - 57%;
- Accessibility of AR - 52%;
- Safety - 45%;
- Easier and more intuitive experiences offered by AR - 41%;
- Higher investment by businesses in AR technology - 33%;
- Scalability of AR - 30%;
- More real-world applications and tangible benefits for AR - 30%;
- Greater presence of AR-compatible applications and software - 27%;
- Higher preference for AR by consumers - 24%;
- No requirement of additional gear for AR - 9%.
Due to the big variety of applications related to augmented reality, it can be distinguished the following types:
1. According to the representation method (Fig. 2):
marker-based AR markerless AR/ GPS-based AR projection-based AR VIO-based AR
Fig. 2. Types of AR according to the representation method
- marker-based AR, that uses a camera and a special passive visual marker, such as a QR code (quick response code), which shows the programmed result only when the sensor reads it (Jack C.P. Cheng, 2017);
- markerless AR, that uses Global Positioning System (GPS); the most common uses are to mark destinations, search for the right number, such as a café or office, or in location-oriented apps (Jack C.P. Cheng, 2017);
- projection-based AR is a video projection technique, which can extend and reinforce visual data by throwing images on the surface of 3D objects or space; this belongs to Spatial Augmented Reality in a broad sense (Lee, Jaewoon, 2015)
- VIO-based AR (Visual Inertial Odometry, VIO) is a technology that helps track position and navigate in space with sensors and a camera; this makes it possible to create an accurate 3D model of the space around the device, update it in real time, determine its position in it, transfer this data to all applications and apply additional layers on top of it (X. Li, 2020).
2. According to the type of AR devices (Pratibha Jha, Sapna Yadav, 2019) (Fig. 3):
Head up displays (HUD) based Holographic displays based Smart glasses based Smartphone based/Handheld AR
Fig. 3. Types of AR according to the type of AR devices
- Head up displays (HUD) based, that contains such components as a projector unit, a viewing glass (combiner) and a computer (symbol generator);
- Holographic displays based, that can realize the functions of an optical combiner, a see-through eye piece or a beam expander (Y. Li, P. Zhou and Y. Su, 2019);
- Smart glasses based are defined as wearable AR devices that are worn like regular glasses and merge virtual information with physical information in a user's view field (Ro, Young, 2017);
- Smartphone based/Handheld AR, that is allowing users to interact with the virtual object in augmented scene in handheld devices (Chowdhury, Shahan, 2013).
3. According to the type of information provides by augmented reality (Fig. 4)
d According to the type of information provides by augmented reality ; Audio AR
Fig. 4. Types of AR according to the type of information provides by augmented reality
- AR for Visual Perception, that to provide visual images based on visual perception of information;
- Audio AR, that is for audio perception focused on auditory perception and are usually used in navigation (Hannes Gamper, 2014);
- Audio-visual AR, that is a technology that combines audio and video expressions (Edmund Ng Giap Weng, 2013).
4. According to the using fields (R. Silva, 2004) AR can be for entertainment and news business, education, medicine, engineering and manufacturing, military training, engineering design, tourism, shopping and other (Fig. 5).
Medicine Education
/ /' Entertainment and news business
/// Military Training
—>-ij{ Engineering Design to the using fields AR can be for V"
_________r-i'^t'V. Robotics and Telerobotics
\\\ Manufacturing, Maintenance and Repair
\ \ \ Tourism
\ \ Shopping
\ Other
Fig. 5. Types of AR according to the using fields
We should be noted that augmented reality is becoming relevant in education (Augmented and Virtual Reality survey report, 2020).
Mustafa Sirakaya and Didem Alsancak Sirakaya (Mustafa Sirakaya, Didem Alsancak Sirakaya, 2018) conducted research on scientific publications related to the use of augmented reality in various fields of science, and determined that:
- AR is often used in biology (19,8%), engineering (12,8%) and medical training (11,6%);
- AR technology is also employed in fields such as language education (5,8%), special education (4,7%), preschool education (3,5%), history education (2,3%) and astronomy education (2,3 %).
