CC BY
15Thalassiosira kozyrenkoae sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from the outcrops on the Taman Peninsula (Russia)
G. V. Kovaleva1, R. M. Gogorev2
'Southern Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russia 2Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia Corresponding author. G. V. Kovaleva, kovaleva_galina@mail.ru
Abstract. A study of the Upper Miocene deposits on the Taman Peninsula revealed a new centric diatom Thalassiosira kozyrenkoae Kovaleva et Gogorev. The absence of findings of this species in the modern diatom flora suggests that it is extinct. The species was likely endemic for the Sea of Azov -the Black Sea basin. Single findings of valve fragments in the New Azov layers make it possible to use T. kozyrenkoae as a stratigraphic marker and to estimate the distribution extent of the Neogene sediments from the outcrops. This study will contribute to the more precise identification of the origin of the redeposited fossil diatoms in the Quaternary sediments from the Sea of Azov.
Keywords: Biddulphia tuomeyi, Thalassiosira, diatoms, Miocene, morphology, taxonomy
Thalassiosira kozyrenkoae sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) из обнажений на Таманском полуострове (Россия)
Г. В. Ковалева1, Р. М. Гогорев2
'Южный научный центра РАН, Ростов-на-Дону, Россия 2Ботанический институт им. В. Л. Комарова РАН, Санкт-Петербург, Россия Автор для переписки. Г. В. Ковалева, kovaleva_galina@mail.ru
Резюме. Приводится описание нового для науки вида диатомовых водорослей — Thalassiosira kozyrenkoae Kovaleva et Gogorev. из верхнемиоценовых отложений Таманского полуострова. Отсутствие находок этого вида в современной флоре дает основание считать описанный таксон вымершим. Вероятно, этот вид был эндемиком Азово-Черноморского бассейна. Находки обломков створок этого вида в новоазовских слоях позволяют использовать T. kozyrenkoae в качестве стратиграфического маркера, который поможет оценить масштабы разноса неогеновых осадков из обнажений и уточнить происхождение переотложенных ископаемых диатомовых в четвертичных осадках Азовского моря.
Ключевые слова: Biddulphia tuomeyi, Thalassiosira, диатомовые водоросли, миоцен, морфология, таксономия.
A vast marine basin in the Neogene, the Paratethys, stretched from the Alps to the Aral Sea and included the Pannonian, Dacian and Euxinian-Caspian water bodies linked by straits (Rostovtseva, 2009а). The Paratethys diminished in size in the Middle Sarmatian, resulting in the isolation and emergence of the Pannonian Sea. During the Maeotian Stage, the Paratethys continued to be separated into the Pannonian and Dacian-Euxinian-Caspian (the Eastern Paratethys) basins, completely isolated from
https://doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2021.55-1.19
19
each other. While the Pannonian Sea during that period was a brackish-water body with an endemic fauna of molluscs, the Dacian-Euxinian-Caspian basin was a semi-marine reservoir in the early Maeotian and a brackish one in the late Maeotian Regional Stage (Rostovtseva, 2009b).
The exposures of the Neogene deposits of the Taman Trough are well-known and have been thoroughly studied (Neveskaya et al, 2004). Beginning with the Middle Miocene, they were well-exposed on the Black Sea coast of the Taman Peninsula. The more ancient deposits are exposed only in the kernels of diaper folds and registered on the Sea of Azov coast, where they are broken by landslides. A light, denser alternation cluster of clays and marls, which is of marker value, is well-distinguished in the Middle Sarmatian deposits. Deepwater facies with diatomite interlayers comprise the Upper Miocene deposits (to the Upper Maeotian), and typical facies of valencienneside clays comprise the Pontian ones. Clayey deposits (the Lower Cimmerian) comprise the Pliocene layers in the lower parts of transects and shallow-water deposits, and lenses of brown ironstones (the Kamysh-Burun layers of the Cimmerian) comprise the upper ones. The brackish shallow water deposits of supra-ore thickness, overlain with a cluster of semi-marine Akchagyl deposits, comprise the top layers of the Late Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene deposits (Neveskaya et al, 2004).
