CC BY
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POCCI/IIÏICKI/IIÏI nCI/IXOnon/IMECKI/ll/l «yPHAfl • 2017 TOM 14 № 1
UDC 004: 37-057.87
doi: 10.21702/rpj.2017.1.9
THE ATTITUDES OF STUDENTS TOWARDS THE USE OF ICT DURING THEIR STUDIES
Lazar Stosic1*, Samson O. Fadiya2
1 College for Preschool Teachers, Aleksinac, Serbia 2 Girne American University, Turkey * Correspondence author. E-mail: lstosic@vsvaspitacka.edu.rs
Acknowledgments
This paper wouldn't have been compiled together without the moral and intellectual support of Prof. Zafer Agdelen, Girne American University, Turkey, to whom we express our infinite gratitude for his time and effort invested in us
The purpose of this study was to examine attitudes of students towards the use of ICT during their studies. The survey included 285 students from Girne American University, Turkey. The sample consists of the students from first to fourth grade. The scale consists of 45 claims and is intended for determining students' attitudes towards the use of ICT during their studies. Questionnaires were utilized to gather information on the attitudes of students towards the use of ICT during their studies. Information was broke down using SPSS statistical package (IBM SPS Statistics Version 20) and with Monte Carlo program for the parallel examination. The study established that students towards the utilization of ICT made the significant commitment to the students' academic performance. It is advanced that the discoveries of this study will be valuable to students to acquire knowledge into the ICT variables that influence students' scholastic execution and consequently enhance their academic performance.
Results indicate that after one year of the intervention, there were statistically significant differences between the two groups only in sight vocabulary (at kindergarten and grade 1) and in alphabet (kindergarten). In all other areas of language development, there were no statistically significant differences between the achievement scores of the two groups. Results show that students appear to react to the prerequisites of their courses, programs, and universities. In all cases, there is a reasonable relationship between the students' view of handiness on certain ICT assets the critical quantities of understudies are quick to see ICT misused in the educating and learning process. There is positively scope for further research to examine how ICT interfaces crosswise over various areas and how the cross-connection application impacts its utilization.
Keywords: attitudes of students, implementation of the ICT, ICT in education, impact of ICT in education, education, information technology in teaching, educating, learning, factor analysis, parallel analysis.
РОССИЙСКИЙ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ • 2017 ТОМ 14 № 1 RUSSIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNAL • 2017 VOL. 14 # 1
For citation: Stosic L., Fadiya S. O. The attitudes of students towards the use of ICT during their studies. Russian Psychological Journal, 2017, V. 14, no. 1, pp. 135-148.
Original manuscript received 12.12.2016
Introduction
Students constitute an outstanding group inside this social framework, and their viewpoints have essential influence in encircling the movement that happens in school settings. In reality, it has been contended that young people ought to be seen as active members in molding common and instructive procedures instead of saw as detached beneficiaries of them. Research has shown that, from an early age, young people are equipped for insightful and valuable investigation of their experience of learning in school and can remark on teaching methodologies and settings that are useful in their learning [5, 7].
There are numerous drivers for this movement, some of which identify with the encounters and ways of life of College University. Developed student, who are or may have been an invocation, are very prone to comprehend the significance of innovation for their future profession and will progressively hope to experience its utilization over all subjects in advanced education. Additionally, it is frequently anticipated that understudies will require more adaptable examples of participation as they attempt to adjust their studies against family needs and duties and gain the cash that they have to pay for their education training [2, 6]. The application of educational technology enhances skills and cognitive characteristics and the question is whether teachers are trained to keep up with [8].
Discoveries likewise demonstrate that while limits between home information and school information are being dissolved, learners' experience of ICT tackles the other character contingent on the connection of its utilization. Furlong et al. (op cit) found that at home, young people tend to control their own particular time, how they utilize innovation and the substance of what they do. In school, be that as it may, the locus of control lies somewhere else; accentuation is on learning exercises managed by the educator, metered by timetable imperatives, intended to meet educational modules criteria and accomplishment targets required utilization of ICTs.
