CC BY
14
UDC 81-25
DOI 10.24147/2413-6182.2021.8(3).547-559
ISSN 2413-6182 eISSN 2658-4867
"TEXTS ABOUT TEXTS", OR "COMMUNICATION
ABOUT COMMUNICATION" (BASED ON THE UNPREPARED READING OF RUSSIAN TEXTS BY NATIVE SPEAKERS OF RUSSIAN AND CHINESE LANGUAGES)
Kong Chunxia
St. Petersburg State University (St. Petersburg, Russia)
Abstract: The article examines the phenomenon of metacommunication in spontaneous reading in both Russian as native and non-native language. The material includes 112 monologues texts reading (equally plot and non-plot texts), as well as 40 recorded monologues of 20 Chinese and 72 recorded monologues of 33 Russians. The object of analysis was metacommunicative insertions (MI) in monologues. While running this study, we identified 11 types of MIs which present the following functions: self-correction, doubt, speech organization and there after its continuation, comments on the original text, questions (not always verbalized), confirmation of one's own words, accusations, discursive marking of the texts' beginning and end, forgetting of a word or fact, as well as search for words - a mean of self-expression. In the speech of Chinese speakers such MIs were 3 times fewer than in the speech of Russians native speakers, and, accordingly, there was a smaller variety of MIs (only 5 types). Russian informants, who are versed in their native language, often not only read, but also parallelly create a separate "text about the text" and generate "communication about communication". The analysis of the given material confirmed that reading is one of the types of spontaneous speech: this is evidenced, in particular, by a variety of metacommunica-tive insertions used by speakers within this speech scenario. MIs are used while reading in both native and non-native languages, fact that is triggered by their main property: to verbalize the speaker's difficulties in the speech scenario realization. At the same time, they are addressed either to the speaker himself or to the interlocutor. In addition, the number of MIs correlates with the individual characteristics of the informants. On a comparatively more diverse material of recorded texts read by Russians, it was found that women, especially extroverts and philologists, especially use a lot of MIs in their reading.
Key words: metacommunication, unprepared reading, spontaneous speech, metacommunicative insertion, interference.
For citation:
Kong, Chunxia (2021), "Texts about texts", or "Communication about communication" (based on the unprepared reading of Russian texts by native speakers of Russian and Chinese languages). Communication Studies (Russia), Vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 547-559. DOI: 10.24147/2413-6182.2021.8(3).547-559.
© KyH HyHben, 2021
About the author:
Kong, Chunxia, postgraduate student of the Russian Language Faculty
ORCID: 0000-0001-9812-1457 WoS ResearcherID: ABI-2822-2020 RSCI SPIN-code: 7661-9044
Corresponding author:
Postal address: 11, Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
E-mail: kong.chunxia@mail.ru
Received: April 5, 2021
Revised: April 17, 2021
Accepted: July 20, 2021
1. Introduction
Metacommunication is an integral characteristic of spontaneous oral speech, both dialogical and monologic. It has been shown that the more dia-logical the speech presents to be, the less difficulties the speaker experiences in constructing the text and, accordingly, there will be less metacommunicative insertions (MI] in such a text [Bogdanova 2012: 331].
MIs "are addressed by the speaker to himself or to the interlocutor who records the speech (the experimenter], and most often they represent the informant's complaints about the difficulty of the task, the assessment of his ability to perform it, or a conversation with himself during the realization of this scenario (a kind of inserted "text about text"]" [Bogdanova 2008: 327]. Such difficulties (and, thereafter, complaints about them] arise quite often in oral monologue speech not only for the speaker, but also for the reader as well, despite the fact that reading is the most linguistically motivated type of oral monologue, whose spontaneity is often denied.
In case of reading in a non-native language, the natural difficulties of an unprepared speech generation are further complicated by the insufficient knowledge of this language. Most of the times informats' reading is challanged by unfamiliar or simply "non-trivial" words and expressions, stressing, difficult morphology, syntax and much more. All of the above listed factors not only cause mistakes, reservations, doubts and questions in the informants' reading monologue, but also provoke the speakers desire to discuss all this out loud, referring to themselves or to the experimenter recording speech (see, for example: [Zaides 2016]]. This is how sometimes a parallel "text about text" or "communication about communication" is born»1.
