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13Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 9 (2014 7) 1541-1554
УДК 330.59; 338.24
Territorial Peculiarities of Settlement
of the Indigenous Minorities of the North
(by the example of Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets
and Evenk municipal regions of Krasnoyarsk Krai)
Elena A. Bryukhanova* and Aleksandr M. Matveev
Krasnoyarsk Branch of the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering of SB RAS 50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
Received 15.05.2014, received in revised form 12.06.2014, accepted 30.06.2014
The article considers the typology of inhabited localities of Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets and Evenk municipal regions of Krasnoyarsk Krai according to such criteria as the percentage of the indigenous minorities (IM) in the total population, the level of the development of traditional, market and budgetary sectors that should be taken into account at working out the programme of the territories' socio-economical development. It estimates the potential and directions of socio-economical development of the territories of the indigenous minorities' traditional settlement and traditional economical activity.
Keywords: indigenous minorities, territories of traditional settlement and traditional economical activity, territories of traditional use of natural resources.
The research is carried out within the frame of the researches financed by Krasnoyarsk regional fund for supporting scientific and technical research activities and within the frame of SibFU's thematic plan in compliance with the instruction task of the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation.
Introduction
According to population census data 2010 the total number of 8 indigenous minorities of the North (the Dolgans, the Evenks, the Nenets, the Kets, the Nganasans, the Selkups, the Enets, the Chulyms), compactly residing in the territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai, was 16,2 thousand people (30,1 % of the population of the indigenous minorities of the North in Siberian Federal Okrug) (Table 1, Fig. 1).
© Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved
* Corresponding author E-mail address: eab@ksc.krasn.ru
According to the RF governmental regulation No 22 dated 11.01.1993 the following territories were regarded as the residential territories of the indigenous minorities of the North in Krasnoyarsk Krai up to May 2009 (The RF governmental regulation..., 1993)1: Taimyr, Turukhansk and Evenk municipal regions, Sym village of Yeniseysk municipal region and Vel'mo village of Severo-Yeniseysky municipal region.
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Table 1. Total population of the indigenous minorities of the North in Krasnoyarsk Krai as per the population census data 2002 and 2010
Ethnos Total, people including
urban population, people rural population, people
2002 2010 2002 2010 2002 2010
the Dolgans 5805 5810 1038 1452 4767 4358
the Nganasans 811 807 147 263 664 544
the Nenets 3188 3633 494 657 2694 2976
the Kets 1189 957 199 183 990 774
the Selkups 412 281 58 70 354 211
the Chulyms 159 145 11 8 148 137
the Evenks 4632 4372 1438 1345 3194 3027
the Enets 213 221 39 53 174 168
Total 16409 16226 3424 4031 12985 12195
Fig. 1. Changes in the population number of the indigenous minorities of the North in Krasnoyarsk Krai as per the population census data (people)
In compliance with the RF governmental regulation No 631-p dated 08.05.2009 the list of traditional residential territorie s of the indigenous minorities of the RF in Krasnoyarsk Krai was specified and extended (The RF governmental regulation..., 2009). It includes the whole Severo-Yeniseysky region (not only Vel'mo village as it was before) and the rural settlement of Chindatsky Soviet of the settlement (sel'sovet)
of Tyukhtet municipal region (the territory of the Chulyms' compact residence). In 2000 the Chulyms were included in the Unified list of the indigenous minorities of the RF. According to the population census data 2002 the number of the Chulyms in Krasnoyarsk Krai (Tyukhtet region) was 159 persons. They compactly live in Pasechnoye village of Chindatsky Soviet of the settlement of Tyukhtet region located 120
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Table 2. Territory and population of the area of traditional residence of the indigenous minorities in Krasnoyarsk Krai
Territory, thousand square kilometers Number of resident population, 1.01.2013, people Population density, people/ square km
total including
urban rural
Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets municipal region 879,9 34053 23006 11047 0,04
Evenk municipal region 767,6 15881 - 15881 0,02
Turukhansk municipal region 210,7 17876 6619 11257 0,08
Severo-Yeniseysky municipal region 47,3 11864 8317 3547 0,25
Rural village of Simsky Soviet of the settlement of Yeniseysky municipal region 1,0 176 - 176 0,18
Rural village of Chindatsky Soviet of the settlement of Tyukhtetsky municipal region 2,1 284 - 284 0,14
Total in the area of traditional residence of the indigenous minorities of the North in Krasnoyarsk Krai 1908,6 80134 37942 42192 0,04
% of the indicators of Krasnoyarsk Krai 80,6 2,8 1,7 6,3
For reference: Krasnoyarsk Krai 2366,8 2846475 2181591 664884 1,20
Note: The data, concerning the territory, are given in compliance with Krasnoyarsk Krai laws on establishing the borders and institutionalization of municipal establishments. The absence of exact data about the area of Simsky Soviet of the settlement caused its estimation. The data about the number of resident population are given in accordance with the informational sources of Krasnoyarsk Statistics Service and Federal State Statistics Service (Estimation of the population number..., 2013; Database of indices.).