There are two aspects to the improvements in the use of ICT at colleges in Turkey. One is worried about the upgrade of routes in which 'educating related' exercises are performed [10]. Not very many students at a grounds based college will have much contention over the attractive quality for more efficient scholastic managerial capacities. The other perspective, the case for utilizing ICT to conveyor part address the instructive segments of a course is harder to
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contend. Notwithstanding the urgings of government about the significance of e-figuring out how to everybody or the abundantly high need to react to the changing circumstances of understudies by giving progressively adaptable courses, the inquiries of precisely why. Stosic & Stosic, 2015 [9] presented that the teachers are professionally trained in the use of innovations in teaching, but they are not sufficiently trained in the use of the Internet in the education. Learning experiences can be represented through peers learning, so-called collaborative E-learning through virtual communities, wikis, forums, chat rooms, virtual worlds [11, 12, 13]. Also, how one ought to coordinate ICT into a current up close, and the private course is in some cases hard to reply [1, 3].
Setting and design of the study
In this study, we inspect the viewpoints of students in Four English free schools on the commitment of ICT to educating and learning. These schools were in exploration organization with the Girne American University, and they had recognized the utilization of ICT to bolster subject instructing and learning as a universal need for advancement. The opening (developmental) period of the following system of innovative work tried to distinguish and examine what educators and students saw as an active practice in utilizing ICT to bolster instructing. Moreover, learning, with a perspective to advising a second (formative) stage in which promising methodologies would be created and explored in more noteworthy profundity. In this particular study, we draw on interviews directed with students as a significant aspect of the opening period of the project, to investigate their experience of ICT in instructing and learning.
The paper is structured as follows: after the introductory part (section 1), section 2 present setting and design of the study, section 3 presents the materials and methods used in the preparation of the paper, set the main and auxiliary hypotheses, the nature and type of the sample and statistical test and the parameters used. Section 4 reveals the preliminary results of our research. Section 5 reveals discussions of our research. Conclusions are drawn in section 6.
Materials and methods
This research was conducted with the aim to examine the attitudes of students towards the use of ICT during their studies and to try to give a recommendation for future strategy and implementation. The subject of this research is the attitudes of students towards the use of ICT during their studies. The aim of the research is reflected in the effort to examine the attitudes of students towards the use of ICT during their studies.
Hypothesis 1. It is assumed that the reliability of the rating scale as a whole is at a high level.
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Hypothesis 2. It is assumed that the instrument is valid, and the factors that will be extracted from the factor the analysis will be linked to attitudes of students towards the use of ICT during their studies.
Hypothesis 3. It is assumed that the use of ICT throughout the study adds a new dimension to the teaching process, which ICT is becoming an essential part of the process of instruction.
Hypothesis 4. It is assumed that the application of ICT ignores traditional teaching, which bridges the distance students and teachers where there are no face-to-face contacts.
Hypothesis5. It is assumed that students ICT enables easier, faster and better learning in order easily and efficiently exchanging knowledge with other students.
The survey included 285 students from Girne American University, Turkey. The sample consists of the students from first to fourth grade. The scale consists of 45 claims and is intended for determining students' attitudes towards the use of ICT during their studies. The students have the opportunity to express the degree of disagreement with the above statements. The scale is based on the possibility of choosing among the complete agreement "Strongly agree", through partial "I agree", "Tend to agree", to complete negation "Do not agree", and "Strongly disagree".
The survey was conducted in Girne American University, Turkey. The sample included 285 students, 63 students from first grade (22.1 %), 65 students from second grade (22.8 %>), 74 students from third grade (26.0 %>) and 83 students from fourth grade (29.18 %>).
Statistical tests and parameters
The data were analyzed with the IBM SPS Statistics, Version 20 and with Monte Carlo program for the parallel analysis. The data with a normal distribution were analyzed with the parametric test and the quantitative data without a normal distribution were analyzed with non-parametric tests, and Cronbach's Alpha was used to demonstrate the reliability and the internal approval of the scale for this sample. To analyze the normal distribution of the variables (P > 0.05) we used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. To determine whether the distribution can satisfy even the more stringent criteria of normality we used the Shapiro-Wilk test experiment was meant. The results are expressed as mean, standard deviation (SD) or 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI). With using the factor analyses we wanted to determine whether there is a smaller number of variables the factors that explain such interconnection. We tried to confirm the results obtained by the factor analysis with parallel analysis using the Monte Carlo program. The interconnection of variables was tested using the two-factor univariate ANOVA.