Studies by D. Pantochek, A. S. Savchenko, A. B. Missuna, A. P. Zhuze, A. I. Pro-schkina-Lavrenko, I. V. Makarova, T. F. Kozyrenko, A. P. Ol'shtynskaya, E. P. Rodio-nova, and others have provided detailed descriptions of fossil diatom complexes of the Neogene from the Taman and Kerch peninsulas. A detailed review of these studies has been given earlier (Makarova, 1960, 1965; Makarova, Kozyrenko, 1966; Kozyrenko, Makarova, 1968; Rostovtseva, Kozyrenko, 2006).
Studying the Sea of Azov Quaternary deposits, especially from the southern part of the sea, we regularly register poorly preserved fragments of diatom valves and try to identify these redeposited forms. It is important to determine the age and origin of re-deposited valves to interpret the presence of these forms in the Ancient and New Azov layers of the Sea of Azov deposits more precisely. When we identified the fragments of valves of Thalassiosira species in one of the cores sampled in the Northern Kerch Strait, their morphology indicated that they did not correspond to any of Thalassiosira species previously registered in the Sea of Azov (Gogorev, Kovaleva, 2017). A comparison of the redeposited fragments with the earlier results showed that they are similar to a Thalassiosira species, registered in a sample of diatomite from the exposures on Cape Panagia (the Taman Peninsula). A thorough study of the species morphology using scanning electronic microscopy allowed the description of a new species, Thalassiosira kozyrenkoae Kovaleva et Gogorev.
Material and Methods
We sampled the exposures on Cape Panagia in June 2006 during the expedition of the Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SSC RAS). Cape Panagia (45°08'26.0"N, 36°38'00.5"E), located in the Temryuk District of Krasnodar
Territory, is in the south-west of the Taman Peninsula, 12 km from the stanitsa (Cossack village) of Taman (Fig. 1). This is the eastern entry cape to the Kerch Strait from the Black Sea. The specimen was sampled in the upper part of the open exposure, 150 m north of the tip of Cape Panagia (Fig. 1). We discovered the outcrop of diatomite in the upper part of the sampling site (Fig. 2).
Part of the sample of diatomite (approximately 3 g) was boiled in distilled water with several drops of 32% hydrogen peroxide in the laboratory. After rock disintegration, the sample was rinsed several times with distilled water and centrifuged (Elmi SM-6M; 3000 rpm). An aliquot of the rinsed sample was examined with a light microscope (LM) Leica DME (x 1000); permanent slides were made with the highly refractive Naphrax medium (refractive index of 1.73). The sample was then examined with a Carl Zeiss EVO 40 XVP (covered Au/Pd; accelerating voltage 15-25 kV; working distance 7.5-10.5 mm) scanning electronic microscope (SEM) (Centre of Collective Usage of Facilities of the Southern Scientific Centre RAS, No. 501994). The names of taxa of higher rank are according to Round et al. (1990) and Cox (2015).
Results and Discussion
The Miocene diatoms on the coast of the Taman Peninsula have been thoroughly studied along the transects on Capes Tuzla, Popov Kamen' and Zheleznyi Rog near the stanitsa of Taman (Makarova, Kozyrenko, 1966; Kozyrenko, Makarova, 1968; Ros-tovtseva, Kozyrenko, 2006). As for the diatom flora from the transects on Cape Pana-gia, the results of studying a series of specimens from the coastal exposures are given
Fig. 1. Map with the sampling site at Cape Panagia.
3
Fig. 2. Sampling site at the coastal exposure at Cape Panagia. 1 — general view of exposure; 2 — Cape Panagia's tip; 3 — enlarged view of diatomite outcrop;
the arrow indicates the sample site.
by Makarova (Milovanova, 1955; Makarova, 1960), the author who first described the diatom complexes of the Middle and Late Sarmatian and Maeotian in this region. These data were subsequently generalized and extended in joint publications with Kozyrenko (Makarova, Kozyrenko, 1966; Kozyrenko, Makarova, 1968).