km from the region centre, horse breeding being their main activity.
The total area of traditional residential territories of the indigenous minorities in Krasnoyarsk Krai is approximately 1908,6 thousand square kilometers (80,6 % of Krasnoyarsk Krai territory) (Table 2). According to the data of 01.01.2013 the total population, living in the territory, was 80,1 thousand people (2,8 % of Krasnoyarsk Krai population), including 37,9 thousand people of urban population (47,3 % of the population of the territory under consideration and 1,7 % of Krasnoyarsk Krai urban population); 42,2 thousand people of rural population (52,7 % of the population of the territory under consideration and 6,3 % of Krasnoyarsk Krai rural population).
With administrative and territorial regard the area of traditional residence of the indigenous
minorities embraces 44 municipal entities in Krasnoyarsk Krai2: 6 municipal regions (of these 2 regions are Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenk municipal regions with a special status, Yeniseysky and Tyukhtetsky regions as the territories of traditional residence of the indigenous minorities) and 36 settlements established in their territories (of these 4 settlements are urban and 32 settlements are rural). There are 100 human settlements in the territory under consideration. Of these 6 settlements have a status of urban ones3, the rest 94 settlements refer to the category of rural human settlements (Table 3).
Table 4 shows that 86,2 % (13,9 thousand people) of the indigenous population lives in the territory of Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenk municipal regions (it should be taken into consideration that these municipal units
Table 3. Administrative and territorial division of the area of traditional residence of the indigenous minorities in Krasnoyarsk Krai
Municipal regions Urban regions Settlements Inhabited locality
total urban rural total urban rural
area of traditional residence of the indigenous minorities in Krasnoyarsk Krai, total 6 36 4 32 100 6 94
including
Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets municipal region (administrative centre - Dudinka city) 1 - 4 2 2 27 2 25
Evenk municipal region (administrative centre - Tura village) 1 23 23 23 23
Turukhansk municipal region (administrative centre - Turukhansk village) 1 7 2 5 34 2 32
Severo-Yeniseysky municipal region (administrative centre - Severo-Yeniseysky industrial community) 1 12 2 10
Rural village of Simsky Soviet of the settlement of Yeniseysky municipal region 1 1 1 1 1
Rural village of Chindatsky Soviet of the settlement of Tyukhtetsky municipal region 1 1 1 3 3
For reference: Krasnoyarsk Krai 44 17 520 35 485 1766 62 1704
used to have the status of national okrugs and later that of autonomous okrugs) and only13,8 % (2,2 thousand people) - in the territory of other municipal units.
Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets municipal region
Allocation of the indigenous minorities of the North in rural inhabited localities in Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets municipal region is uneven, historically formed (Table 5, Fig. 2).
Population density in the region is extremely low. It is 30340 square kilometers per 1 settlement. The distance between Dudinka city, the administrative centre of the municipal region, and the villages is more than 1000 kilometers by air (Syndassko) and more than 2,5 thousand kilometers by water (Khatanga).
Historically there were five main ethnic and industrial areas within the bounds of the municipal region, and namely those of Yeniseysk Nenets, Avam Nganasans, Dolgans of the eastern part of the municipal region, Khantaika Evenks and Potapovo Enets.
The Yeniseysk Nenets historically live in the territory of Karaul rural settlement and the western part of Dudinka urban settlement, naturally and economically drawn towards the river Yenisey and the Yeniseysky Zaliv (the Yeniseisk Bay). The Nenets' national centre is Nosok village.