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The statistical analysis was conducted at 95 % confidence level. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
In our sample, the value of Cronbach's Alpha was 0.951. The value of the Kaiser-Meyer-Oklinovog indicators was 0.930. Bartlett's test of sphericity in the chi-square test (x2 = 5545.774) and 990 (Table 1).
Table 1.
Results of the Kaiser-Meyer-Oklinovog and Bartlett's test
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy 0.930
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 5545.774
df 990
Sig. .000
The percentage of variance that is explained by the method of orthogonal varimax rotation, which shows how much variance is explained by individual factors, can be seen in Table 2.
Table 2.
Total variance explained (Total Variance Explained)
Total Variance Explained
Component Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
Total % of Variance Cumu-lative% Total % of Variance Cumul-ative% Total % of Variance Cumu-lative%
1 14.430 32.068 32.068 14.430 32.068 32.068 6.319 14.043 14.043
2 2.074 4.608 36.676 2.074 4.608 36.676 5.775 12.834 26.876
3 1.811 4.025 40.701 1.811 4.025 40.701 3.663 8.139 35.015
4 1.326 2.947 43.647 1.326 2.947 43.647 3.107 6.904 41.919
5 1.297 2.883 46.531 1.297 2.883 46.531 2.075 4.611 46.531
6 1.191 2.648 49.178
7 1.178 2.618 51.796
8 1.131 2.514 54.310
9 1.038 2.307 56.617
10 1.002 2.226 58.843
11 .988 2.195 61.038
12 .965 2.146 63.183
13 .932 2.071 65.254
14 .872 1.937 67.191
15 .832 1.849 69.040
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Total Variance Explained
Component Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
Total % of Variance Cumu-lative% Total % of Variance Cumul-ative% Total % of Variance Cumu-lative%
16 .805 1.789 70.829
17 .748 1.661 72.491
18 .741 1.647 74.138
19 .708 1.573 75.711
20 .693 1.540 77.251
21 .661 1.468 78.719
22 .655 1.454 80.174
23 .595 1.323 81.497
24 .587 1.304 82.801
25 .547 1.215 84.016
26 .534 1.188 85.203
27 .513 1.139 86.342
28 .501 1.114 87.456
29 .466 1.035 88.491
30 .445 .989 89.479
31 .429 .954 90.433
32 .425 .944 91.377
33 .407 .904 92.281
34 .388 .862 93.143
35 .358 .796 93.940
36 .346 .768 94.708
37 .336 .747 95.455
38 .316 .703 96.158
39 .288 .641 96.799
40 .275 .610 97.409
41 .252 .561 97.970
42 .246 .547 98.517
43 .231 .513 99.030
44 .229 .509 99.539
45 .207 .461 100.000
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis
The parallel analysis was performed using the Monte Carlo PCA for Parallel Analysis program (Table 3) for further confirmation of the factor analysis and the determining of the number of factors, and the results were compared with the results obtained in SPSS (Table 2).
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Table 3.
Comparison of characteristic values obtained by PCA and threshold values obtained by parallel analysis
Sequence number of components The characteristic actual values of PCA Values obtained by parallel analysis Decision
1 14.430 1.8565 Accept
2 2.074 1.7617 Accept
3 1.811 1.6944 Accept
4 1.326 1.6359 Do not accept
5 1.297 1.5833 Do not accept
The analysis of Cattell's landslides methods, i. e. saddle diagrams (Scree Plot) the existence of a clear point of fracture after the third factor was established.
Scree Plot
-i—I—I—i—i—I—I—I—i—i—I—I—I—i—I—I—I—I—i—I—I—i—I
1 3 5 7 9 11 IB 15 17 1Э 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45
Component Number
Figure 1. Number of factors according to Cattell's landslide method (Scree Plot)
With the use of two-factor univariate ANOVA, the interconnection of variables (such as gender and years of study) was tested, about the opinion of the attitudes of students towards the use of ICT during their studies.
We also wanted to know whether the difference of years of study can influence the attitudes of students towards the use of ICT during their studies (Table 4).
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Table 4.
