CC BY
78
DOI https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2018-12.32
THE ANALYSIS OF MANGROVE FOREST MANAGEMENT SUSTAINABILITY IN DAMAS BEACH, TRENGGALEK
Purwanti Pudji*, Indrayani Erlinda, Fattah Mochammad
Socio-Economic Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia *E-mail: pudjipurwanti@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
It is reported that the mangrove forest in Damas Beach has suffered severe damage. This forest damage is caused by the conversion of land functions into coconut plantations and agricultural activities. Nevertheless, several activities of mangrove forest management awareness have been carried out. This socialization is an effort to restore the function of mangrove forests as a counterweight to the coastal ecosystem. The targets of this activity include the communities around mangrove forests, village-level policy makers, community leaders, primary school children as future generations, as well as the teachers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the sustainability in mangrove forest management after the awareness raising activities took place. The data analysis used in this study is RAPmangrove which consists of a Multi-Dimensional Scaling analysis, Monte Carlo, and leverage. The sustainability of the mangrove forest ecosystem in Damas Beach is in the category of unsustainable because it experiences a change of function. The activities to change the function of mangrove forest lead to several issues of social conflict in its management. By that, the efforts that must be done to overcome this problem are mangrove rehabilitation, advanced community awareness building, mangroves management skill improvement, and arranging the ecosystem management plans of Damas Beach mangrove forest.
KEY WORDS
Sustainability, management, awareness, mangrove.
The damage to mangrove forests in Damas Beach, Trenggalek Regency, East Java, Indonesia, tends to be caused by the behavior of local communities who consider that plantation crops provide more economic benefits compared to mangroves. This assumption forced the mangrove forest area in Damas Beach to drastically shrink; the area was replaced to be used as a coconut plantation and agricultural activities. The activity of changing the function of mangrove forest into an area that is considered to provide higher economic value is also found in other areas. In central Vietnam coastal area, the mangrove forest in 1990 has been used as a shrimp farming area. As a result, this shrimp cultivation development damaged the mangrove forests and caused environmental degradation as well as water pollution so that the shrimp production is no longer optimal. Consequently, the condition of the community becomes poorer (Hue and Scott, 2007). The community on the Akassa Delta Niger Island also shows that the dependence on the use of mangrove forest resources is very high. Almost all the coastal households are involved in activities that require raw materials from wood from mangrove forests (Eleanya et al, 2015).
The improvement of mangrove forest environment through mangrove forest rehabilitation activities has been carried out in many places. This mangrove forest rehabilitation shows an improvement in environmental quality which also able to create a better quality of life. In Panay Island, Philippines, there has been a rehabilitation of mangrove forests in some abandoned ponds area. These efforts have increased the Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (CCMA) in the coastal zone (Duncan et al, 2016). A study from Paul (2006) showed that the preservation of mangrove forest system in rural Caete Bay is very important to maintain the life quality of rural households. According to Rahman and
Asmawi (2016), to make the efforts of conserving mangrove forests work well, a very important component such as community participation and awareness is needed.
The activities of mangrove forest rehabilitation also have been carried out in the research area. In 2008, the rehabilitation was carried out at Damas Beach and Cengkrong Beach. The rehabilitation at Cengkrong Beach shows significant results, seeing from the increase in mangrove forests area. On the other hand, the rehabilitation effort performed at Cengkrong Beach is in the form of mangrove ecotourism. The development of mangrove ecotourism in Cengkrong Beach provides employment opportunities for people who live in the surrounding area. Purwanti et al (2017) found that some accessible productive activities done by the committee in Cengkrong mangrove ecotourism are mud crab cultivation, Anadara scallop aquaculture, mangrove plant nurseries, food stalls, as well as boat rental and toilets. In addition, some people who live in the surrounding area of Cengkrong Beach also carry out other productive activities such as crabs hunting, fishing, as well as selling food in stalls.
It is found that the forest rehabilitation activity in Damas Beach was less successful because there was still an expansion of coconut trees plantation in the area. The researchers carried out some awareness efforts through several activities including the introduction of fruit benefits from mangroves as foods for coastal women (Purwanti et al, 2016). This effort is carried out through negotiations with community leaders in Damas Beach through meetings and discussions. There is also an act of awareness building to elementary school students in the Damas Beach area.