The Evenks and Dolgans predominantly live in the territory around Lake Khantaika in approximately equal percentage. Khantaiskoye ozero (Lake Khantaika) village is the Khantaika Evenks' national centre.
Table 4. Number of the indigenous minorities in municipal units of Krasnoyarsk Krai (according to the population census data 2010, people)
Nationality Municipal units Total in Krasnoyarsk Krai
Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) municipal region Evenk municipal region Turukhansk, Severo-Yeniseysky, Yeniseysky, Tyukhtetsky and other municipal units of the krai
the Dolgans 5393 48 369 5810
the Kets 19 207 731 957
the Nganasans 747 6 54 807
the Nenets 3494 8 131 3633
the Selkups 9 1 271 281
the Chulyms 0 0 145 145
the Evenks 266 3583 523 4372
the Enets 204 0 17 221
Total (the indigenous minorities of the North) 10132 3853 2241 16226
% of the total population 29,4 23,7 х 0,6
% of the population of the indigenous minorities of the North in the krai 62,4 23,8 13,8 100,0
The central part of Taimyr Peninsula, located in the basins of the middle and upper courses of the river Pyasina and the upper Kheta, is the territory of the Avam Nganasans' historic residence. At present it is also inhabited by the Dolgans and the Enets. The percentage of the former is almost the same while that of the latter is smaller.
A vast territory in the eastern part of the municipal region, practically all developed area of Khatanga rural settlement make the zone of the Dolgans' historic residence. The system of environmental management is drawn towards the tributaries of the Kheta-Khatanga river and small rivers, flowing into the southern part of the Khatanga Bay.
The territories around Potapovo are predominantly inhabited by the Enets, who
used to occupy a considerable area of the Turukhan and Taz rivers, the right bank of the river Ob but were forced out to the lower course of the Yenisey by the Nenets and Selkups. The Enets have been neighbouring with the Nenets, migrants in the lower course of the Yenisey, since the 19th century. Good neighbourly relations in many respects favoured the assimilation of the Enets, who are less numerous in number, as well as their considerable rundown. Both are also helped forward by the similarity of the Enets and Nganasan languages and the fact that the Enets haven't got written language.
At present the borders of historically developed areas diffuse and are not marked territorially. Modern socio-economical conditions determine the ethnoses' large-scale integration, development of common socio-cultural centres.
Table 5. Typology of urban and rural settlements and inhabited localities in Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets municipal region as per the percentage of the indigenous minorities of the North in total population (according to the data from 1.01.2008 г.)
No Settlements/inhabited localities in municipal units Population, people Percentage of the indigenous minorities of the North in total population, %
total including the indigenous minorities of the North
Dudinka urban settlement 26560 3219 12,12
1 Dudinka city 24382 1382 5,67
2 Volochanka village 604 564 93,38
3 Levinskie pesky village 170 114 67,06
4 Potapovo village 402 236 58,71
5 Ust'-Avam village 628 589 93,79
6 Khantaiskoe ozero village 364 334 91,76
Dickson urban settlement 690 0 0,00
Karaul rural settlement 4023 3166 78,70
1 Karaul village 924 275 29,76
2 Baikalsk village 124 101 81,45
3 Vorontsovo village 354 265 74,86
4 Kazantsevo village 36 33 91,67
5 Karepanovsk village 11 0 0,00
6 Mungui village 20 20 100,00
7 Nosok village 1756 1437 81,83
8 Polikarpovsk village 29 16 55,17
9 Tukhard village 887 829 93,46
10 Ust'-Port village 374 190 50,80
Khatanga rural settlement 6495 3832 59,00
1 Khatanga village 2934 807 27,51
2 Zhdanikha village 237 232 97,89
3 Katyryk village 335 325 97,01
4 Kayak village 196 27 13,78
5 Kresty village 310 303 97,74
6 Novaya village 314 308 98,09
7 Novorybnoye village 649 627 96,61
8 Popigai village 319 311 97,49
9 Syndassko village 526 520 98,86
10 Kheta village 384 372 96,88
Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets municipal region 37768 10217 27,05
Historically the municipal region had no inhabited localities. Its infrastructure was formed as they managed the environment and developed communication and transport means.