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: The application of ICT in faculty becomes an integral part of the teaching process of education and learning
Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Partial Eta Squared
Corrected Model 7.507a 7 1.072 1.035 .407 .025
Intercept 3652.739 1 3652.739 3525.398 .000 .927
Gender .000 1 .000 .000 .983 .000
YS 4.579 3 1.526 1.473 .222 .016
Gender * YS 4.375 3 1.458 1.408 .241 .015
Error 287.005 277 1.036
Total 4372.000 285
Corrected Total 294.512 284
a. R Squared = .025 (Adjusted R Squared = .001)
Figure 2. Estimated marginal means of the application of ICT in faculty becomes an integral part of the teaching process of education and learning
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Table 5.
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: The application of ICT bridging the distance between students and professors, due to their remoteness from each other
Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Partial Eta Squared
Corrected Model 11.021a 7 1.574 1.353 .225 .033
Intercept 3042.886 1 3042.886 2615.276 .000 .904
Gender 5.256 1 5.256 4.517 .034 .016
YS 3.333 3 1.111 .955 .415 .010
Gender * YS 1.929 3 .643 .553 .647 .006
Error 322.291 277 1.164
Total 3662.000 285
Corrected Total 333.312 284
a. R Squared = .033 (Adjusted R Squared = .009)
Estimated Marginal Means of The application of ICT bridging the distance between students and professors, due to their remoteness from each other
Fnstgiade Second gi ade Third gi ade Fourth grade
Years of study
Figure 3. Estimated marginal means of the application of ICT bridging the distance between students and professors, due do their remoteness from
each other
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Table 6.
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: Use of ICT enables easier, faster and better acquiring knowledge
Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Partial Eta Squared
Corrected Model 15.886a 7 2.269 2.063 .048 .050
Intercept 3364.579 1 3364.579 3058.600 .000 .917
Gender 4.845 1 4.845 4.405 .037 .016
YS 10.870 3 3.623 3.294 .021 .034
Gender * YS 1.186 3 .395 .359 .782 .004
Error 304.711 277 1.100
Total 4007.000 285
Corrected Total 320.596 284
a. R Squared = .050 (Adjusted R Squared = .026)
c
«
■o
K
w E
LLJ
First grade Second grade Third grade Fourth grade Years of study
Figure 4. Estimated limited means of use of ICT enables easier, faster and better acquiring knowledge
Estimated Marginal Means of Use of ICT enables easier, faster and better acquiring knowledge
42- Gender
— Male
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Discussion
The purpose of this study was to show the attitudes of students towards the use of ICT during their studies. In our sample of 285 (100 % valid sample) respondents, the value of Cronbach alpha coefficient (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.951) showed magnificent reliability and internal approval of the scale for this sample, which meets the criteria of reliability. The scale has good internal approval, Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.951. The results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov's and Shapiro-Wilk's test show that the distribution of the results obtained by the scale is established at the level of significance p = 0.001 for all 45 claims, which further means that our results meet even the more stringent criteria of the normality of the distribution curvature.
Our scale with 45 statements was subjected to the principal component analysis (PCA) in SPSS program. Before the implementation of the PCA program, the suitability of data for factor analysis was estimated. While examining the correlation matrix, a lot of the coefficients of 0.3 value or more have been discovered. The value of the Kaiser-Meyer-Oklinov's (KMO) indicators was 0.930, which exceeds the recommended value of 0.6. Bartlett's test of sphericity in the chi-square test (x2 = 5545.774) and 990 degrees of freedom (df = 990) reached statistical significance at the level of p < 0.001 (p = 0.000), which points to a matrix factorization of the justification of the factor analysis.
The results of the parallel analyzes (Table 3) show that the value of 1.6359 obtained by parallel analysis is higher than the actual characteristic values from PCA 1.326, which is why this factor is not accepted. The results of the parallel analysis give us the conclusion that we should keep the three factors. The analysis of the saddle diagram (Figure 1) confirmed the existence of a clear point of fracture after the three components. Relying on the Cattell criteria, it was decided to keep the three elements for further exploration.
