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3Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences
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THE AMELIORATIVE STATE OF IRRIGATED LIGHT AND DARK BROWN SOILS IN THE PASTURE AND DESERT OF
ZARAFSHAN OASIS
Kushakov Abduvali Jabborovich
Navoi State Pedagogical Institute Associate Professor of the Department of Biology kushakovabduvali0@gmail.com Abralov Olim Sobirovich
Teacher of biology department of Navoi State Pedagogical Institute
ABSTRACT
In the number of studies we investigated the rise of groundwater and the occurrence of salinization processes in the light and dark brown gypsum soils in the pasture and desert of Zarafshan oasis under the influence of various natural factors. In the research analysis, we determined the level of nutrient supply (elements) of soil and have developed a number of recommendations to prevent salinization processes, radically improve the reclamation of lands and increase soil fertility.
Keys words: Amelioration, soil, geomorphology, salinity, humus, phosphorus, light and dark brown, pasture, pasture-desert, lithology, gypsum, agro technical, oasis, groundwater.
АННОТАЦИЯ
Под влиянием различных природных факторов процессы засоления происходят в серо-буро-луговых гипсовых почвах предгорьях пустынных районов. В данной статье указывается необходимость предотвращения и изучения процессов засоления почв, для того чтобы улучшить мелиорацию земель, повысить плодородие почв и разработать методы их рационального использования.
Ключевые слова: Мелиоративность, почва, геоморфология, засоленность почвы, гумус, фосфор, серо-буро-луговых, литология, гипс, агротехник, оазис, грунтовые воды.
АННОТАЦИЯ
Тадцицотларда Зарафшон уавзаси сур тусли цунзир утлоци ва чул утлоци гипслашган тупроцларда турли табиий омиллар таъсирида ер ости сувлари кутарилиши ва тупроцларда шурланиш жараёнларининг пайдо булиши урганилди. Тадцицотлар таулилида тупроцларнинг озиц элементлари билан
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таъминланиш даражаси аницланди. Тупроцлардаги шурланиш жараёнларининг олдини олиш ва уларни тадциц этиш, ерларнинг мелиоратив уолатини тубдан яхшилаш, тупроцларнинг унумдорлигини ошириш буйича, тавсиялар ишлаб чицилди.
Калит сузлар: Мелиорация, тупроц, геоморфология, шурланиш, гумус, фосфор, сур тусли цунгир, утлоци, чул-утлоци, литология, гипс, агротехник, уавза, ер ости суви.
INTRODUCTION
The area of saline soils in the irrigated lands of the Republic of Uzbekistan is 2 million 48 thousand hectares, 1 million 743.6 thousand hectares of which (72.1%) consists of saline soils of different levels. Particularly, in the total area of 96.8 hectares of irrigated agriculture in Navoi region, 62.4 thousand hectares (64.5%) of saline soils have been affected by various levels of salinization (The state of irrigated lands of the Republic of Uzbekistan and their improvement. - Tashkent: "University", 2018) [1].
In the resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated February 10, 2014 № PD-2125 "On improving the activities of the Agricultural Research and Production Center of Uzbekistan", a number of issues such as rational use of land resources, research on irrigated lands, problem solution of existing challenges through science-based methods, improving soil fertility and its reclamation status, increasing the scope and quality of scientific research etc. are identified as top priorities [6]
Studies have shown that hot weather, evaporation of groundwater in alluvial, agro irrigational and lyoss rocks and the accumulation of easily soluble salts in the soil surface layers are one of the main reasons for the development of secondary salinization processes. Also, today in the composition of light and dark brown soil of the pasture and desert of Zarafshan oasis, the level of groundwater has approached the surface of the ground (1-3 m) under the influence of natural anthropogenic factors, and, as the result, their mineralization has exceeded to 3-5 g/l. and accumulated in the upper and middle parts of the soil profile, forming secondary salinization processes
The results of the study will be important for the implementation of the State Land Cadastre and monitoring of land reclamation and fertility in the foothills of the desert.
The main purpose of the research is to develop some recommendations for improving the reclamation of irrigated lands, identification of salinization processes
[3].
SJIF 2023 = 6.131 / ASI Factor = 1.7
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and their causes, prevention of soil salinization on the basis of the analysis of soil samples obtained during the study.
RESEARCH CONDUCTED AREA AND IMPLEMENTATION METHODS.