The processes of industrial settlement resulted against the background of traditional zones of environmental management and settlement of the indigenous minorities of the North.
Fig. 2. The system of distribution of the population of Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets municipal region. The source: The draft of the scheme of territorial planning of Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets municipal region
They caused an extremely dispersible and dotted character of the settlement. Formation of the axes of settlement along river valleys is connected with traditional environmental management, and mainly with wild reindeer hunting and fishing. Territorial compactness, compactness of inhabited localities are also a characteristic feature of the existing system of settlement.
A meridional fine-dispersed system of settlement, formed by the Yenisey and its tributaries, is notable in the western part of the
region. 80,5 % of the region's population live within the bounds of the Yenisey valley.
A system forming element of settlement in the east of the region is the Khatanga River and its tributaries. 16,5 % of the region's population live here.
A system forming element of settlement in the central part of the municipal region is the Pyasina River and the Dudypta's tributary. There was a great number of shot points for wild reindeer hunting on the Pyasina, Dudypta and Kheta rivers in the past. They gradually turned
into villages. In the course of recent 20 years a considerable rundown of economical activity in this territory resulted in a set of abandoned inhabited localities.
The indigenous minorities living in the municipal region's territory have kept a traditional nomadic and semi-nomadic mode of life. 20 % of the total population of the indigenous minorities of the North lead a nomadic life.
Concurrently with preserving and developing their uniqueness and national self-identification ethnoses assimilate. Shortage of working places in national villages intensifies the outflow of the population (especially of the youth) to the centers of the settlements, to the city of Dudinka with its present population of the indigenous minorities of the North higher than statistically registered. The results of these processes are not always positive. In fact the processes of artificial urbanization of the indigenous minorities of the North take place: many representatives of the indigenous minorities of the North, residing in Dudinka, are not provided with the places of employment and have an insufficient level of qualification to get a job.
Non-native population mainly consists of social migrants who spend some time in the Arctic and then return to the places of habitual residence. Hydrocarbon field exploitation is carried out from Messoyakha, Pelyatka camps.
At present the federal strategy of the settling in the Arctic zone is targeted at suppressing the growth of resident population and development of camp-type forms of settling. "The Strategy of socio-economical development of Siberia up to 2020" allots the task of avoidance of the extreme growth of residential population and appearance of new stationary settlements, formation of the system of settlements of high quality and safety of life support systems, integrating base cities and mobile camps at preserving the zones of priority environmental management
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for the indigenous minorities of the North. The strategy provides for restoration of the number of able-bodied citizens and rotation workers in base settlements (Dudinka, Dickson, Khatanga village, inhabited localities down the Khatanga river and the Yeniseisk Bay) to be enough for safe ensuring of the Northern Sea Rout's functioning and establishment of the bases of the Frigid Zone development.
Regarding long-term outlook, the following key directions of transformation of the system of the population settlement in the region can be singled out:
- development of urban inhabited localities as home-base settlement structures with basic concentration of the non-natives (the city of Dudinka, and, to a lesser extent, Dickson urban community);
- development of large national settlements as centres of preserving and development of traditional types of economic management (Khatanga, Karaul, Tukhard, Nosok), formation of modern centres of inter-settlement maintenance on their basis;
- population maintenance and development of home-base national villages (Kheta, Novorybnaya, Ust'-Avam, Volochanka);
- establishment of working places on the basis of revival and development of traditional types of nature management with the use of modern technologies of product processing for small national settlements with decreasing population;
- development of mobile local settlement places in the zones of new development (camp villages).