Scientists point out that AR is especially important for to implementation STEAM approach in education (Jesionkowska, Joanna, 2020). AR application in STEAM education brings lessons and textbooks to life by combining video, photos, and audio in an interactive platform (Nawarat Wittayakhom & Pallop Piriyasurawong, 2020). This provides students with an engaging way to learn that can make complex subjects and topics easier to grasp and understand makes teaching easier where teachers no longer need to explain complex concepts.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the use of augmented reality to support of STEAM education at school and highlighting the main functions of augmented reality for this.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
To achieve the purpose of our study we were used the following methods: a systematic and comparative analysis of pedagogical, psychological, philosophical, sociological works, methodological and specialized literature; analysis of the pedagogical experience of using the AR for STEAM approach in school; synthesis and generalization to formulate the main points of the study; interviews and questionnaires of teachers about their understanding and attitude to augmented reality as a means of supporting STEAM education in school; interpretation of the research results.
RESULTS
Once the surveys distributed in online format (Google Forms) among 24 teachers from a Primary Education school and 70 teachers from Secondary General Education two schools (Levels I-III N1 in Brovary (Ukraine) and at Semipolkivskyi Secondary School of the 1st-3rd Grade (Ukraine)), the data were collected and a statistical study was carried out among all the teachers surveyed.
Table 1
The results of teachers' survey on their attitudes and understanding AR for STEAM education
Strongly Disagree Neither agree nor Agree Strongly agree
_disagree (%)_(%)_disagree (%)_(%)_(%)
I have a clear understanding of 8,0 27,0 27,0 34,0 4,0
what AR is and how I can it integrated with STEAM education in my class I have heard colleagues talking about AR for STEAM education I have talked with colleagues about AR for STEAM education I can employ teaching approaches with AR that foster integrated STEAM education Total (N= 94)
According to the survey results on teachers' understanding AR to be provided for supporting the STEAM-oriented approach in general school teaching process, the teachers are interested in using AR in STEAM education:
«I have a clear understanding of what AR is and how I can integrate it with STEAM education in my class»: Neither agree nor disagree - 27%; Agree - 27%; Strongly agree - 4;
24,0 35,0 43,6
32,0 32,0 25,7
36.6 33,0
30.7
7,4
«I have heard colleagues talking about AR in STEAM education»: Neither agree nor disagree - 32%; Agree - 36,6%; Strongly agree - 7.4%;
«I have talked with colleagues about AR in STEAM education»: Neither agree nor disagree - 32%; Agree - 33%; «I can use teaching approaches with VR that foster integrated STEAM education»: Neither agree nor disagree -25.7%); Agree - 30,7%.
We invited teachers to conduct a training project that can cover all STEAM disciplines, the use of ICT and especially AR. The project was developed within the MOOC «Aerospace in Class» coordinated by European Schoolnet (https://www.europeanschoolnetacademy.eu/courses). The name of the project is «Future of Space».
In Table 2, we offer the approximate plan of realization the Project «Future of Space», which displays and supports inquiry-based science education, project-based learning.
Table 2
The approximate plan of realization the Project «Future of Space»
The components of the project Short description
Summary of project «Future of Space» 1. In this deliberation, students will explore current issues pertaining to the space program and form opinions regarding priorities for space travel and exploration, and private partnership in the space program. 2. Space exploration studies can sometimes produce unintended consequences. One of them is fatal accidents and the other is space pollution. Space pollution is caused by the remains of satellites, telescopes, space laboratories and fragments that have been thrown from Earth into space.
Subjects Science, mathematics, IT, visual arts
Topic Clouds in the sky, life in space, space costumes, making rocket and more
Questions for brainstorming and discussion How would be like our clothes if we lived in space? What are the requirements for transport to be used in space? What problems can the ecology of space have if people actively use it?
Age range of students 7-11 age (there is no physics or chemistry in the curricula); 12-14 age (within the curricula of subjects); 14-16 age (Consolidation); 16-18 age (Deepening)
Preparation time 150 minutes
Teaching time 30 minutes - space suit design, 30 minutes - space cap, 30 minutes - making rocket (solving experimental problems and tasks), 30 minutes - planetary cards
Online teaching material Padlet, Kahoot, Canva, etc.; Python: https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/online-compiler/ (to write programs for solving problems); Air-breathing rocket engines: the future of space flight: https://physicsworld.com/a/air- breathing-rocket-engines-the-future-of-space-flight/; 4d space cards
Offline teaching material Surgical suit, mask, paper, glue, colored printouts, etc.