The irrigated lands of Konimeh, the district of Navoi region, located in the desert zone of Zarafshan oasis were selected as the object of study.
In the research the salinity level of soil and groundwater was determined on the basis of the results of chemical analysis of groundwater and drainage water samples taken from irrigated soils. The research was carried out on the basis of the standard method adopted in the country [2,3].
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
The total irrigated area of Konimeh, located in Zarafshan oasis is 4827.0 hectares. According to its geographical location, it belongs to the arid continental climate region of Central Asia. The soils of irrigated lands are distributed in the geomorphological region of the foothills, consisting of alluvial and proluvial deposits of the subtropical desert and semi-desert zone, and they have been developed in different lithological, hydrogeological and soil-climatic conditions [3,4].
The climate in this territory is characterized by a sharp continental aridity, a decrease in air temperature, especially in hypsometric foothills, solar radiation, daily, monthly, annual and seasonal fluctuations in temperature, and uneven distribution of atmospheric precipitation throughout the year [3].
The region consists of wide undulating plains, and from a geomorphological point of view it descends to the south in the foothill plains formed by lyoss and alluvial-proluvial deposits of the Nurata mountain ranges. The area is located 400550 m above the sea level [5].
The soils of this area mainly consist of irrigated light and dark brown desert-pasture soils. On the base of our observations we can say that the soil of this area is prone to wind and water erosion and salinization. Also the amount of humus and other nutrients is low, the level of groundwater is high and there is moderate mineralization of soils in the area.
The soil of this territory consists of light mechanical composition and the amount of physical clay fractions (<0.01mm) equals to 22-28%. The average amount of humus in the topsoil is 0.82-1.05%, the average amount of mobile phosphorus is 15.3-35.8 mg / kg and the exchangeable potassium is 157-249 mg / kg. These soils form a group of soils with low humus, low and moderate amounts of mobile
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phosphorus, and low, sometimes moderately supplied soils in terms of exchangeable potassium.
According to the results of water absorption, the soils are sorted out into two groups: unsalted and weakly saline, so the total amount of water-soluble salts in weakly saline soils is 0.342-0.549% on average, and in moderately saline soils it is 1.224-1.865%. According to the chemistry behaviour of salinity, it consists of sulfate, and in some cases chloride-sulfate salinity types.
The role of groundwater in the process of soil formation is enormous and it has a multifaceted effect on the formation of saline soils. In the soil profile, groundwater is usually observed at different depths in the soils of the region, for example, in the upper parts of dry streams it reaches 5-6 m, in the middle it is usually at 3-4 m and in the lower parts it is observed at 2-3 m, and even 1-1.5 m. According to the data analysis of laboratory-analytical studies, they belong to the groups of weak (1-3 g/l) and moderate (3-10 g/l) mineralized groundwater according to their salinity. Gypsum layers appear 30, 50, 70, 100 cm in different depths, but some soil separations can be seen in the depth of 120 cm.
The total amount of easily soluble salts in the groundwater of district farms consists of 2,525-6,480 g/l, of which chloride ion comprises 0.161-0.780 g/l, and sulfates (SO4) equal to 1.390-3.270 g/l (Table 1). According to salinity chemistry behaviour, the groundwater consists of chloride-sulfate and sulfate salinity types. Consistent with the chemical (qualitative) composition of salts, Ca (HCO3)2, Na2SO4, MgSO4, CaSO4 salts occupy the leading position in sulphate and some chloride-sulphate salinity types of water, while in water with relatively high chlorine ions (0.490-0.780 g/l). MgCl2 and NaCl salts predominate in the water samples.