Evenk municipal region
The ethnic structure of Evenk national >n's population iscomplex. The representatives
Table 6. Typology of rural settlements in Evenk municipal region as per the percentage of the indigenous minorities of the North in total population (according to the data as of 01.01.2011)
No Settlements/inhabited localities in municipal units Population, people Percentage of the indigenous minorities of the North, %
total the indigenous minorities of the North
1 The village of Tura municipal unit 5541 1200 21,7
2 the village of Essey rural settlement 631 10 1,6
3 the village of Kislokan rural settlement 141 100 70,9
4 the village of Nidym rural settlement 239 103 43,1
5 the village of Tutonchany rural settlement 263 200 76,0
6 the village of Uchami rural settlement 126 107 84,9
7 the village of Chirinda rural settlement 211 190 90,0
8 the village of Ekonda rural settlement 291 290 99,7
9 the village of Yukta rural settlement 102 58 56,9
Total in Ilimpiisk group of settlement 7 545 2 258 29,9
1 The village of Vanavara rural settlement 3154 118 3,7
2 the village of Mutorai rural settlement 96 36 37,5
3 the village of Oskoba rural settlement 17 0 0,0
4 the village of Strelka-Chunya rural settlement 191 140 73,3
5 the village of Chemdal'sk rural settlement 41 25 61,0
Total in Tungussko-Chunskaya group of settlement 3 499 319 9,1
1 the village of Baikit rural settlement 3515 420 11,9
2 the village of Burnyi rural settlement 193 2 1,0
3 the village of Kuz'movka rural settlement 180 3 1,7
4 the village of Kuyumba rural settlement 179 120 67,0
5 the village of Miryuga rural settlement 87 24 27,6
6 the village of Osharovo rural settlement 112 41 36,6
7 the village of Poligus rural settlement 302 270 89,4
8 the village of Sulomai rural settlement 183 143 78,1
9 the village of Surinda rural settlement 493 480 97,4
Total in Baikit group of settlement 5 244 1 503 28,7
Evenk municipal region 16 233 4 080 25,1
of the indigenous natives of the North live almost in every inhabited locality.
The percentage of the indigenous natives of the North in the total population of Evenk municipal region is 25,1 %. The natives, residing within the borders of the territory considered, are the Evenk and the Kets. At that the Kets compactly live in one inhabited locality, Sulomai village. Their population there is 143 people.
The territory of Evenk municipal region displays the considerable differences in the ethnic structure of various inhabited localities. There can be distinguished the settlements with predominantly Evenk population, with predominantly Slavic population, and multinational settlements (Table 6, Fig. 3).
The Evenk, who maintain their way of life and traditional trades, predominantly reside in
Fig. 3. The places of settlement of the indigenous minorities of the North in Evenk municipal region. The source: The draft of the scheme of territorial planning of Evenk municipal region
rural inhabited localities, referring to the category of compact settlement of the indigenous natives of the North. Thus, the maximum percentage of the natives is observed in the villages of Chirinda, Ekonda, Surinda, Poligus, Uchami, Tutonchany, Strelka-Chunya, Kislokan.
A greater part of the Evenk, approximately 40 %, resides in economical centres of Evenk municipal region: in the villages of Tura, Baikit, Vanavara. It should be noted that their percentage is not high and is no more than 20 %; the main population of these centres is constituted
by predominantly Slavic population. Under such circumstances the representatives of the indigenous natives of the North assimilate quite quickly and loose a visible contact with their cultural peculiarities and way of life.
The south-eastern part of Evenk region, Tungussko-Chunskaya group of settlements, is characterized by a lesser number of the indigenous natives of the North.
From an ethnic point of view the places of the Yakuts' and Russian Old Believers' compact settlements are also a matter of interest.
Essey village, located in the very north of Evenk region, was founded by the Yakuts who migrated to this territory from the territory of the present-day Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and kept their way of life. The Essey Yakuts, the representatives of a single detached ethnic community who do not refer to the category of the indigenous minorities of the North, predominantly reside in the village. Their main trade is wild reindeer hunting. There are only 10 Evenks among 631 residents of Essey village.
Burnyi and Kuz'movka, located in the southwestern part of Evenk region, are inhabited by the Russian Old Believers. The percentage of the Evenks here is less than 1 %. The representatives of this population group do not refer to the category of the indigenous minorities of the North even in spite of the fact that their economic way of life is more likely to be similar to that of the minorities' than to a modern industrial way of life. The Old Believers live in respectively close communities based on self-provision. They are engaged in agriculture (including plant cultivation) even in severe weather conditions, as well as in fishing and hunting. Nowadays "Kuz'movka village" municipal unit consists of two districts already. These are Kuz'movka village itself and Kochumdek trading station which is expected to be a new autonomous inhabited locality in the long term.