According to these, abundant development of Biddulphia tuomeyi (Bailey) Roper var. tuomeyi [= Biddulphia tridens (Ehrenb.) Ehrenb.] and var. tridentata (Ehrenb.) Jouse was a typical feature of the Late Miocene diatom flora. In their opinion, the valve thickness of this species is typical of the Late Sarmatian-Early Maeotian Regional Stages. They registered B. tuomeyi in the upper layers of the Upper Sarmatian Period on the Taman Peninsula (Makarova, 1960) and the lower layers of the Maeo-tian in the North-Eastern Crimea (Makarova, Kozyrenko, 1966). The presence of this
Plate I. Diatom complex from diatomite outcrop at Cape Panagia. 1-2 — Biddulphia tuomeyi var. tuomeyi; 3-4 — B. tuomeyi var. tridentata; 5 — valve of Thalassiosira kozyrenkoae (top), B. tuomeyi var. tuomeyi (middle), and B. tuomeyi var. tridentata (bottom). Scale bars: 1, 5 — 50 |im; 2-4 — 20 |im.
species-marker (Plate I) in our diatomite specimen allowed us to relate the examined deposits to the Late Sarmatian-Early Maeotian (the Late Miocene).
Makarova and Kozyrenko (1966) also stated that neritic species belonging to the genus Thalassiosira, such as T. variabilis I. V. Makarova, T. tenera Proshk.-Lavr., T. deli-catissima Proshk.-Lavr., T. subsalina Proshk.-Lavr., T. maeotica Proshk.-Lavr. and T. coronifera Proshk.-Lavr., often accompanied the diatom complex with Biddulphia tuomeyi var. tuomeyi and var. tridentata. Because they had at their disposal only a LM, we assume that they misidentified the species under the name of T. coronifera. When studied using LM, the valves of T. kozyrenkoae are very similar to T. coronifera; however, the use of SEM for a detailed study of valve structure allowed us to determine significant differences between them (Table 1). The species diagnosis is given below.
Phylum BACILLARIOPHYTA Class MEDIOPHYCEAE Medlin et Kaczmarska Order THALASSIOSIRALES Glezer et I. V. Makarova Family Thalassiosiraceae M. Lebour
Thalassiosira kozyrenkoae Kovaleva et Gogorev, sp. nov. (Plates II-V)
Valves flat, slightly concave in center, 20-61 |im in diam., with a rather high mantle. Areolae pattern radial and fasciculated, 12-13 (rarely 14) areolae in 10 |im, 2630 areolae in 10 |im on valve mantle. Foramina of areolae big, round in center. Rarely, foramina are smaller, slit-like, tri- or quadrangular near the margin. Cribrum round to elongated ellipsoid with 18-24 cribrum pores in 1 |im (n = 23) (Plate V: 2, 3, 5, 6).
One central strutted process with 5 satellite pores, with external short tube (Plate III: 6; IV: 4) and usually surrounded by 1-2 larger areolae (Plate V: 6). Marginal strutted processes with 4 satellite pores in a ring, 6 in 10 |im (Plate V: 3, 5); rarely 4-5 in 10 |im on great valves (45-60 |im in diam.). External marginal processes with rather long tubes, sometimes surrounded by extension (coil) at the end (Plate IV: 7) and with internal very short tubes inside the valve (Plate V). Single rimoportula between two marginal strutted processes, on external surface with external tube longer than in marginal processes (Plate III: 1, 3, 7; Plate IV: 3), 1.9-2.7 ^m long (Plate IV: 3); internal slit of labiate process about 1 |im long, located radially (Plate V: 2, 5, 7).
H o l o t y p e: The specimen on slide No. 7, stored at the Southern Scientific Centre RAS, Rostov-on-Don (Russia), illustrated at Plate II: 4. I s o t y p e: Slide LE A0000299 (No. 716).
Type locality: Russia, Taman Peninsula, Cape Panagia, 45°08'26.0"N, 36°38'00.5"E, Late Miocene deposits, VI 2006, G. V. Kovaleva.
D i s t r i b u t i o n . Fossil species, frequently registered in the Late Miocene deposits (from the layers of the Late Sarmatian to the Early Maeotian Regional Stages); single finds registered in the Quaternary sediments from the Sea of Azov as redepo-sited valves.
