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21The proposed scheme for changing direction on the microcontroller provides for a reduction in power consumption by 60%, costs for materials and spare
parts by 90%, and a decrease in labor costs for maintenance on average by 48%.
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References
1. A. A. Kazakov et all. Systems of interval regulation of train traffic / A. A. Kazakov, V. D. Bubnov, E. A. Kazakov: Textbook for technical schools of railway. tr. - M.: Transport, 1986.- 399 p.
2. PIC16F87X Single-Chip 8-Bit Microcontrollers from Microchip Technology: Technical Manual.
3. Tashmetov, Timur; Tashmetov, Kamoliddin; Aliev, Ravshan; and Rasulmuhamedov, Muhamadaziz (2020) "Fuzzy information and expert systems for analysis of failure of automatic and telemechanic systems on railway transport," Chemical Technology, Control and Management, 2020, No 5(29), p. 168-172
4. Guliamova M. K., Aliev R. M. Database Concept, Relevance and Expert Systems // Scientific and
educational space in the face of modern challenges. -2021.- p. 125-127.
5. Ravshan M. Aliev Intelligent track circuit development concept Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Volume XII, Issue XI, 2020 p. 180-187
6. Tokhirov E., Aliev R. Improving the braking distance of the train before level crossing //InterConf. -2020. p. 183-186
7. Aliev, Marat; Aliev, Ravshan; Tokhirov, Ezozbek; and Nurmuhamedov, Tolaniddin (2019) "Four-Pole Rail Coefficients Of The Jointless Track Circuit In The Presence Of One Of The Ends Track Circuit Insulating Joints," Chemical Technology, Control and Management: 2019, No. 4(6), p. 89-92
TESTING I-V CHARACTERISTICS OF SILICON SOLAR PANELS UNDER SUNLIGHT
Izzatillayev K.
Master student of renewable energy source Andijan State University
Abstract
This article describes the collection of solar panels and some of the problems in this process. In addition, the volt-ampere characteristic of a silicon-based solar cell measured in natural light is given.
Keywords: silicon, solar panel, light beam, solar cell
The 0.6 V voltage and 2A current generated by the solar cells are not sufficient for consumption. In addition, solar cells cannot be used outdoors [1]. Because it is mechanically very delicate. It is assembled in the form of solar panels to protect the solar cells from external influences and increase their total current and voltage [2].
In solar panels, the solar elements are connected in parallel and in series. Cu metal tapes are widely used to connect them together. There are basically two sizes
[3]. Metal tapes with a width of 1.6-2 mm and a thickness of 0.12-0.2 mm are used to connect the first two solar cells, and the second is used with metal strips with a width of 5-6 mm and a thickness of 0.2-0.3 mm to connect each row of solar cells together [4]. Metal tapes are not only made of Cu, their surface is coated with Sn96.5 / Ag3 / Cu0.5 alloy salts to improve its chemical, mechanical and thermal properties [5].
When the solar cells are connected in parallel, their voltage does not change but the currents are added (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Parallel connection of solar elements
When the solar cells are connected in series, the current does not change, and the voltage is the sum of the
voltages of each solar cell (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Connecting solar elements in series
Modern solar panels consist of 36, 48, 60 or 72 solar elements.
The next step is to encapsulate the solar elements connected to each other [6]. EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) is used for encapsulation. The solar cell is sandwiched between two EVA films. And the pressure in the vacuum through the lamination device was laminated at ostdia 1500C [7]. The only disadvantage of EVA film is that it is flexible, so it is necessary to cover it with an additional layer on top and bottom. EVA film protects solar cells from moisture, dust and vibration. It also ensures that the electrical circuit made of solar cells is not damaged. The EVA layer is an optically very transparent material. It transmits light very well [8].
The back of the solar panel is covered with an additional layer of PVF (polyvinylfluoride).
The front of the solar panels is covered with heated glass in addition to the EVA layer. Heated glass is 6
times more resistant to mechanical stress than ordinary glass. Its surface is embossed. This is because the light falling on its surface reaches the sun's element perpendicular to it.
The edges of the solar panel are mainly framed using aluminum profiles. This makes it easy to install and mount the solar panels.
Experiments try to bring the spectrum of a light source closer to the spectrum of light coming from the sun. But the effect of the sun's heat is different from that of an experimental light source. Therefore, it is important to study solar panels in natural light in practice.