Regarding the potential of the socio-economical development the rural inhabited localities of Evenk municipal region can be divided into 3 groups and 4 sub-groups:
1. those with the market economic sector;
2. those with the developing market economic sector:
2.1. market and budget sectors are more developed than a traditional sector;
2.2. a traditional sector is more developed than market and budget sectors;
3. with undeveloped market economic sector:
3.1. with a predominant traditional lifesupport;
3.2. the territories, economically vulnerable to the maximum (Table 7).
The first group comprises Tura village, Baikit and Vanavara villages, which are the largest in the population number (more than three thousand people), mostly economically viable, with a developed market sector.
The main task of a prognostic development of the settlements of this group is in strengthening and development of a market sector of the rural economy. The aggregate stock of the residents' entrepreneurial energy here is maximum. That makes the development of new types of commercial activity in the forms of tourism, farming, small-scale business in private (everyday, trade, fast-food) services quite real.
Table 7. Typology of the settlements of Evenk municipal region
Groups Description Inhabited localities
The first group Maximum economic viability Tura, Baikit, Vanavara
The second group a A developing market sector Essey, Surinda, Poligus, Tutonchany
The second group b A traditional sector is more developed than market and budget sectors Ekonda, Nidym, Chirinda, Kislokan, Strelka-Chunya
The third group a A predominant traditional life-support Sulomai, Kuyumba, Burnyi, Uchami, Kuz'movka, Osharovo, Yukta
The third group b Economically vulnerable to the maximum Mutorai, Miryuga, Chemdal'sk, Oskoba
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The work of social services establishments in the settlements of the first group provides for the necessity to ensure educational, cultural, medical and everyday services rendered not only to the residents of the village but also to the entire set of neighbouring villages.
Compulsory schools, polyclinics, palaces of culture, sports halls with full-fledged material base, highly qualified specialists, access to the Internet can ensure a good quality of services for the population of the service zone.
Two subgroups are distinctly singled out in the second group:
a) four respectively large villages (the villages of Essey, Poligus, Tutonchany with the population of 300 - 600 persons) where a market sector springs up quicklier, small-scale business can develop due to a middle size of the local market; at that traditional life support and cultural ethnic traditions are well- kept up;
b) five villages with a less numerous population (the villages of Ekonda, Nidym, Chirinda, Kislokan, Strelka-Chunya with the population of 200 - 260 persons) where a market sector is almost undeveloped and weaker than a traditional sector of reindeer hunting and crafts.
The main task of a prognostic development of the settlements of this group is in bridging all the sectors of rural economy - a market one which constantly springs up here, a traditional one in the form of reindeer hunting and traditional crafts which does not always bring money income to the households but tangibly raises their real profit, an agricultural one in the form of development of private farms, and a budgetary one which is limited with working places in feldsher-midwife stations, schools, clubs, polyclinics.
In many villages of this group the merging of educational, cultural, and medical establishments will result in multifunctional
educational-cultural-medical centres, often school-based. Assembly and sports halls, rooms for hobby groups, libraries, information centres will serve the whole population during an off-study period.
Division into subgroups is done for the third group of inhabited localities as well.
The third group (sub-group a) contains the villages of Sulomai, Kuyumba, Burnyi, Uchami, Kuz'movka, Osharovo, Yukta, small settlements with the population of 100 - 200 persons. In fact, there is no market sector here but a budget sector and municipal enterprises. The traditional life-support is developed to the maximum. The values are non-monetary ones, such as gifts, mutual assistance, and the sense of belonging to local community.
The villages of Mutorai, Miryuga, Chemdal'sk, Oskoba, very small communities with the population less than 100 people are included into the third group (sub-group b).
Suggesting the way of the development of the villages of the third group, one should be clearly aware of the fact that there will be no viable market sector here in the foreseeable future. What can become commercially developed here is probably tourism. The values of traditional life support, unity in faith and in community of ethnic self-identification will undoubtedly dominate here in future. A traditional sector, which does not bring a monetary profit but is a nucleus of the local community's values, will remain the basis of the economical development.
Social services will be delivered to the villages of the third group by small-scale forms (ungraded clubs, feldsher-midwife stations), often by mobile forms such as mobile medical groups, nomadic schools, teams of cultural propagandists, with active use of telecommunication technologies (distant learning, telemedicine, electronic library).