AR GeoGebra AR, AR Geometry Hololens 2, AR Chemistry Mobile App, Merge EDU (Merge Cube), CoSpaces Edu application, Planets AR, Skyscrapers AR,
Results Presentations of problem solving and models of space ships or clothes for Space
Within the theme of this project, STEAM subject teachers had to develop their tasks for students of different levels of education, who may be close to the problem of the project and try out the proposed AR tools or offer their own tools (for example, GeoGebra AR, AR Geometry Hololens 2, AR Chemistry Mobile App, Merge EDU, CoSpaces Edu application, etc).
After conducting this project in two schools (Levels I-III N1 in Brovary (Ukraine) and at Semipolkivskyi Secondary School of the 1st-3rd Grade (Ukraine), 2021), we offered to teachers (68 secondary school teachers) determine what features augmented reality tools have to support the STEAM-oriented approach in general school (Table 3).
Respondents were asked to evaluate the proposed augmented reality functions to support the STEAM education at school by using a five Likert scale ranging from very undesirable (1) to very desirable (5).
Table 3 demonstrates that teachers especially distinguish such augmented reality functions to support the STEAM education at school, as:
- Learning function that affects the students learning needs and provides assistance in solving educational problems;
- Function of models' visualization for students' perception of educational material;
- Motivational function that influences the increase of students' interest in learning;
- Didactic function, which provides for the appropriate use of AR to facilitate the implementation of the educational process in accordance with the curricula of subjects.
In addition to these features, we have to add, that an important function of augmented reality is to provide context awareness, which is the ability to provide information appropriate to the situation. The motivating strength of context awareness is precision: it enables the correct information, and only the correct information, to be displayed at the appropriate time.
Table 3
The survey results about teachers' attitudes to the proposed augmented reality functions to support the STEAM education
at school
The augmented reality functions to support the steam education at school Mean values
Learning function that affects the students learning needs and provides assistance in solving educational problems 4,9
Function of models' visualization for students' perception of educational material 4,9
Motivational function that influences the increase of students' interest in learning 4,9
Learning mobility, which provides the possibility of independent learning material by students, without explanations and support of the teacher 2,7
Technological function, which provides communication between the participants of the educational process, support for laboratory, practical, control works and their evaluation, access to various data sources (databases, conferences, electronic libraries, etc.) 3,7
Psychological function that helps to motivate the subjects of the educational process (teachers; students; parents; specialists in certain fields of education, science, business, etc.) To participate in educational projects in the fields of steam; promotes the formation of students' responsible behaviours in the implementation of these projects and the development of professional competence of teachers to encourage the subjects of the educational process to participate in them 3,5
Didactic function, which provides for the appropriate use of ar to facilitate the implementation of the educational process in accordance with the curricula of subjects 4,5
Total (n= 68) CONCLUSIONS
AR applications can enhance the learning process, learning motivation and effectiveness; help teachers to overlay information, visuals, and different forms of content on an ordinary chalkboard, providing contextual and relevant results, to enhance learning; improve student performance, help focus the user's attention on specific tasks.
AR have a number of characteristics that become advantages over other types of visualization to support STEAM education:
- ensuring interaction with the object on an intuitive level;
- providing real-time information;
- easy to use (no special skills and knowledge required for viewing);
- providing an opportunity to show what cannot be imagined in the usual ways;
- providing opportunities to easily change the parameters of the object through the interface of a special application;
- providing opportunities to adapt virtual objects to the real environment.
Thus, AR bring significant specifics to the teachers' professional activities and student learning, to the transformation of the content of education. AR provide the formation and development of a new information method of presentation and assimilation of material, are high-tech didactic tools.
Our further research is the creation of algorithms for the use of AR for lessons and projects using the STEAM approach, which will improve the quality of education at school.