1 Yu.A. Levitsky suggested calling such dialogues of the self-talker the second communication, in contrast to the first communication, which is a conversation with a partner-interlocutor [Levitsky 2011]. However, this second communication, "directed from the speaker to the speaker, that is, to himself". In this case, the author only talks about the process of cognition [Levitsky 2011: 166], which can hardly be applied to the material of this study.
2. Object, material, technique and purpose of the study
The object of attention in this study is the Russian monologue speech produced by speakers of Russian and Chinese languages.
The material for the analysis is presented by 112 monologues texts reading (equally plot and non-plot fragments] from the Russian monologue speech corpus "Balanced Annotated Text Library" (SAT], created at the Faculty of Philology of St. Petersburg State University (see about it: [Bogdanova-Beglarian 2013; Bogdanova-Beglarian et al. 2017, 2019]]: 40 monologues recorded by 20 native Chinese speakers, and 72 monologues from 33 Russians.
All source texts were taken from the golden fund of Russian classics. Russian informants read the following texts: M. Zoshchenko's plot story "A Fantasy Shirt", non-plot excerpt from V. Korolenko's story "The River Plays", plot and non-plot episodes from A. Pushkin's stories "The Noblewoman-Peasant" and "The Station Master". Another Russian informant read 4 plot and 4 non-plot episodes from the following literary texts: of M. Saltykov-Shchedrin "Golovlyov Family", V. Nabokov "Invitation to Execution", L. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" and "War and Peace", A. Platonov "The Pit", V. Korolenko "The River Plays" and "The Blind Musician", L. Leonov "Russian Forest". The Chinese informants read the story of M. Zoshchenko "A Fantasy Shirt" and an excerpt from the story of V. Korolenko "The Blind Musician".
The informants are students and post-graduate students of St. Petersburg universities, about the same age (20-28 years old]. Among the Chinese -10 boys and 10 girls, among the Russians - 17 girls and 16 boys. All Chinese were divided into two groups, according to the level of Russian language proficiency1: 10 people with B2 level (less advanced] and 10 with C1 level (more advanced]. Russians were also divided into two groups, according to their more or less professional attitude towards languages: 21 philologists and 12 non-philologists. According to the psychological testing [Personality Questionnaire EPI... 1995], the Chinese group included 5 extroverts, 6 ambiverts and 9 introverts, and the Russian group included 6 extroverts, 15 ambiverts and 12 introverts. The Chinese took this test in Chinese2.
3. Results of material analysis
A total of 59 uses of metacommunicative insertions were found in reading monologues: 45 in the speech of Russians (0.6 units / mon.] (units per monologue] and 14 in Russian speech of the Chinese (0.24 units / mon.]. It can be seen that in the reading of the Chinese, MI is almost 3 times less than that of the Russians; accordingly, their variety if smaller.
Following K.D. Zaides [Zaides 2016], based on the analysis of monologues texts reading, 10 different types of metacommunicative insertions were
1 Language Testing Center of St. Petersburg State University. Available at: https://tes-tingcenter.spbu.ru/ (accessed: October 12, 2020]. (in Russian].
2 Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ] (adult version]. Available at: https://types. yuzeli.com/survey/epq85 (accessed: December 14, 2020]. (in Chinese].
identified: self-correction (15; 25.4 %), doubt (10; 16.9 %), speech organization and promotion (6; 10.2 %), questions (5; 8.5 %), confirmation of one's own words (5; 8.5 %), accusations (4; 6.8 %), discursive markers of the final (3; 5 %) and beginning (2; 3.4 %), markers of forgetting a word or fact (2; 3.4 %), a search marker (1; 1.7 %).
In addition to the types of metacommunicative insertions proposed by K.D. Zaides, in the present paper is also discussed a new type of MIs with the function of commenting the original text (6; 10.2 %).
Let's look what kind of MIs were exactly found in the Russian speech of Chinese and native speakers.