In Table 4, we see different groups studied the effect of gender and years of study to claim "The application of ICT and faculty becomes an integral part of the teaching process of education and learning", measured on a scale Life Orientation Test (LOT). The subjects were divided into four (Group 1: The first year of study, Group 2: second-year student, Group 3: the third year of studies and Group 4: the fourth year of study). From Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances, we can see that the Sig. = 0.122, which indicates that the homogeneity of variances is not affected, i. e., that the variance of the dependent variable is equal in all the groups. The effect of the interaction between gender and year of study was not statistically significant, F (1,408) = .241. Subsequent comparisons using Tukeje's HSD test showed that the mean value of the male population (M = 3.78, SD = .962) was not significantly different from the female population (M = 3.78, SD = 1.114). From the results it can be concluded that there are no significant main effects
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of gender (Sig. = .983), but even exist a significant main effect according to the years of study (Sig. = .222). This means that the effect does not vary by age according to the claim, but there is a difference in the levels of thinking according to gender (Figure 2). Because the application of ICT and faculty becomes an integral part of the teaching process of education and learning the statement of Stosic & Stosic, 2015 [9] is confirmed that the teachers have to be professionally trained in the use of innovations in teaching.
In Table 5, we see different groups studied the effect of gender and years of study to claim "The application of ICT bridging the distance between students and professors, due to their remoteness from each other", measured on a scale Life Orientation Test (LOT). From Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances, we can see that the Sig. = 0.689, which indicates that the homogeneity of variances is not affected, i. e., that the variance of the dependent variable is equal in all the groups. The effect of the interaction between gender and year of study was not statistically significant, F (0,553) = .647. A statistically significant main effects of gender F (4.517) = .034; however, the impact is small (Partial Eta Squared = .006). Subsequent comparisons using Tukeje's HSD test showed that the mean value of the male population (M = 3.31, SD = 1.097) was not significantly different from the female population (M = 3.61, SD = 1.037). From the results, it can be concluded that there was a significant main effect of sex (Sig. = 0.034), but no significant main effect according to the years of study (Sig. = 0.415). These results confirm the statement E. Kurilovas et al., 2014 [4] that teachers can come into a situation that they are not trained for personalized aspect of E-learning, where students can learn independently. Also, results from authors [11, 12, 13] confirm that collaborative E-learning through virtual communities, wikis, forums, chat rooms, virtual worlds bridging the distance between students and professors, due to their remoteness from each other.
In Table 6, we see different groups studied the effect of gender and years of study to claim "Use of ICT enables easier, faster and better acquiring knowledge", measured on a scale Life Orientation Test (LOT). From Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances, we can see that the Sig. = 0.108, which indicates that the homogeneity of variances is not affected, i. e., that the difference in the dependent variable is equal in all the groups. The effect of the interaction between gender and year of study was not statistically significant, F (.359) = .782. A statistically significant main effects of gender F (4,405) = .037; however, the impact is small (Partial Eta Squared = .016). Also, there were a statistically significant main effect years of study F (3,294) = .021; however, the impact is small (Partial Eta Squared = .034). Subsequent comparisons using Tukeje's HSD test showed that the mean value of the male population (M = 3.50, SD = 1.073) was not significantly different from the female population (M = 3.77, SD = 1.026). From the results, it
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can be concluded that there was a significant main effect of gender (Sig. = .037), but no significant main effect according to the years of study (Sig. = .021). This means that the effect does not vary by age according to the claim, but there is a difference in the levels of thinking according to gender (Figure 4).
Conclusions
In conclusion, although access to and utilization of ICT is across the board, the impact of college model is by all accounts a critical variable to consider the record. For scholarly purposes, students appear to react to the prerequisites of their courses, programs, and universities. In all cases, there is a reasonable relationship between the students' view of handiness on certain ICT assets the critical quantities of understudies are quick to see ICT misused in the educating and learning process. Be that as it may, the same students are extremely hesitant to see up close and personal contact supplanted with online options. The significance of the work setting as a driver for ICT utilization proposes that specializes ought to likewise strengthen the routes in which specific advancements can expand adequacy in practice settings, and additionally course ponder.
There is positively scope for further research to examine how ICT interfaces crosswise over various areas and how the cross-connection application impacts its utilization. These innovations turn out to be perpetually coordinated in the day by day lives amid work, study and relaxation, so understanding client impression of ICT ought to give enhanced execution and acknowledgment of as of now creating advances.
In another word, the outcomes acquired can't support the possibility of internet learning situations being better than mixed learning situations as far as improvement of students' computerized skill, as more research ought to be completed into the instructive model utilized as a part of the distinctive colleges. Be that as it may, they do lead us to propose the need to consider that innovation rich learning situations cultivate students' digital skills (and not the other path round). In particular, it appears that we should not depend on students' digital skills to encourage ICT supported learning operations at the University.
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