Various efforts to realize mangrove forest management have been carried out both for women, communities, community leaders, and elementary school students. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the sustainability of mangrove forest management on Damas Beach.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
This study took place at Karanggandu Village, Watulimo District, Trenggalek Regency, Indonesia. The management of mangrove forests in the area of Damas Beach, Karanggandu experienced some problems in the conversion of land into coconut plantations so that this study is intended to assess the sustainability of mangrove forest ecosystems. According to Marimin (2002), the determination of the number of respondents (experts) must meet the appropriate requirements that are in accordance with science and authority. The respondents who are selected based on experts or authorities in the field of mangrove management are community leaders, Pokmaswas Kejung Samudra, Pokmaswas Jangkar Bahari, Village Devices, and Teachers of Karanggandu II Elementary School as many as 21 people. The data analysis is done with RAPMangrove which is an adjustment method of RAPfish (Rapid Appraisal of Fisheries) consisting of several analysis techniques (Eunike et al., 2018):
• Multi-Dimensional Scaling (IMDSJ: The ordination technique analyzed by MDS to determine the position of good and bad points. The point objects in MDS will be mapped into two or three-dimensional spaces and attempted as close as possible.
• Monte Carlo (MC): Monte Carlo analysis evaluates the effect of random errors that are performed to predict the ordination value used. Monte Carlo results in this study are presented in the form of scatter plots in 25 replications.
• Leverage: Leverage analysis is done to find out the sensitive attributes in each dimension of sustainability used.
The sustainability specification is viewed from the ecological, economic, social, legal, and institutional dimensions. The analysis of RAPMangrove performed by using R. Dimension and variable software is presented in Table 1 below.
The index value of the sustainability of mangrove forest ecosystem management in the data analysis is grouped into four categories of sustainability status, namely: not sustainable, less sustainable, sufficient, and sustainable (Table 2).
Table 1 - Dimensions and Sustainability of Mangrove Forest Ecosystems in Damas Beach
Ecological Dimension
Economic Dimension
The suitability of mangrove area allocation
The availability of mangrove tree seeds
The diversity of mangrove trees
Mangrove capacity to resist abrasion and erosion
The pollution in mangrove ecosystem areas
The diversity of flora and organisms in the ecosystem
The changes in habitat or organisms and mangrove
area due to human intervention
The availability of mangrove forest ecosystem
conservation zones
Social Dimension
Mangrove utilization conflict
The mechanism to handle land conflicts
Public awareness to conserve mangroves through local
wisdom by planting or conserving mangroves
Community participation in managing mangrove forest
ecosystem
Community knowledge and perception regarding the function and benefits of mangrove forest ecosystem Community activities that damage mangrove forest ecosystem
Community income derived from mangrove forest ecosystem
Job opportunities in the mangrove area
The availability of production inventory or recording of
mangrove forest ecosystem
The availability of mangrove forest ecosystem utilization zones
Training and counseling in the utilization of mangrove ecosystems through diversification of environmentally friendly mangrove processed products
Legal and Institutional Dimensions
The activeness of mangrove forest ecosystem
management institutions
Communication and coordination of management institutions with relevant institutions in the management of mangrove forest ecosystem
Mechanisms and rules for managing mangrove forests
Obedience and compliance in the management
regulation of mangrove forests
Planning management of mangrove forest ecosystem
Sanctions and law enforcement for communities that
damage mangrove forest ecosystem
The availability of extension agents/field officers to
manage the mangrove forest ecosystem
Local and village government policies regarding the
management of mangrove forest ecosystem_
Source: Karlina et al., (2016); Kapuangan et al., (2016).
Theresia et al., (2015); Muhsimin et al., (2018); Mukhlisi et al, (2014), and
Table 2 - Sustainability Category
Index value
Category
0 - 25 25 - 50 50 - 75 75 - 100
Not sustainable Less sustainable Fairly sustainable Sustainable
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Awareness Activities for the Re-Management of Mangrove Forests in Damas Beach. The replanting of mangrove forests in Damas Beach was carried out in 2008. However, the activities of logging mangrove forests to be used as land for coconut trees plantation are still going on. It is known that the efforts to raise public awareness in managing the mangrove forests in Damas Beach also have been done. In 2015, the activities were implemented to introduce the benefits of mangrove forests to coastal ecosystems and the introduction of the benefits of mangrove fruits as food and non-food ingredients. The types of pedada/bogem (Sonneratia sp) mangrove fruit can be processed into mangrove syrup while the type of Bruguiera sp or Avicenna spp (api-api) mangrove fruit can be used for mangrove flour. This flour can be used as a base to make api-api brownies, api-api crackers, api-api dodol, and fire-fire spongecake (see Purwanti et al, 2016). This activity involved village officials as well as community leaders. Besides that, another awareness activity was to have a negotiation with the key figure or "God Father". This negotiation needs to be done because this man is the chairman of LMDH Argo Lestari who is entrusted by Perhutani to manage the forest in Karanggandu Village. This man also has access to the use of mangrove forests.