Etymology. The specific epithet was chosen in honor of the Russian diatomo-logist Tatiana Fedorovna Kozyrenko who studied the Miocene diatoms of the Taman Peninsula for many years.
Differentiation. Thalassiosira kozyrenkoae is morphologically similar to both T. coronifera and T. punctigera (Castrac.) Hasle in valve size and areolae pattern. Thalassiosira kozyrenkoae differs from the first description of T. coronifera (Pro-schkina-Lavrenko, 1955) by a greater density of areolae and marginal processes. In the emended diagnosis of T. coronifera (Genkal, Terenko, 2009), the areolae density is within a wider range (Table 1), but the density of marginal processes is also less when compared to T. kozyrenkoae. Moreover, Genkal, Terenko (2009) indicated up to three central strutted processes and also observed a long external tube of labiate process, which differs from our data (2-5 |im in length, unlike 1.8-2.7). In addition, according to other data (Diatomovye..., 1988), the T. coronifera's central strutted processes on the external surface has only aperture, unlike T. kozyrenkoae that has an external tube. Thalassiosira kozyrenkoae, T. angulata (W. Greg.) Hasle, and T. tenera are similar in morphology by the density of areolae and differ by the external valve view and areo-lae pattern. The main morphological differences between T. kozyrenkoae and the compared species are in the different density of the marginal processes and the different number of satellite pores of the central strutted process (Table 1).
Acknowledgments
We express our gratitude to Roman G. Mikhalyuk (Rostov-on-Don, Russia), Yuri B. Okolodkov (Veracruz, Ver., Mexico) and Marcia M. Gowing (Seattle, WA, USA) for the English language assistance and improving the style. Data collection and sampling, laboratory analysis, microphotograph preparation, primary analysis of diatom morphology are by G. V. Kovaleva (at the Southern Scientific Centre RAS with the financial support from the Russian Science Foundation, grant No. 16-17-10170-P). We used the logistic support of the Centre of Collective Usage of Facilities of the Southern Scientific Centre RAS, No. 501994 (SEM, etc.). The analysis of morphology and species description by R. M. Gogorev was carried out within the institutional research project "Flora and taxonomy of algae, lichens and bryophytes in Russia and phytogeographically important regions of the world" (No. 121021600184-6) of the Komarov Botanical Institute RAS.
Plate II. Thalassiosira kozyrenkoae from the sample of diatomite, LM. 1-10 — valve: 4 — holotype of T. kozyrenkoae, slide No. 7. Scale bars: 10 |im.
PBs ■ -i'zttuxsm.mz-.m Plate III. Thalassiosira kozyrenkoae (external valve surface) from the sample of diatomite, SEM. 1, 3, 7 — external valve surface (external tube of rimoportula marked with arrows); 2, 4-6 — part of exterior valve: 6 — central strutted process. Scale bars: 1, 3-5, 7 — 10 |im; 2 — 5 |im; 6 — 2 |im.
Plate IV. Thalassiosira kozyrenkoae (external valve surface) from the sample of diatomite, SEM. 1-3, 5-9 — margin of valve, several marginal strutted processes, rimoportula (3) marked with arrow; 4 — central strutted process. Scale bars: 1, 5, 6 — 5 |im; 2, 3 — 1 |im; 4, 7-9 — 2 |im.
Plate V. Thalassiosira kozyrenkoae (internal valve surface) from the sample of diatomite, SEM. 1 — internal valve surface; 2-7 — part of interior valve with marginal strutted processes, rimoportula (2, 5, 7 — arrows), central strutted process (6). Scale bars: 1, 4 — 10 |im; 2, 3, 5 — 1 |im; 6 — 0.5 |im; 7 — 2 |im.