(1) MI with self-correction function (25.4 %)
Such metacommunicative insertions turned out to be the most frequent in reading texts. On the one hand, for Chinese native speakers, reading in a non-mother-tongue language can be difficult because of the unfamiliar, long, infrequent or simply "non-trivial" words and complex grammar. On the other hand, oral spontaneous speech in principle is characterized by errors and reservations; most of the times the reader can stumble, as they say, out of the blue. Sometimes these errors go unnoticed, but if they are noticed, the informants tend to correct them, although the result of such an operation is not always positive (on the typology of errors in unprepared reading, see, for example: [Sapunova 2009]]. Self-correction in Chinese native speakers' discourse/ reading monologue is oftenly carried out using such units as oj, ne, a, cf.:
1] kupit'/ kakuyu-nibudi-i I eta-a... I oi <ts> etAkuyu fan-tAnzi <laughter> (S-chin.]1;
2] prikhodi Igovorit/ vy I e-e akkurat I pered e-e veche-ri-i-nkoi/i I nade-val ne nadevaya svoyu I rubakhu (S-chin.];
3] e-e no-o I dlya-a slEn-pogo I eto-o bylo / tol'ko I neobyas.... I obya-sy-nimaya tlma / kotoraya a-a ne-obychno I volnovala-a... I si U vokrug / e-e sheve-lilasi / rokolo... rokotala i-i I e-e zvenila / pro-t'a-givAiasi ke ne... nemu / e-e pri-kAya... k prikAsayasi I ke-e ego I e dushe /so vsekhe-e storonU I stOron I e-e ne-izve-dannymi I eshchyo I eyo I a eshchyo I e-e ne-obychnymi I e-e vpe-chatleniyami (S-chin.].
Facing this kind of difficulty, the informant can involuntarily react to it by using all sorts of signs of spontaneity: physical pauses of hesitation (/], para-linguistic elements (clattering of the tongue <ts>, <laughter>], vocalizations (ee], stretching of vowels (eta-a...] and so on [for more details on signs of spontaneity in the monologues of unprepared reading, see: [Sapunova 2009; Baeva 2018; Kong Chunxia 2021]. Then he or she corrects the error (1], (3] or simply explicitly rejects what has already been said and reads it again (2].
1 A capital (capital] letter in a word indicates an incorrect stress. Other features of the spelling presentation of the sounding material are described in detail in the work: [Bogda-nova-Beglarian, Kong Chunxia 2020]. All examples in the article are attributed with the indication of the informant (speaker - S] - Russian or Chinese.
Self-correction is more frequent in Russian native speakers' reading monologue, since they face the same difficulties as foreigners, with the exception that they also use some other markers (within the framework of the research material] such as net or vernee, cf.:
4] zvenela zyb' udaryaya v vorota staroi lodki <laughter> // net // udaryayas'/ udaryaya v borta staroi lodki (S-rus.]
5] ty chto/s uma soshla vernee chto ty /s uma soshla? (S-rus.].
(2) MI with doubt function (16,9 %)
Further, in decreasing frequency, there are MIs with the function of doubt. Such an insertion in the speech of native speakers was noted in the research material only a few times - when they encountered an unfamiliar word or proper name. Often, Russians directly expressed their doubts with the help of introductory words expressing approximation (naverno/navernoe] (6]. And sometimes such doubts gave rise to a whole inserted sentence, which made the reading more dialogical (7]-(9], cf.:
6] khotelos' kakuyu-nibud' rubashku pokrasivei kupit' kakuyu-nibud' eta-kuyu /fa... /f... / fEntezi naverno (S-rus.];
7] no eshchyo Chlklin / ChiklIn ChiklIn / Chlklin / mne tak bol'she nravits'a (S-rus.];
8] Berestov i stremyan <...> i stremyannyi <...> stremyannyi <...> stremen-noiya by skazala /zakrichali vo vsyo gorlo /pustili sobak sledom /poskakali vo ves' <...> opor (S-rus.];
9] Chiklin i Elisei ne doshli do kuzni. / tsy dolzhno byt' / no tut napis-ano do kuzni/ne doshli do kuzni (S-rus.].
In the reading of the Chinese, such MIs were not found.
(3) MI as a marker of speech organization and promotion (10.2 %)
In the Chinese speakers' discourse this type of marker is being realized
with the help of a unit i (conjunction or particle, which in this case is not even important]:
10] neplokho by dumayu / prostirnut' li / vsego i razgovoru / dvu-u... y-n dvu-grivennyi / a za... zato prinyato nadet' / pobezhal i pobezhal k prachke (S-chin.].
