CC BY
16TEST TASKS TO CONTROL PHYSICAL FITNESS OF ELITE HANDBALL PLAYERS
V.Ya. Ignatieva, Honored Master of Sport of the USSR, professor, Dr.Hab., Honored Worker of Physical Culture
Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Tourism and Youth (SCOLIPhC), Moscow
R.R. Minabutdinov, Honored Trainer of Udmurtia, Master of Sport of Russia, Trainer of Masters' Team of Izhevsk
Key words: elite skills, individual sports shape, physical fitness, control test tasks.
Relevance. Sports shape formation in sports games must be controlled using test indices over the periods of development of sports shape. The data on fitness of elite female handball players are available in the works of the handball experts [1-5]. However, all of them give different recommendations on the team control.
The purpose of the present research was to analyze physical fitness of elite female handball players.
Physical fitness of female handball players was studied using a set of twenty tests, which characterize speed, speed-strength skills, endurance and coordination abilities of female athletes. According to the results of the correlation analysis, 9 tests were selected to control physical fitness of elite female handball players (Tab. 1).
The researchers' objective was to identify the specific features of the state of female handball players with different playing positions and body length in the competitive period. The data on the players' fitness are given in Table 2 and their ratio - in Fig. 1.
The fastest in the distance were the wings who had a lead of 4% (p>0,05) as compared to the left and right backs, of 12% (p<0,001) - as compared to the pivots, and of 6% (p<0,01) - as compared to the goalkeepers. The results shown by the pivots were significantly lower than those of the goalkeepers - by 6%.
The best dribbling time in the same distance was set by the wings who were ahead of the backs by 3%, of the pivots - by 7% (p<0,001) and of the goalkeepers - by 5% (p<0,001). The pivots and the goalkeepers lagged behind the backs in dribbling by 5% (p<0,01). In terms of the speed endurance test "100-meter shuttle run" the pivots delivered inferior results, however, the diversity of players of other positions is unreliable. On completion of the test "6-minute run", the results of the pivots turned out to be lower by 10% (<0,01) in comparison with the rest of the players on the field. In accordance with the test "Jump with no arm swing", the explosive leg force is the strongest among the backs, and the weakest among the goalkeepers. These differences make up 2-4%.
Table 1. Correlative interrelations between indices ofphysical fitness offemale handball players of masters' team
Indices 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
30 meter sprint * 412 358 758 528 373 555 135 590 216 503 502 040 308 659 063 063 069 662 -394
400 meter dash 412 * 488 412 316 325 005 037 320 143 232 527 615 085 593 167 206 036 711 -238
800 meter dash 358 488 * 516 582 551 180 331 470 189 156 482 590 396 267 332 007 230 544 246
6-minute run 758 412 516 * 610 342 261 193 299 055 314 612 013 001 357 113 082 294 635 490
5 x 10m shuttle run 528 316 582 610 * 153 148 086 062 211 361 563 068 270 239 269 244 419 574 060
Long jump 373 325 551 342 153 * 744 406 664 391 079 441 472 462 307 221 164 123 465 038
Jump with no arm swing 555 005 180 261 148 744 * 425 630 392 034 125 037 041 237 466 307 130 228 -007