Table 1
Morphological features of Thalassiosira kozyrenkoae sp. nov. and similar species
6 Number of areolae in 10 um Areolae pattern O f Number of MF in 10 um Number and size of rimoportula * e
> tu tu > 13 S3 t3 r e ^ d e O in gi c« S le d S o r e 1 u £ i= e r e Pi
T. kozyrenkoae sp. nov. 20-61 12-13 14 26-30 radial, in fascicles 1 6 (rarely 4-5) 1, 1.82.7 um [1]
T. aestivalis Gran 20-32 18 20-22 radial, in fascicles 1 3-5 1 [2]
14-56 18 >20 1 4 1 [3]
14-56 >20 in fascicles 1 4 1 [4]
T. angulata 17-40 12-39 8-12 8-18 12-15 16-20 14-24 tangential tangential 1 1 3 3 (2-4) 1, 2.62.7 um 1 [2] [3]
11-39 14-24 tangential, in fascicles 1 4 1 [4]
^ mronifera 16-48 10 16-17 - tangential, radial, in fascicles 1 3-4 1 [5]** Black Sea
11-18 8-10 15-16 tangential-radial, in fascicles 1 3-5 1 [6] Caspian Sea
11-48 17-41 8-10 9-14 15-17 11-16 16-17 15-20 tangential, radial 1 1 (rarely 2-3) 4-5 3-5 1, approximately 2 um 1, 2.85 um [2] [7] Black Sea
T. decipiens (Grunow) E.G. Jorg. 12-42 9-28 6-8 8-12 10-17 10-15 tangential tangential, radial 1 3-5 4-7 1 [8] [9]
9-40 8-12 10-15 tangential 1 4-6 1 [2]
9-40 8-12 10-15 tangential 1 4-6 1 [3]
10-30 8-10 13 15 tangential 1 4-5 1 [10]
8-32(40) 10-15 tangential 1 4-6 1 [4]
Valve diameter, |im Number of areolae in 10 um Areolae pattern О f ^ S o i r e and size of la tul rt * e
Center Margin Mantle o r e 1 u Z £ S3 H . a Z * s mbe u 2: o p o imo ri nc e r e Re
T. maeotica 11-45 16 18-20 20-22 radial, in fascicles 1 7-8 - [11]
11-45 16 18-20 20-22 radial, in fascicles 1? 7-8 1 [2]
T. punctigera 50-130 13-16 10-12 radial, in fascicles 1 5-6 1 [2]
40-186 10-23 10-23 in fascicles 1 4-5 1 [3]
24-80 (40-186) 10-23 in fascicles 1 4-5 1 [4]
T. tenera 6.5-15 12-13 15 23-26 tangential-linear 1 4-6 - [12]
6.5-15 12-13 15 23-26 tangential-linear 1 4-6 1 [2]
10-29 (9)10-16 10-16 20-24 tangential-linear 1 3-5 1 [3]
7-18 16 40 24-30 linear 1 5 1 [10]
10-46 (10-29) 10-16 linear 1 3-5 1 [4]
T. variabilis 16-23 9-10 11-12 14-15 (1820) tangential 1 4-8 per valve [13] Caspian Sea
16-31 9-10 11-12 14-15 (1820) tangential 4-8 per valve [8] Sea of Azov
10-37 9-10 11-12 18-20 tangential-radial 4-8 per valve [6] Caspian Sea
Note. CF — central strutted processes; MF — marginal strutted processes.
* References: [1] — This study; [2] — Diatomovye ..., 1988; [3] — Hasle, Syvertsen, 1996; [4] — Hoppenrath et al., 2007; [5] — Proschkina-Lavrenko, 1955; [6] — Proschkina-Lavrenko, Makarova, 1968; [7] — Genkal, Terenko, 2009; [8] — Proschkina-Lavrenko, 1963; [9] — Hasle, 1979; [10] — Ake-Castillo et al, 1999; [11] — Proschkina-Lavrenko, 1960; [12] — Proschkina-Lavrenko, 1961; [13] — Makarova, 1959.