As a result of the damaged mangrove ecosystem, floods and landslides occurred on Damas Beach. It is important to note that landslides able to cause damage to coral reefs on Damas Beach. The damage to coral reef ecosystems in Damas coastal area is caused by human behavior; using unsustainable fishing gear and destructing the mangrove forest
ecosystems (Susilo et al, 2017). In 2017, the efforts to build the awareness of mangrove benefits were made on the coral reef ecosystem. In this activity, the techniques to make artificial coral reefs, as well as the economic and ecological benefits of coral reef planting, were introduced.
Not only that, but the efforts to build an awareness to elementary school students were also initiated through counseling by using model props of mangrove ecosystems management and posters installment. This activity also involved village officials and teachers. It is continued by inviting elementary school students accompanied by teachers to learn to plant mangroves in the mangrove ecotourism area at Cengkrong Beach. Besides that, there was an activity of mangrove seeds planting on Damas Beach.
The Sustainability Analysis of Mangrove Forest Ecosystems in Damas Beach. The results of MDS analysis in RAPMangrove showed the index values of ecological, economic, social, as well as legal and institutional sustainability in the management of Damas Beach mangrove forest ecosystem sequentially by 58.68% (fairly sustainable), 35.06% (less sustainable), 46.29% (less sustainable), and 47.54% (less sustainable) (Figure 1). There are 10 types of mangroves on Damas Beach including Acanthus illicifolius, Lumnitzera racemosa, Nypa fruticans, Ceriop descandra, Soneratia Alba, Rhizopora mucronata, Aegiceras corniculatum, Rhizopora apiculata, Heritiera globosa and Heritiera littoralis (Purwanti et al., 2016). The mangrove forest ecosystems in Damas Beach experience a land conversion causing a degradation in the function and benefits of mangroves. Susilo et al., (2015) said that the greatest change of land functions is found in the tidal area of Damas River and Gilang River which covers an area of ±6.4 hectares to become a plantation area and residential area.
The changes in the area of mangrove forests affect the economic value of coastal communities which are obtained from mangrove ecosystems in the form of crabs, shells, oysters, and other economical fish so as to reduce the livelihood opportunities in the mangrove area. It requires awareness and community participation in the forest management to rejuvenate the condition of Damas Beach mangrove ecosystem through an educational approach. In addition, the government and the community need to develop a plan to manage the mangrove forest ecosystem as well as law enforcement for the perpetrators of mangrove damage. In a multidimensional manner, the sustainability status of the forest management in Damas mangrove forest ecosystem is in the less sustainable category by 46.89% so that it is necessary to pay attention to sensitive variables to improve the sustainability status.
Ecological
100,00
80,00
58,68
60,00 *
40^C \
/0,00 \
Legal and Institutional 47,54 V 0,00 / 35,06 Economic
46,29 Social
Figure 1 - Kite diagram of a multidimensional sustainability index
The difference between the low sustainability index value between the analysis results from MDS and MC proves that the effect of errors can be avoided (Wibowo et al., 2015). The results of calculation of the difference between MDS and MC shows a low difference in value (Table 3) so that it indicates that MDS has a high level of confidence because of the minimum procedural errors or understanding of indicators and variations in scoring.
Table 3 - Comparison of MDS and MC Values
Dimension Sustainability Index (%) MDS MC Difference
Ecological 58.679113 58.67913 -0.0000153
Economic 35.057803 35.05780 -0.0000019
Social 46.288426 46.28840 0.0000306
Legal and Institutional 47.536096 47.53609 0.0000105
Leverage analysis is used to determine which variables that sensitively affect the level of sustainability of mangrove forest management (Karlina et al., 2016). The results of the leverage calculation indicate that there are four variables that are sensitive to the sustainability index of ecological dimension, namely: the capacity of mangroves, pollution, habitat alteration, and conservation zones. Damas coastal region experiences abrasion and river erosion due to the damage to mangrove forest ecosystems caused by the conversion of functions. The village government with Forest-Village Community Institution (Lembaga Masyarakat Desa Hutan or LMDH) have already sought to overcome the problems of abrasion and erosion by dredging the river whereas this problem still repeatedly occurred. Therefore, the effort made to overcome these problems is the conservation of mangrove ecosystems.