Triple jump 135 037 331 193 086 406 425 * 715 529 112 177 533 008 141 430 519 598 089 -338
10-hop jump 590 320 470 299 062 664 630 715 * 340 119 152 536 178 487 403 419 456 327 -095
Abalakov jump - - - - - 391 392 529 340 * 193 263 298 102 - 370 346 131 - -187
216 143 189 055 211 148 180
20-second pushups 503 232 156 314 361 079 034 112 119 193 * 579 317 468 531 100 287 201 574 534
40-second pushups 502 527 482 612 563 441 125 117 152 263 579 * 084 000 590 330 458 602 922 384
Push-ups and sit-up s 040 615 590 013 068 472 037 533 536 298 317 084 * 364 176 109 372 310 185 -181
Jackknife sit ups 308 085 396 001 270 462 041 008 178 102 468 000 364 * 318 025 206 308 081 230
30-meter dribbling 659 593 267 357 239 307 237 141 487 148 531 590 175 318 * 287 470 052 766 -504
Right-handed ball throw 063 167 332 113 269 221 466 430 403 370 100 330 109 025 287 * 803 500 335 036
Left-handed ball throw 063 206 007 082 244 164 307 519 419 346 287 458 372 206 470 803 * 562 470 -269
Double-handed throw 069 036 230 294 419 123 130 598 456 131 201 602 310 308 052 500 562 * 439 -042
100-meter shuttle run 662 711 544 635 574 465 228 089 327 180 574 922 185 081 766 335 470 439 * -356
Cooper test 394 238 246 490 060 038 007 338 095 187 534 384 181 230 504 036 269 042 356 *
Table 2. Indices of physical fitness of female handball players of different playing positions in competitive period (X±o)
Examined indices Playing positions
Wings Backs Pivots Goalkeepers
n=10 n=12 n=8 n=8
30 meter sprint, sec X 4,4±0,05 4,47±0,23 4,85±0,05 4,56±0,13
P * <0,001 <0,01
* <0,05
* <0,05
30-meter dribbling, sec X 4,57±0,14 4,67±0,09 4,87±0,08 4,8±0,07
P * <0,001 <0,001
* <0,01 <0,01
100-meter shuttle run, X 25,54±0,7 25,9±0,98 26,27±0,99 25,55±1,16
sec
6-minute run, m X 1598±72,2 1533±79,9 1462±124 1637±41,4
P * <0,01
Jump with no arm swing, X 166,4±10,9 168,6±7,93 165,2±19,8 162,2±6,41
cm
40-second push-ups, X 30,8±2,99 29,1±5,84 24,7±4,02 34±1,87
number of reps P * <0,01 <0,01
* <0,05
* <0,001
Push-ups and sit-ups, X 24,2±4,3 21,5±2,56 23,2±5,62 23,2±5,67
number of reps
1 kg ball throw, right- X 18,3±1,07 19,5±2,21 19,2±2,68 20,7±1,78
handed, m
Seated ball throw, X 7,94±0,19 8,43±0,98 7,95±0,58 8,15±0,84
double-handed, m
In terms of strength abilities and strength endurance the goalkeepers deliver the best results. On completion of the 40-second push-ups test, their results turned out to be higher than those in the rest playing positions: they had a lead of 10% (p<0,05) as compared to the wings, of 15% (p<0,01) as compared to the backs, of 27% (p<0,001) as compared to the pivots. In this test, the pivots also lagged behind the wings by 20% (p<0,01). During the second strength test "Push-ups and sit-ups", it was the wings who did the exercise the largest number of times, having gotten ahead of the backs by 11% and of the pivots and the goalkeepers - by 4%. However, the diversity of the test results is unreliable.
In the right-handed ball throw test, the goalkeepers exceeded the results of the outfield players: of the wings - by 12%, of the backs and the pivots - by 6%. The backs were the ones to throw the 1 kg ball,
double-handed, seated, for the maximum distance, having gotten a lead of 6% as compared to the wings and the pivots, and only of 3% as compared to the goalkeeper (p>0,05).
Fig. 1. Correlation of indices ofphysical fitness of female handball players of different playing positions from the team under study.