** — given as T. coronata.
References
Ake-Castillo J. A., Hernandez-Becerril D. U., Meave Del Castillo M. E. 1999. Species of the genus Thalassiosira (Bacillariophyceae) from the Gulf of Tehuantepec. Botanica Marina 42: 487-503. https://doi.org/10.1515/BOT.1999.056
Cox E. J. 2015. Coscinodiscophyceae, Mediophyceae, Fragilariophyceae, Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms). Syllabus of plant families. Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Part 2/1. Photo-autotrophic eukaryotic algae: Glaucocystophyta, Cryptophyta, Dinophyta/Dinozoa, Haptophyta, Heterokontophyta/Ochrophyta, Chlorarachniophyta/Cercozoa, Euglenophyta/Euglenozoa, Chlo-rophyta, Streptophyta p.p. Berlin: 64-103.
Diatomovye vodorosli SSSR (iskopaemye i sovremennye). T. 2, Vyp. 1 [The diatoms of the USSR. Fossil and recent. Vol. 2, Fasc. 1]. 1988. Leningrad: 116 p. (In Russ.).
Genkal S. I., Terenko L. M. 2009. New data on morphology, ecology, and distribution of Thalassiosira coronifera Pr.-Lavr. (Bacillariophyta). Ukrainskii botanicheskiizhurnal 66(1): 88-93. (In Russ.).
Gogorev R. M., Kovaleva G. V. 2017. Thalassiosira azovica sp. nov. and other species of the genus Thalassiosira (Bacillariophyta) from the Holocene deposits of the Sea of Azov. Novostisistematiki nizshikh rastenii 51: 37-56. (In Russ. with Engl. abstract). https://doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2017.51.37
Hasle G. R. 1979. Thalassiosira decipiens (Gran) J0rg. (Bacillariophyceae). Bacillaria 2: 85-108.
Hasle G. R., Syvertsen E. E. 1996. Marine diatoms. Identifying marine diatoms and dinoflagellates. San Diego: 5-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012693015-3/50005-X
Hoppenrath M., Beszteri B., Drebes G., Halliger H., Beusekom J. E. E. van, Janisch S., Wiltshire K. H. 2007. Thalassiosira species (Bacillariophyceae, Thalassiosirales) in the North Sea at Helgoland (German Bight) and Sylt (North Frisian Wadden Sea) — a first approach to assessing diversity. EuropeanJournal of Phycology 42: 271-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670260701352288
Kozyrenko T. F., Makarova I. V. 1968. Morskie i solonovatovodnye diatomei miotsena yuga Evropeiskoi chasti SSSR. Iskopaemye diatomovye vodorosli SSSR [Marine and brackish-water diatoms of the Miocene of the Southern European part of the USSR. Fossil diatoms of the USSR]. Moscow: 44-51. (In Russ.).
Makarova I. V. 1959. New representatives of the genus Thalassiosira from the Caspian Sea. Botani-cheskie materialy otdela sporovykh rastenii Botanicheskogo Instituta imeni V. L. Komarova Akade-mii Nauk SSSR 12: 82-86. (In Russ.).
Makarova I. V. 1960. On the flora of the Neogene diatoms of the Taman Peninsula. Vestnik Lenin-gradskogo universiteta 3: 79-89. (In Russ.).
Makarova I. V. 1965. New data on the flora of the Neogene diatoms of the Taman Peninsula. Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 2: 9-12. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/1965.2.9
Makarova I. V., Kozyrenko T. F. 1966. Diatomovye vodorosli iz morskikh miotsenovykh otlozhenii yuga Evropeiskoi chasti SSSR i ikh znachenie dlya stratigrafii [Diatoms from the Miocene marine sediments of the Southern European part of the USSR and their importance for stratigraphy]. Moscow; Leningrad: 70 p. (In Russ.).
Milovanova I. V. 1955. New and interesting diatoms from the Neogene of the Taman Peninsula. Bota-nicheskie materialy otdela sporovykh rastenii Botanicheskogo Instituta imeni V. L. Komarova Aka-demii Nauk SSSR 10: 69-72. (In Russ.).
Neveskaya L. A., Kovalenko E. I., Beluzhenko E. V. , Popov S. V., Goncharova I. A., Danukalova G. A., Zhidovinov I. Ya., Zaitsev A. V., Zastrozhnov A. S., Il'ina L. B. 2004. Ob'yasnitel'naya zapiska k unifitsirovannoi regional'noi stratigraficheskoi skheme neogenovykh otlozhenii yuzhnykh regionov evropeiskoi chasti Rossii [Explanatory note to the unified regional stratigraphic scheme of the Neogene deposits of the southern regions of European Russia]. Moscow: 83 p. (In Russ.).