However, in the speech of native speakers, the range of such units, as one might expect, is much wider and more interesting; cf.:
11] razvivalis' opyat' i opyat' dal'she / otchego po vsei reke vperegonku neslis' kloch'ya zheltovato-beloi peny (S-rus.];
12] sii stol' oklevetAnnye sm <...> a! oklevEtannye <...> net <...> oklevE-tannye s <...> ladno / oklevEtannye smotriteli voobshche sut' mirnye <...> lyudi ot prirody usluzhlivye / sklonnye k obshchezhitiyu / skromnye v prityazaniyakh na pochEsti i ne slishkom serdo <...> (S-rus.].
A similar marker appears in speech when the informant, for some reason (sometimes purely external, not explicitly expressed], loses his usual speech rate, and with the help of such units he is able to restore it and continue
reading: see contexts (10], (11]. In example (12] the informant, with the help of MI (which has the function of doubt], "discusses" with himself the difficulty of stress in the word oklevetannye, chose one of the variants, fixed this choice with the help of MI "okay" and continued reading.
(4) MI with the function of commenting the original text (10,2 %)
By means of such a metacommunicative insert, the informant expresses his own reflection on what he read. This makes the reading monologue more individual and natural, thus revealing the spontaneous nature of reading and speaking in general.
The reader can make a commentary which in some cases may seem to be an emotional exclamation about a particular word or a fragment of a text, cf.:
13] ili ty k nim pitaesh' nasledstvennuyu nenavist'/kak romanticheskaya geroinya?// ou! (S-rus.];
14] o! // kto ne proklinal stantsionnykh smotritelei / kto s nimi ne brani <...> nivalsyA? (S-rus.].
Sometimes, while reading, the informants demonstrate an extraordinary creative potential, showing different types of creativity - and this can also be regarded as metacommunicative insertions within the original text. An interesting fact regarding example (15] - the informant, after reading the expression "shot gun", began to fantasize and ironically continued the plot line of the story: he took the position of the author, or, more precisely, the position of the narrator, and came up with his own "metatext", cf.:
15] no on naekhal na Berestova vovse neozhidanno / i vdrug ochutilsya ot nego v rasstoyanii pistoletnogo vystrela//dostalpistolet... <smekh> (S-rus.].
There are also cases when the informant tries to edit the text, believing that his punctuation is wrong, cf.:
16] to rasstavlennye polukruzhiyami i slozhnymi krivymi fasady / slozhnymi krivymi fasady / zapyatoi ne khvataet / i slozhnymi krivymi /fasady obshchestvennykh zdanii kotorymi / kak punktirnymi mazkami oboznachalos' napravlenie naberezhnykh ili krupnykh magistralei / v odnom prosvete mezhdu nimi sizymi nikel... / a-a-a/sizym nikelevym bleskom mertsala reka (S-rus.];
17] vstavalo samoe znamenitoe arkhitekturnoe sozdanie russkikh / zap-yataya Kreml' / zapyataya / velichestvennoe nag./ nagromozhdenie kamen-nykh ploskostei polusfer (S-rus.].
It is worth noting that the contexts (16], (17] are obtained from one extrovert informant, whose monologues are significantly different from the original text: due to the MIs, they are much more voluminous. The researchers believe that, in addition to extensive psychological testing, speech also helps to determine one's personality. Sometimes it even discloses some implicit characteristics that were not revealed during psychological testing [Furnham 1990; Boyd, Pennebaker 2015]. For example, analyzing the metacommunicative-dis-cursive properties of spontaneous speech, N.A. Khan states that metacommu-nication one of the "indicators of one's personality, is more often found in the
speech of extroverts"; it is they who mostly use different strategies for constructing a monologue (including reading] and often add their own observations and comments. Introverts tend to stick to only one strategy, and this way in their speech metacommunication doesn't occur so often [Khan 2013: 22-23].
In the monologues of the Chinese, such MIs were not found.