Territories of traditional environmental management
At present only one territory of traditional environmental management of regional importance "Popigai" is established in the territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai (on the basis of the Decision of the Administration of Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug № 495 dated December 23, 2003). Within the period of "Popigai" traditional environmental management the Dolgans, residing and carrying out their activity within its boundaries, have not registered their right of the ground area and other natural resources use.
In 2012-2013 the krai started the works on the establishment of the traditional environmental managements of the indigenous minorities of the North in Taimyr on the left bank of the Yenisey river ("Yara-Tanama" and "Suzun") and of Khatanga rural settlement near Syndassko village with the reservation of the mentioned territories in the scheme of territorial planning of the region as the territories of limited economic use.
In compliance with Article 12 of Krasnoyarsk Krai Law No 11-5443 dated 25.11.2010 "On
protection of native habitat and traditional way of life of the indigenous minorities of Krasnoyarsk Krai" the project of the Order of formation of the territory of traditional environmental management of the indigenous people was developed and the List of documents, necessary for making a decision on the establishment of the mentioned territory, was made in order to ensure the preservation of native habitat of the indigenous minorities.
S.Ya. Pal'chin, a representative for the rights of the indigenous minorities in Krasnoyarsk Krai, states in his speech that the local bodies resist the establishment of the territory of traditional environmental management in their area. Taking into consideration that Taimyr and Evenkiya are on the threshold of intensive industrial development, it is urgently necessary to establish effective environmentally-aware mechanisms as well as to establish the territories of traditional environmental management not to exclude the industrial development of mineral resources but to minimize harmful influence of this development both on the environment and on the indigenous peoples' way of life.
1 The document lost its force after the RF governmental regulation No 410 dated 08.05.2009 had come into effect 7 days after its official publication (published in "Sobranie zakonodatel'stva RF" [Collection of RF legislation] on 18.05.2009).
2 In total there are 581 establishments in the territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai. These include 44 municipal regions, 17 Urban districts, 35 urban settlements, 485 rural settlements.
3 2 cities of regional subordination (Dudinka (22339 residents) and Igarka (5648 residents)) and 4 industrial communities (Severo-Yeniseysky (6816 residents), Teya (1501 residents), Svetlogorsk (971 residents), Dickson (667 residents))
References
1. Database of indices of municipal units of the Federal State Statistics Service, available at http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/databases/
2. Estimation of the population number and average annual population number in cities and regions of Krasnoyarsk Krai as per January 1, 2013, available at http://www.krasstat.gks.ru
3. The draft of the scheme of territorial planning of Evenk municipal region, available at http:// www.evenkya.ru/power/documents/
4. The draft of the scheme of territorial planning of Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets municipal region, available at http://www.taimyr24.ru/Documents/ter-plan/
5. The RF governmental regulation No 22 dated 11.01.1993 (revised 23.01.2000) "On the list of regions of residence of the indigenous minorities of the North".
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6. The RF governmental regulation No 631-p dated 08.05.2009 "On the approval of the list of traditional residence and traditional economic activity of the indigenous minorities of the Russian Federation and the list of types of traditional economic activity of the indigenous minorities of the Russian Federation".
Территориальные особенности расселения коренных малочисленных народов (на примере Таймырского Долгано-Ненецкого и Эвенкийского муниципальных районов Красноярского края)
Е.А. Брюханова, А.М. Матвеев
Красноярский отдел Института экономики и организации промышленного производства СО РАН Россия, 660036, Красноярск, Академгородок, 50
В статье рассмотрена типология населенных пунктов Таймырского Долгано-Ненецкого и Эвенкийского муниципальных районов Красноярского края по доле коренных малочисленных народов (КМН) в общей численности населения, по уровню развития традиционного, рыночного и бюджетного секторов, которую необходимо принимать во внимание при разработке программы социально-экономического развития территории. Дана оценка потенциала и направлений социально-экономического развития территорий традиционного проживания и традиционной хозяйственной деятельности коренных малочисленных народов.
Ключевые слова: коренные малочисленные народы, места традиционного проживания и традиционной хозяйственной деятельности, территории традиционного природопользования.
Работа выполнена в рамках исследований, финансируемых Красноярским краевым фондом поддержки научной и научно-технической деятельности, а также в рамках тематического плана СФУ по заданию Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации.