Proschkina-Lavrenko A. I. 1955. Relict diatoms in the plankton of the Black Sea. Botanicheskie materialy otdela sporovykh rastenii Botanicheskogo Instituta imeni V. L. Komarova Akademii Nauk SSSR 10: 45-54. (In Russ.).
Proschkina-Lavrenko A. I. 1960. New and interesting diatoms from the Maeotian sediments of the Black Sea Region. Botanicheskie materialy otdela sporovykh rastenii Botanicheskogo Instituta ime-ni V. L. Komarova Akademii Nauk SSSR 13: 54-66. (In Russ.).
Proschkina-Lavrenko A. I. 1961. New diatoms from the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. Botanicheskie materialy otdela sporovykh rastenii Botanicheskogo Instituta imeni V. L. Komarova Akademii Nauk SSSR 14: 33-39. (In Russ.).
Proschkina-Lavrenko A. I. 1963. Diatomovye vodorosliplanktona Azovskogo morya [Planktonic diatoms of the Sea of Azov]. Moscow; Leningrad: 190 p. (In Russ.).
Proschkina-Lavrenko A. I., Makarova I. V. 1968. Vodorosli planktona Kaspiiskogo morya [Plankton algae of the Caspian Sea]. Moscow; Leningrad: 293 p. (In Russ.).
Rostovtseva Yu. V. 2009a. Middle Sarmatian facies of the Taman Trough. Lithology and Mineral Resources 44(4): 367-378. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0024490209040051
Rostovtseva Yu. V. 2009b. Upper Meotian facies of the Taman Trough. Lithology and Mineral Resources 44(6): 531-543. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0024490209060029
Rostovtseva Yu. V., Kozyrenko T. F. 2006. Specific features of the Late Miocene sedimentation in the Kerch-Taman Trough. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 4. Geologiya 4: 20-29. (In Russ.).
Round F. E., Crawford R. M., Mann D. G. 1990. The diatoms. Biology and morphology of the genera. Cambridge: 747 p.
Литература
Ake-Castillo J. A., Hernandez-Becerril D. U., Meave Del Castillo M. E. 1999. Species of the genus Thalassiosira (Bacillariophyceae) from the Gulf of Tehuantepec. Botanica Marina 42: 487-503. https://doi.org/10.1515/B0T.1999.056
Cox E. J. 2015. Coscinodiscophyceae, Mediophyceae, Fragilariophyceae, Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms). Syllabus of plant families. Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Part 2/1. Photo-autotrophic eukaryotic algae: Glaucocystophyta, Cryptophyta, Dinophyta/Dinozoa, Haptophyta, Heterokontophyta/Ochrophyta, Chlorarachniophyta/Cercozoa, Euglenophyta/Euglenozoa, Chlo-rophyta, Streptophyta p.p. Berlin: 64-103.
[Diatomovye...] Диатомовые водоросли СССР (ископаемые и современные). Т. 2, Вып. 1. 1988. Л.: 116 с.
[Genkal, Terenko] Генкал С. М., Теренько Л. М. 2009. Новые данные по морфологии, экологии, и распространению Thalassiosira coronifera Pr.-Lavr. (Bacillariophyta). Украинский ботанический журнал 66(1): 88-93.
[Gogorev, Kovaleva] Гогорев Р. М., Ковалева Г. В. 2017. Thalassiosira azovica sp. nov. и другие виды рода Thalassiosira (Bacillariophyta) из голоценовых отложений Азовского моря. Новости систематики низших растений. 51: 37-56. https://doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2017.51.37
Hasle G. R. 1979. Thalassiosira decipiens (Gran) Jorg. (Bacillariophyceae). Bacillaria 2: 85-108.