(5) MI-question (8.5 %)
This type of metacommunicative insertion can be found only in native speakers' speech. Russian informants sometimes directly ask a question - to the listener (experimenter] or to themselves, not necessarily counting on an answer (18]. Sometimes they build an affirmative-interrogative construction (19], and sometimes the question is not even delivered verbally, but only by means of certain interrogative intonations, which the decoder marks in parentheses (20]1, cf.:
18] Berestov provodil ego do samogo kryl'tsa / a Muromskii uekhal ne prezhde / kak vzyav s nego chestnoe slovo na drugoi zhe den' / i s Alekseem Ivanovichem / priekhat' otobedat' po-priyatel'ski / v Priluchino // takim obra-zom //PrilUchino ili PriluchIno? e-e (S-rus.];
19] rubashka fan... // fantAzii//eto tak i nado da/ fantAzii (S-rus.];
20] dalee vysilis' krasivye // osokOri <asking> i velichavye sosny // osOkori naverno // <sighing> v odnom meste na vyrubke beleli kladi dosok svez-hie brevna i sruby a v neskol'kikh sAzhenyakh (S-rus.].
In the monologues of the Chinese, such MIs were not found.
(6) MI with the function of confirming your own words (8.5 %)
In Chinese monologues was identified such a MI, which has the function of confirming one's own words, - da and o:
21] na I poemnykh lugakh I lugakh da /stoyala voda /shi-ro-okimi I lim.... I limanAmi U limonami I o belye I oblAchka / otrazhayasi v nikh vmeste sy I opro-o... oprok... I kinutymi I tutym I lazurnym I svodnom (S-chin.].
In example (21], the informant pronounced the word form lugakh, doubted the accent (/], but confirmed it by repeating the word and saying to himself the affirmative da. Then, in the same context, he tried to read the word form limanami: the first time with the wrong accent, the second time he realized a similar word form limonami instead, and finally, after hesitation (/], he pronounced the Chinese particle da, which sounds like [o]. This can be attributed to the phenomena of interlingual interference.
In the reading material for Russian native speakers, this kind of MI often appears in the same row with other markers. About such "magnetism" of pragmatic markers, which include metacommunicative insertions, or their increased "syntagmatic activity" see, for example: [Bogdanova-Beglaryan et al. 2019], cf.:
1 K.D. Zaides noted that such interrogative intonation in some fragments of a monologue is especially common in the spontaneous speech of foreigners [Zaides 2016]. Among those foreigners whose speech was analyzed by K.D. Zaides, actually, there were no Chinese.
22) vlevo / seryi neukl'yuzhii stolb s shirokoyu / doshchatoyu kryshei / s kruzhkoi/ i s doskoi/ oi/ da s kruzhkoi i doskoi (S-rus.);
23) stol' zhe dolgo ne mog ya privyknut' i k tomu / chtob razborchivyi kholop obnosil menya blyudom na guber <...> natorskom <...> net // da // gu-bernatorskom obede (S-rus.).
In examples (22), (23), the informants doubted what they had already read, responding to it with units oi and net, and afterwards immediately confirmed that they read everything correctly (da). Thus is can be said that we confront with a kind of microdialogs of the speaker with himself: oi - da; net - da.
(7) MI with charge function (6.8 %)
Markers with the function of accusation were found only in the speech of Russians. Accusation or simply negative emotions towards someone or something (oftenly to himself or to the author of the text), are often expressed using metacommunicative inserts blin, bred, mat' moya, cf.:
24) v to zhe samoe vremya / Grigorii Ivanovich Muro <...> mskii/soblazn-yas' khorosheyu <...> soblaznyas' khorosheyu pogodoyu / velel osedlat' kutsuyu svoyu <...> kobylku i rus'yu a-a <...> i rys'yu poekhal skvoz' <...> blin! // i rys'yu poekhal okolo svoikh an <...> glizirovannykh vladenii (S-rus.);
25) Muromskii ne mog otkaza<...>t'sya / ibo chuvstvoval sebya obya-zannym / i takim obrazom Berestov vozvratilsya domoyu za <...> so slavoyu / zatraviv zaitsa i vedya svoego protivnika ranenym i pochti <...> voennoplennym //mat' moya (S-rus.);
26) budet ona stiranaya i glazhenaya s dvumya / pristezhnymi vorotni-chka-mi//bred (S-rus.).
In the context of (24), the informant got confused many times, repeated fragments of the text, which in the end led to such an exclamation as blin (damn)! In the next example (25), the exclamation mat' moya (my mother) is again the speaker's reaction to his own multiple speech failures, but also to the expression "war prisoner" in relation to another expression "hunted hare". Such MIs can be regarded as accusations of readers against themselves.