The body length range within female elite handball teams is wide: from 164 cm to 194 cm, and that determines the players' individual characteristics. For this reason, the analysis of physical fitness of female handball players with different body length was conducted: medium height - 165-175 cm, above-average height - 176-180 cm and tall - over 180 cm (Table 2)
Table 2. Indices ofphysical fitness offemale handball players with different body length (X±o)
Examined indices Body length, cm
165-175 n=16 175-180 n=12 Over 180 n=10
30 meter sprint, sec 4,44±0,16 4,61±0,17 4,72±0,24
* <0,05 <0,01
30-meter dribbling, sec 4,62±0,13 4,8±0,08 4,76±0,16
* <0,01 <0,05
6-minute run, m 1592±59,31 1625±62,9 1410±80
* <0,05 <0,05
* <0,001
100-meter shuttle run, sec 25,36±0,6 25,96±0,98 26,34±1,2
Jump with no arm swing, cm 168,6±9,15 166,8±1,41 160,8±12,74
40-second push-ups, number of reps 32,6±3,83 28,3±6,04 26,6±2,93
* <0,05 <0,01
Push-ups and sit-ups, number of reps 22,6±4,27 22,1±5,27 24,4±4,45
1 kg ball throw, right-handed, m 18,8±1,86 19±2,23 20,8±1,93
* <0,05
1 kg ball throw, double- handed, m 7,96±0,73 7,8±0,5 8,84±0,61
In 30 meter sprint the athletes with medium height are ahead of the tall ones by 6% (p<0,01) and of the ones with above-average height - by 4% (p<0,05), and while dribbling - by 3% and by 4% accordingly.
Based on the results of the test "100-meter shuttle run", it was determined that the females 165-174 cm tall were slightly ahead of both groups of the handball players with different body length, but this diversity is unreliable. And during the 6-minute run, the tall female handball players lagged significantly in general endurance behind both the ones with medium height - by 13% (p<0,001) and the above-average height - by 11%. The female handball players with above-average body length turned out to have a little more endurance as compared to the ones with medium height.
According to the "Jump" test there was no significant difference in explosive leg power in all the groups of female handball players. However, this index is higer in the athletes with medium height who got ahead of the tall ones by 5%, and only by 1% of the players of above average hight.
In accordance with the 40-second push-ups, the strength index is the highest in the female handball players with medium height, they are stronger than the players with above average height by 13% (p<0,05), and the tall ones - by 19% (p<0,01). During the "Push-ups and sit-ups" the tall athletes were ahead of the ones with medium height by 7%, and above average height - by 10%.
The "1 kg ball throw" test showed that the tall female handball players possess distinctive excellence. By the right-handed throw index they are ahead of the ones with medium height by 10% (p<0,05), and the ones of above average height - by 9% (p>0,05). They are also ahead according to the results of the test "Seated ball throw, double-handed".
Conclusion.
Six major tests can be recommended for control of physical fitness of female handball players. These are "30 meter sprint", "30-meter dribbling", "Jump with no arm swing", "100-meter shuttle run", "40-second push-ups", "1 kg ball throw", which is most similar in the structure to the movement handball throw.
Regarding the role, the pivots were the least fit in speed and strength tests. The wings were the fastest and most extreme players. The goalkeepers, who are already being trained according to the special program, need customizing physical training.
The tall players are lagging behind the short handball players in terms of speed, have lower general and strength endurance, but are ahead of other age groups in the distance of ball throwing. The short athletes were the fastest and the best in jumps, but with smaller capacities of ball throwing. The female handball players with medium height took the intermediate position on completion of the testing, having gotten ahead of both groups in the general endurance index.
While controlling physical fitness of female handball players, the main thing is not to accelerate training of the players with lower indices, but to monitor the dynamics of their getting in shape with due account for their specific features and individual characteristics.
References
1. Alizar, T.A. Individualization of training of elite female handball players goalkeepers: abstract of Ph.D. thesis / T.A. Alizar. - Moscow, 2009. - 24 P. (In Russian)
2. Bukhtiy, L.G. Modeling of the training process of female handball players in view of the specific biological function of the female body: abstract of Ph.D. thesis / L.G. Bukhtiy. - Kiev, 1991. -21 P. (In Russian)
3. Handball. The program for groups of sports perfection and elite sports skills / Ed. by V.Ya. Ignatieva. - Moscow: Sovetsky sport, 2004. - 90 P. (In Russian)
4. Ignatieva, V.Ya. Standards of physical fitness of elite female handball players of different playing positions in game / V.Ya. Ignatieva, E.O. Savinkov // Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kultury. - 2002. - № 6. - P. 25-26, 39. (In Russian)
Corresponding author: [email protected]