References
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ФУНКЦП ДОПОВНЕНО1 РЕАЛЬНОСТ ДЛЯ П1ДТРИМКИ STEAM ОСВ1ТИ В ЗАКЛАДАХ ЗАГАЛЬНО1 ОСВ1ТИ
Н.В. Сороко
1нститут iнформацiйних технологiй i засоб'в навчання НАПН Украни, Украна
Анотац/'я. У po6omi розглянут'1 iMepcueHi технологи' в oceimi. Надан клаcuфiкацi¡' доповнено¡' рeальнocmi (AR) залежно eid Memodie представлення даних, за типом AR-пристрою, в'дпов'дно до типу iнфoрмацi¡', що надае доповнена рeальнicmь, та за галузями використання. Визначено значення доповнено¡'рeальнocmi в осв'т'!, зокрема для п/'дтримки та розвитку STEAM-освти в шкoлi. Наведений приклад STEAM-проекту для закладу загально¡'освти iз використанням доповнено: реальности
Формулювання проблеми. Нeoбхiднicmь досл'дження обумовлена р'зними чинниками впливу на освту, а саме: пдвищенням вимог до конкурентноспроможно¡' молодi, пандем'я, спричинена COVID-19, пдвищення рoлi дucmанцiйнoгo та онлайн навчання, цuфрoвiзацiя рiзнuх галузей людсько( дiяльнocmi, надання особливого значення цuфрoвiй грамотности особистостi, розвиток проектного i проблемно-ор'ентованого навчання та н. У дистанцйному навчаннi викладання теоретичного материалу досить добре реал'зуеться за допомогою простих засоб'ю аудю- чи в'деотрансляцП, рoзмiщeння текстових матер'юл'ю або презентацй. Значна проблема виникае в процеа oрганiзацi¡' практичних та лабораторних занять з негумаштарних дucцuплiн, де формування вмнь i навичок в'дбуваеться в процеи використання лабораторного обладнання та взаемодП з технчними засобами. Тому основним завданням нашого досл'дження е замна реального лабораторного обладнання на в'ртуальне, яке реал 'зоване через використання доповнено¡' рeальнocmi.
Матер ¡али iметоди. Для досягнення мети досл'дження нами були вuкoрucmанi наcmупнi методи: систематичний та пoрiвняльнuй анал'з педагог'мних, психолог'чних, фiлocoфcькuх, coцioлoгiчнuх робт, методично¡'та спец'шл'вовано¡'лтератури; аналiз педагог'много досв 'ду використання AR для пдходу STEAM у школi; синтез та узагальнення для формулювання основних момент 'в досл'дження; iнmeрв'ю та анкетування вчumeлiв про ¡х розум 'ння та ставлення до доповнено¡' рeальнocmi як засобу пдтримки навчання STEAM у школi; iнmeрпрemацiя результат'ю досл'дження.
Результати. Проведено опитування вчumeлiв щодо ¡хнього ставлення i розум'ння AR для пдтримки STEAM ocsimu та щодо визначення основних функ^й доповнено¡' рeальнocmi при проведенн'1 STEAM-прoекmiв у шкoлi. Сформульовано висновки щодо ставлення вчumeлiв до використання доповнено¡'рeальнocmi для пдтримки i розвитку STEAM освти та основних функ^й дoпoвнeнo¡ реальности якi вчител'1 вважають найбiльш важливими для зд 'шснення учнями STEAM проект'в.
Висновки. Додатки AR можуть покращити процес навчання, мотивацю та ефективнсть навчання; допомогти викладачам подавати iнфoрмацiю учням, вiзуальнi зображення та рiзнi форми вмсту на звичайну дошку, забезпечуючи контекстуальн та в 'дпов 'днi результати для покращення навчання; покращити навчальну уcпiшнicmь учнв, допомогти ¡м зосередити увагу на конкретних завданнях та об'ектах.
AR вносять значну cпeцuфiку до прoфeciйнo¡' д'яльностi вчumeлiв та навчання учнв, до трансформаци змсту освти. AR забезпечують формування та розробку нового iнфoрмацiйнoгo методу викладу та засвоення матер'юлу, е високотехнолог'мними дидактичними нструментами.
Нашi пoдальшi досл'дження полягають у cmвoрeннi алгоритм'ю використання дoпoвнeнo¡ рeальнocmi для урoкiв та проект'ю iз використанням пдходу STEAM, що покращить яшсть навчання в шкoлi.
Ключовi слова: 'мерсивн: технологи, доповнена рeальнicmь, STEAM освта, STEAM п'дх'д, STEM освта, заклад загально'1 освти.
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