Finally, in example (26), the informant was "baffled" by the outdated model of the expression "пристежного воротничка" (unreliable, unsteady man), which he evaluated with the metacommunicative insertion bred. And this is already an accusation against the author of the text.
In the monologues of the Chinese, such inserts were not found.
(8) MI as a marker of the ending (5.0 %)
In the conditions of experimental recording, the informant sometimes has to verbalize the end of his monologue. So, one of the Chinese used the MI as word konets as a marker of the ending (22) - in fact, a message to the experimenter that the recording can be finished:
27) bolezne bi-i-lOs'/detskoe serdtse//ze konets <laughter> (S-chin.).
Laughter is also present in this example, since the subjects, due to difficulties in the reading process, often feel tension and want that the recording process to be finished as soon as possible.
There are many other similar MIs in monologues texts reading of Russians, cf.:
28] no medved' i bez togo nastol'ko userdno staralsya / chto pakhlo pale-noi sherst'yu sgorayushchaya / ...ei ot iskry metalla / a medved' etogo ne chuvst-voval / vsyo konets (S-rus.];
29] no-o-o dlya slepogo eto byla tol'ko neobyasnimaya t'ma kotoraya neobychno volnovalas' vokrug / shevelilas' rokotala i zvenela / potyagivayas' k nemu prikasayas' k ego dushe so vsekh storon neizvedannymi/ eshchyo neobych-nymi vpechatleniya/ vpechatleniyami ot naplyva kotorykh boleznenno bilos' det-skoe serdtse// tochka (S-rus.].
(9) MI as a start marker (3.4 %)
Unprepared reading does not imply a preliminary acquaintance of the informants with the text, therefore, having received the text, some readers tried to mentally prepare for the task and used various metacommunicative start markers, cf.:
30] <laughter> podozhdi sekundu <laughter> Vetluga ochevidno vzy-grala/neskol'ko dnei nazadshli sil'nye dozhdi (S-rus.];
31] nu ladno/e-e rubashka/fEntezi (S-rus.].
In example (30], the informant cannot immediately tune in to the task, as evidenced by repeated laughter and the request to the experimenter: po-dozhdi sekundu (wait a second] - this phrase can be considered a marker of the beginning of a monologue. In the context of (31], such a marker becomes a remark nu ladno (okay], after which the speaker also reads the title of the story.
In the monologues of the Chinese, such MIs were not found.
(10) MI as a marker of forgetting a word or fact (3.4 %)
Metacommunicative inserts can also be found in speech of Chinese
speakers in their native language, more often in those cases when the informant does not know or has forgotten the correct pronunciation of the Russian word, cf.:
32] feTMrn", [I forgot the stress. I don't know where to put the stress] Korolenko//«Slepoi I muzykant» (S-chin.];
33] na gorlo I ne lezyOt I ne lezet I ne lezyOt &T [I forgot] (S-chin.].
It should be noted that such a phenomenon (verbalization of forgetting] is characteristic for speeches in any language. However, in this study, such MIs were not found in Russian monologues texts reading; they demonstrate the difficulty of reading in a non-native language.
(11) MI as a search marker (1.7 %)
In the present research material MVs with the word search function were also found. However, in the transcripts of monologues texts reading such a search turned out to be just an excuse to fill in a long pause of hesitation: the
reader got lost, involuntarily interrupted the smooth reading, after vocalization (m-m-m] verbalized this problem (lost a line], and then repeated the entire fragment again, cf.:
34] i ves' etot / m-m-m /poteryala strochku / i ves' etot mirnyi peizazh na moikh glazakh kak budto ozhival perepolnyayas'shorokhom (S-rus.].
In the monologues of the Chinese, such MIs were not found.
4. Correlations with the characteristics of the text and the speaker
The analysis has convincingly shown that metacommunication is present in reading in both the speaker's native and non-native languages. The Chinese, as well as native speakers of the Russian language, correct themselves after reservations or hesitations, confirm what has been said, verbalize forgetting the place of stress in a word - and do this with the help of various MIs. Reflecting on this, they can use such inserts in their own language.
If in the monologues of the Chinese only 5 types of MIs were identified (markers of self-correction, planning and continuation of speech, confirmation of one's own words, forgetting and ending], then Russians have a rather wide range of such insertions (10 types] and a variety of their use.