Table 1
Depth, mineralization and salinity chemistry of groundwater, ditches and irrigation water in the irrigated lands of Konimeh located in Zarafshan oasis
Sample № Depth, cm Salts (ions) Salinization
Dry elements HCO3 Cl SO4 Level Type
"Shurkul" massif
18 120 4,440 0,244 0,280 2,386 on average Ch-S
39 170 5,570 0,305 0,700 2,796 on average Ch-S
77 170 3,640 0,366 0,420 1,958 on average Ch-S
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"Qaraq-ata"massif
2 180 6,135 0,311 0,780 3,004 on average Ch-S
"Choradara" massif
8 80 6,480 0,500 0,378 3,270 on average Ch
23 120 4,570 0,306 0,202 2,386 on average Ch
33 160 4,780 0,324 0,266 2,406 on average Ch
Kh. Olimjon massif
12 130 1,335 0,372 0,105 0,564 weak Ch-S
76 210 2,525 0,329 0,161 1,390 weak Ch-S
80 170 2,785 0,439 0,210 1,485 weak
90 200 3,085 0,256 0,238 1,765 on average S
96 120 2,890 0,421 0,259 1,497 weak Ch-S
Ditchesx)
47 2,525 0,329 0,161 1,390 weak S
97 2,650 0,354 0,182 1,456 weak S
33 4,050 0,274 0,140 2,020 on average S
98 3,725 0,256 0,490 1,686 on average Ch-S
Irrigation waterxx)
1a 2,905 0,144 0,560 1,128 weak Ch-S
16 4,115 0,488 0,870 1,428 on average CH-S
1B 3,625 0,335 0,560 1,786 on average Ch-S
Note: Ch-S - chloride-sulfate; S - sulfate. x) - Drainage water is taken from the indicated samples. xx) - Irrigation water was obtained from artesian wells in the Madaniyat (1a), Qaraq-ata (1b) and Konimeh (1v) massifs.
SJIF 2023 = 6.131 / ASI Factor = 1.7
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Relatively highly mineralized groundwater (4.440-6.480 g /l) is observed in the irrigated soils of Shurkul, Qaraq-ota and Chordara farms, while weakly mineralized (1-3 g/l) groundwater is observed in Kh. Olimjon farm lands.
As a result of dynamic changes of the hydrogeological conditions of the region throughout the year and irrigation-related measures, various levels of salinization processes have occurred in the area. There are 4,827.0 hectares of irrigated agricultural land in the region, including 392.7 hectares of non-saline soils which comprises 8.14% of irrigated land. Low-salinity area in the region comprises 2900.8 hectares which makes up 60.10% of the total area. Average saline area is 1470.9 hectares, which is 30.47% of the total area and strong saline area consists of 62.6 hectares (1.3%) (Figure 1). On the basis of this fact it can be claimed that the reclamation condition of the soil in this area is not so good, i.e. it needs thorough investigation, saline leaching processes and also systematic reclamation measures etc.
The areas of irrigated lands in Konimeh according to the degree of salinity
In summer, when groundwater evaporates through soil capillaries, the salts are retained in the upper layers and the surface of the ground, in autumn and winter, the salts in the upper layers melt under the influence of atmospheric precipitation and reach the lower layers that is the groundwater, as a result of the recurrence of seasonal evaporation over many years, the accumulation of salts increases in the upper layers of the soil. Also natural processes such as irrigation, reclamation and agro technics greatly influence in the course of such salinity genesis and salt migration.
According to the chemistry behavoiur the light and dark brown soils of pasture and desert of the studied area consist of chloride-sulphate and sulphate salinity types. On the whole, studies have shown that the condition of groundwater in the region's irrigated lands is seasonal. It was proved that with the end of the vegetation period all irrigated areas fall to 2.5-3.0 meters; however, during the vegetation irrigation period it is usually 1-2 meters.
(in percentage)
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CONCLUSION
The irrigated lands of Konimeh, a district in Zarafshan oasis consist of different levels of salinity, and the state of soil reclamation is more severe than in a number of other desert areas. There is a great demand to develop a number of measures to solve several problems in the area such as prevention of salinization process and increase of soil fertility to combat soil salinity in the main irrigated areas, reduce of groundwater levels, increase crop yields etc.
1) in order to prevent the rise of groundwater and secondary salinization processes in the area, we have to take into account the correct use of irrigation water, the determination of moderate use of irrigation water, soil and climatic conditions, crop type, growing season, depth of groundwater and other factors to determine irrigation times, number and norms of irrigation correctly;
2) we have to ensure the operation of the existing collector-drainage network system, and also change hydromorphic water regime (groundwater at 1.5-2.5 m), to semi-hydromorphic water regime (at 2.5-3.0 m), taking into account the forms of salinity accumulation in soils transfer; [6]
3) we have to keep the groundwater level below the "critical depth" (2.5-3.0 m);
4) it is expedient to strengthen research and various practical activities to determine the timing and norms of saline leaching, depending on the parent rock, its mechanical composition, gypsum and layer thickness, as well as the depth and the level of mineralization of saline soils of Zarafshan oasis.
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