Figure 2 - Leverage Value of Ecological Dimension
The economic dimension that produces variables that are sensitive to changes in sustainability is job opportunities, inventory, utilization zones, and training. A good mangrove forest ecosystem will influence the job opportunities in the surrounding community. Zen et al., (2015) believes that the livelihoods in the Wonorejo Village related directly to the existence of mangrove ecosystem are mangrove-based food processors and fishermen in the surrounding area. According to Muhsimin et al. (2018), the cause of coastal communities to perform a destruction is the lack of alternative employment, the increasing number of people and necessities, as well as the condition of the people who do not have land outside the village area to develop agricultural business. Due to that matter, they do not have other options and will keep exploiting the mangroves.
An inventory of products produced from Damas coastal ecosystem is needed to measure economic value, product development, and as a basis for managing the conservation and utilization zones. Theresia et al. (2015) suggested that a counseling, education, and training on mangrove ecosystems is needed to be done to improve the sustainability status because human resources are the assets in the management of mangrove ecosystems. Mangrove fruit-based food processing training conducted by Purwanti et al., (2015) through the IbM Program caused the community to understand the function of mangrove plants as an alternative food material. In addition, IbM in 2017 understood that there is a link between mangrove forest ecosystems and coral reef ecosystems.
Figure 3 - Leverage Value of Economic Dimension
From the social dimension, the values that are sensitive to sustainability are public awareness, knowledge and perceptions, mechanisms for handling conflicts, and utilization conflicts. The management of mangrove forest ecosystems requires awareness from the coastal communities so as to increase the participation in the development. As explained by Muhsimin et al. (2018), direct community participation in every development activity is a form of social interaction that is very important in determining a success in such development. Purwanti et al., (2015) conducted a reforestation by 500 trunks of mangroves implemented by Pokmaswas Kejung Samudra based on the initiative of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences team. This activity is part of the community service program that is within the effort to increase the knowledge of mangrove functions in a sustainable manner. This has had a positive impact on the awareness of the Karanggandu Village Government in 2016 which resulted in 200 mangroves planting. In addition, the role of the government (Trenggalek Regency) is needed to manage and to solve the conflicts over the use of mangrove forest ecosystems.
Figure 4 - Leverage Value of Social Dimension
Figure 5 - Leverage Value of Legal and Institutional Dimension
The sensitivity of sustainability from the legal and institutional dimension is management planning, sanctions and law enforcement, communication and coordination of institutions, as well as mechanisms in management. The efforts needed to support success in managing mangrove forest ecosystems at Damas Beach are management plans that are made with the community. The law enforcement on Damas Beach for people who damage mangrove forest ecosystems is uncertain. This can be seen from the conversion of mangrove forests to plantations that are still developing.
The communication and coordination system in managing the mangrove forest ecosystem is not established systematically. The lack of mechanisms and regulations in managing the coastal mangrove forest ecosystems make the people of Damas exploit and harm the ecosystem. In addition, local wisdom is needed in mangrove forest management because according to Muhsimin et al. (2018), if a local wisdom is practiced correctly and sincerely, the benefits can lead people to be more caring and responsible towards the environment.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
In summary, it can be said that the sustainability status of Damas Beach mangrove forest ecosystem is unsustainable in a multidimensional manner because the sustainability index of the ecological dimension shows a fairly sustainable category. On the other hand, in terms of economic, social, as well as legal and institutional dimension, the sustainability index is in the less sustainable category. This is due to the conversion of mangrove forests to coconut plantation. The variables that are most sensitive to ecosystem sustainability in each dimension include: abrasion and erosion, the development of alternative jobs, community awareness, and management plans.
From here, it is suggested that the government along with the community should conducted a mangrove rehabilitation, mangrove-based management and processing capacity improvement, deeper awareness building in concern to the functions and benefits of mangroves, as well as mangrove forest ecosystem management plans preparation.
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