It is difficult to talk about any correlations between the number of MIs in monologues texts reading and the characteristics of the informants on the basis of a small amount of material, but nevertheless, it was possible to make some observations of this kind. Thus, on average, a lot more MIs are observed in the speech of women (0.85 units / mon.], than in the speech of men (0.34 units / mon.]; in the speech of extroverts (1.33 units / mon.], rather than in the speech of introverts (0.63 units / mon.] and ambiverts (0.2 units / mon.]; in the speech of philologists (0.81 units / mon.] than in the speech of non-philologists (0.25 units / mon.]. At the same time, there couldn't be revealed any differences in the considered relation between monologues of reading plot and non-plot texts. Compared to foreigners's discourse, they being limited by the lack of vocabulary and the framework of the communicative scenario, the speech behavior of Russians turns out to be much more loose and free, since Russians frequently add MIs in their monologues.
Thus, reading, maximally motivated by the original text, is still a type of spontaneous speech, as evidenced, in particular, by the various metacommuni-cative insertions used by the readers. In the reading process in a non-native language, we can also see the interfering influence of the informant's native language. In addition, reading in general depends on the individual characteristics of the reader.
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«ТЕКСТ О ТЕКСТЕ», ИЛИ «КОММУНИКАЦИЯ ПО ПОВОДУ КОММУНИКАЦИИ» (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ НЕПОДГОТОВЛЕННОГО ЧТЕНИЯ РУССКИХ ТЕКСТОВ НОСИТЕЛЯМИ РУССКОГО И КИТАЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ)
Кун Чунься
Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Аннотация: Рассматривается явление метакоммуникации в спонтанном чтении на русском языке как родном и как неродном. Материалом послужили 112 монологов чтения (поровну сюжетных и несюжетных текстов), в том числе 40 монологов, записанных от 20 китайцев, и 72 монолога, записанных от 33 русских. Конкретным объектом анализа были метакоммуника-тивные вставки (МВ) в монологах. В ходе исследования было выявлено 11 типов МВ, с функциями самокоррекции, сомнения, планирования и продолжения речи, комментария исходного текста, вопроса (не всегда вербализованного), подтверждения собственных слов, обвинения, маркирования финала и старта, забывания слова или факта, а также поиска. В речи китайцев таких МВ оказалось в 3 раза меньше, чем в речи русских, и, соответственно, меньше их разновидностей (всего 5 типов). Русские информанты, хорошо владеющие родным языком, зачастую не только читают, но и создают параллельно отдельный «текст о тексте», порождают «коммуникацию по поводу коммуникации». Анализ материала подтвердил тот факт, что чтение является одним из типов спонтанной речи: об этом свидетельствуют, в частности, разнообразные метакоммуникативные вставки, используемые говорящими в рамках этого речевого сценария. МВ используются в чтении и на родном, и на неродном языке, что связано с их основным свойством: вербализовать трудности говорящего в реализации данного сценария. Об-
ращены они при этом либо к самому говорящему, либо к собеседнику. Кроме того, количество МВ коррелирует с индивидуальными характеристиками информантов. На сравнительно более разнообразном материале русских было установлено, что женщины, особенно экстраверты и филологи, употребляют в своем чтении особенно много МВ.
Ключевые слова: метакоммуникация, неподготовленное чтение, спонтанная речь, метакоммуникативная вставка, интерференция.
Для цитирования:
Кун Чунься. «Текст о тексте», или «Коммуникация по поводу коммуникации» (на материале неподготовленного чтения русских текстов носителями русского и китайского языков) // Коммуникативные исследования. 2021. Т. 8. № 3. С. 547-559. DOI: 10.24147/2413-6182.2021.8(3).547-559. (На англ. яз.).
Сведения об авторе:
Кун Чунься, аспирант филологического факультета
ORCID: 0000-0001-9812-1457 WoS ResearcherID: ABI-2822-2020 SPIN-code РИНЦ: 7661-9044
Контактная информация:
Почтовый адрес: 199034, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., 11 E-mail: kong.chunxia@mail.ru Дата поступления статьи: 05.04.2021 Дата рецензирования: 17.04.2021 Дата принятия в печать: 20.07.2021