The photoelectric parameters of a solar panel differ from the photoelectric parameters of the solar elements it contains. We measured the volt-ampere characteristics of a single-crystal silicon-based solar panel with the staff of the Renewable Energy Sources Research Laboratory at Andijan State University (Figure 3). The experiment was conducted on 11.01.2021.
4 3 2 1
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20
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Figure 3. Volt-ampere characteristics of a single crystal silicon-based solar panel.
In the experiment, the short-circuit current of the solar panel was 4.5A, the rated ignition voltage was 22.18 V, the current at the maximum power point was 4.2A and the voltage was 16.9 V, and the fill factor was 0.71. The experiment was conducted at 13:00. Due to the fact that the time of the experiment coincided with the winter, its current was lower. In winter, the intensity of sunlight in Uzbekistan is low.
References
1. Aliev, R., Abduvoxidov, M., Mirzaalimov, N., and Gulomov., J. (2020). Kremniy asosli quyosh ele-mentlarida rekombinatsiya va generatsiya jarayoni. Science and Education, 1(2), 230-235. doi: 10.24412/2181-0842-2020-2-230-235
2. Gulomov, J., Aliev, R., Nasirov, M., and Ziyoitdinov, J. (2020). Modeling metal nanoparticles influence to properties of silicon solar cells, Int. J. of Adv. Res. 8(Nov), 336-345; doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/12015
3. Gulomov, J., Aliev, R., Abduvoxidov, M., Mirzaalimov, A., Mirzaalimov, N. (2020). Exploring optical properties of solar cells by programming and modeling. Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 5(1), 032-038; doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2020.5.1.0080
4. Aliev, R., Gulomov, J., Abduvohidov, M. et al. (2020) Stimulation of Photoactive Absorption of
Sunlight in Thin Layers of Silicon Structures by Metal Nanoparticles. Appl. Sol. Energy 56, 364-370; https://doi.org/10.3103/S0003701X20050035
5. Gulomov, J., Aliev, R., Mirzaalimov, A., Mirzaalimov, N., Kakhkhorov, J., Rashidov, B., & Temi-rov, S. (2021). Studying the Effect of Light Incidence Angle on Photoelectric Parameters of Solar Cells by Simulation. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 10(4), 731-736. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.36277
6. Гуломов, Д., Алиев, Р., Мирзаалимов, А., Абдувохидов, М., Мирзаалимов, Н., Каххоров, Ж., ... & Иззатиллаев, Х. (2021). Oddiy va nanozarracha kiritilgan kremniy asosli quyosh elementining fotoelektrik parametrlarini yorug'likning tushish bur-chagiga bog'liqligi. Общество и инновации, 2(1), 1222.
7. Aliev, R., Abduvohidov, M., & Gulomov, J. (2020). Simulation of temperatures influence to photoelectric properties of silicon solar cells. Physics & Astronomy International Journal, 4(5), 177-180.
8. Gulomov, J., Aliev, R., Abduvoxidov, M., Mirzaalimov, A., Mirzaalimov, N., & Rashidov, B. (2020). Mathematical model of a rotary 3D format photo electric energy device. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 8(2), 164-172.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE SURFACE TENSION ON THE EFFICIENCY BY RECTIFICATION IN PRESENCE OF DEFOAMING AGENT SIHA SILICONE SE
Karaivanova M.
Assistant dr. University "Prof.D-r Asen Zlatarov" Bourgas, 8000, "Ykimov" Str.1
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Abstract
Foam formation is unavoidable part in various technological processes. The extensive formation of foam might cause serious problems so special additives are used called "defoaming agents" or "defoamers" to subdue the formation of foam or eliminate the foam formed.
The aim of the present work is to study experimentally the influence of the anti-foam agent SIHA Silicone SE on the height of the gas-liquid layer, the change of the surface tension and, respectively, the degree of separation by the rectification of binary mixture methyl alcohol - water in laboratory column with one sieve plate.
As a result from the experimental and calculation procedures carried out, it was found that the presence of anti-foam agent gives decrease of the foam height 2 - 2.5 times while the values of the local efficiency are by 10% lower. This certainly confirms the fact that the lower foam height, i.e. the smaller interphase results in lower