Hasle G. R., Syvertsen E. E. 1996. Marine diatoms. Identifying marine diatoms and dinoflagellates. San Diego: 5-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012693015-3/50005-X
Hoppenrath M., Beszteri B., Drebes G., Halliger H., Beusekom J. E. E. van, Janisch S., Wiltshire K. H. 2007. Thalassiosira species (Bacillariophyceae, Thalassiosirales) in the North Sea at Helgoland (Germand Bight) and Sylt (North Frisian Wadden Sea) — a first approach to assessing diversity. EuropeanJournal of Phycology 42: 271-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670260701352288
[Kozyrenko, Makarova] Козыренко Т. Ф., Макарова И. В. 1968. Морские и солоноватоводные диатомеи миоцена юга Европейской части СССР. Ископаемые диатомовые водоросли СССР. М.: 44-51.
[Makarova] Макарова И. В. 1959. Новые представители рода Thalassiosira из Каспийского моря. Ботанические материалы отдела споровых растений Ботанического института имени В. Л. Комарова Академии наук СССР 12: 82-86.
[Makarova] Макарова И. В. 1960. К флоре диатомовых водорослей неогена Таманского полуострова. Вестник Ленинградского университета 3: 79-89.
[Makarova] Макарова И. В. 1965. Новые данные к флоре диатомовых водорослей неогена Таманского полуострова. Новости систематики низших растений 2: 9-12. https: //doi.org/10.31111 /nsnr/1965.2.9
[Makarova, Kozyrenko] Макарова И. В., Козыренко Т. Ф. 1966. Диатомовые водоросли из морских миоценовых отложений юга Европейской части СССР и их значение для стратиграфии. М.; Л.: 70 с.
[Milovanova] Милованова И. В. 1955. Новые и интересные диатомовые из неогена Таманского полуострова. Ботанические материалы отдела споровых растений Ботанического института имени В. Л. Комарова Академии наук СССР 10: 69-72.
[Neveskaya et al.] Невесская Л. А., Коваленко Е. И., Белуженко Е. В. , Попов С. В., Гончарова И. А., Данукалова Г. А., Жидовинов И. Я., Зайцев А. В., Застрожнов А. С., Ильина Л. Б. 2004. Объяснительная записка к унифицированной региональной стратиграфической схеме неогеновых отложений южных регионов европейской части России. М.: 83 с.
[Proschkina-Lavrenko] Прошкина-Лавренко А. И. 1955. Реликтовые диатомовые в планктоне Черного моря. Ботанические материалы отдела споровых растений Ботанического института имени В. Л. Комарова Академии наук СССР 10: 45-54.
[Proschkina-Lavrenko] Прошкина-Лавренко А. И. 1960. Новые и интересные диатомовые водоросли из мэотических отложений Причерноморья. Ботанические материалы отдела споровых растений Ботанического института имени В. Л. Комарова Академии наук СССР 13: 54-66.
[Proschkina-Lavrenko] Прошкина-Лавренко А. И. 1961. Новые диатомовые из Черного и Азовского морей. Ботанические материалы отдела споровых растений Ботанического института имени В. Л. Комарова Академии наук СССР 14: 33-39.
[Proschkina-Lavrenko] Прошкина-Лавренко А. И. 1963. Диатомовые водоросли планктона Азовского моря. М.; Л.: 190 с.
[Proschkina-Lavrenko, Makarova] Прошкина-Лавренко А. И., Макарова И. В. 1968. Водоросли планктона Каспийского моря. М.; Л.: 293 с.
Rostovtseva Yu. V. 2009a. Middle Sarmatian facies of the Taman Trough. Lithology and Mineral Resources 44(4): 367-378. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0024490209040051
Rostovtseva Yu. V. 2009b. Upper Meotian facies of the Taman Trough. Lithology and Mineral Resources 44(6): 531-543. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0024490209060029
[Rostovtseva, Kozyrenko] Ростовцева Ю. В., Козыренко Т. Ф. 2006. Особенности позднемиоце-нового осадконакопления в Керченско-Таманском прогибе. Вестник Московского университета. Серия 4. Геология 4: 20-29.
Round F. E., Crawford R. M., Mann D. G. 1990. The diatoms. Biology and morphology of the genera. Cambridge: 747 p.
