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TERMINIZATION OF COMMON WORDS IN SCIENTIFIC STYLE IN THE AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGE
MEHRIBAN ALIYEVA Scientific researcher, Institute of Control Systems, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Baku, Azerbaijan
Abstract. In the article, the terminization of common words in the scientific style in the Azerbaijani language has been analyzed as a process that enriches the vocabulary of the language. It is noted that the development ofscientific fields leads to the emergence of new concepts and notions. The main language units used to express these concepts in a scientific style are terms. Taking this into account, the terminization of common words enriching the terminological lexicon of scientific works created in scientific style in the Azerbaijani language has been investigated with rich language facts. It is clear from the research that the terms naming the newly emerging concepts are enriched not only due to the units appearing as new words in the language, but also due to the change in the meaning of the pre-existing words and their acquisition of meaning. This justifies the existence of single scientific sources in the enrichment of the scientific style. For the study of scientific thought, special language units selected from the general language, i.e., common words become terms and enrich the scientific style.
Key words: style, scientific style, term, text, terminology, name
The logical conclusion of intralinguistic relations within each language and the correct analysis of the research object reveals the possibilities of being denoted language constructions. General theoretical terminology requires the lexical layer of various fields of science, as well as conducting research on several fields of science at the modern level of science, correctly understanding the meaning and essence of terminology related to those fields. From this point of view, the development of language units, which is the main factor in the formation of scientific style, is created as a set of terminological systems related to various fields of science. The creation of scientific works related to the development of separate fields of science in different periods was a universal phenomenon and created a new historical turn in the development of the literary language. Literary language is enriched due to new styles. Scientific style is one of the main directions that enrich the literary language. Because the scientific style is syncretic in nature, and in this style, common words, term-specific words, and terms are used in unity. Scientific and technical progress promotes the rapid development of science. In the years of independence, the differentiation and integration of sciences led to the formation of new fields of science. In particular, aviation, informatics, logistics, economics, and politics have been formed as independent sciences in modern times. Science fields include exact sciences (physics, mathematics), natural sciences (biology, geography), social sciences (history, linguistics, etc.). All these fields of science have their own language characteristics. At the same time, these sciences combine at certain points and form the scientific style. Naming concepts arising from scientific discoveries, scientific theory, laws and principles manifests itself as an element of the development of separate fields of science. The development of sciences is a form of thinking resulting from research of various nature. Concepts created as a result of research as a product of thinking activity are called scientific language units. In all cases, this naming process operates continuously in investigated scientific fields.
The emergence of new fields of science develops the literary language. The development of scientific fields leads to the emergence of new concepts and notions. The main linguistic units of scientific style are terms. Taking this into account, the terminological lexicon of scientific works created in scientific style in the Azerbaijani language can be divided into two groups according to the
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sources of formation: terms formed due to the internal capabilities of the language; terms formed due to the borrowings. In the scientific style, an important part of the terms created due to the internal capabilities of the language is formed due to the common lexicon. The development of new theoretical views, concepts, and the strengthening of mutual relations lead to the emergence of new concepts in the fields of science. In order to express new concepts in various fields of science, it is necessary to take a look at the vocabulary of the native language and use its internal capabilities effectively.
The development of scientific fields accelerates the dynamism of the terminological base. The expression of emerging concepts also affects the sources of origin of terms. A. Gurbanov writes: "There is no language in the world that expresses each concept with separate special words and there cannot be. Often, a new word is not sought to express new concepts that appear in connection with development, but one or another concept is expressed by changing the meaning of an existing word in the language" [4, p.389].
Terms created on the basis of words in the language are widely used in the expression of concepts that form in various fields of science. For example, "sandstone" used as a term in geology is a common word. In addition to keeping the previous meaning, this word is called "in geology - the rock formed by the cementation of sands". Or vein is called "cracks filled with solid bitumen or mineral substances". "Da§la§ma" (petrification), a common word derived from the word "da§" (stone), as a term in geology - paleontology, is the replacement of constituents of buried plant and animal remains with mineral substances, as a result of which those remains become mineralized and petrified over time. As can be seen from the examples, common words turn into terms and become specialized in different fields of science and acquire a new meaning, i.e. acquire a new meaning along with the previous meanings. S. Jafarov writes: "The process of formation of words by lexical method differs from the process of formation by morphological and syntactic method mainly due to its simplicity. However, this seemingly simple way is really very complicated" [6, p. 135]. Based on the internal capabilities of the Azerbaijani language, common words have became terms in various fields of science. This process allows the naming of new concepts in all fields of science. S. Sadigova writes: "Each field of science consists of three main systems of concepts: a set of many facts that make up its content and reflect it in itself, ideas that appear as a result of it, and terms used to express these ideas. Every field of scientific knowledge cannot be imagined without these three attributes. From this point of view, language does not play a random role in the development of scientific knowledge and separate fields of science, language appears as one of the structural elements of every science. [12, p. 4]. Becoming terms of common words in various fields of science is one of the sources of enrichment of the vocabulary of the Azerbaijani language - the change of the word and the acquisition of a new meaning, the increase in the number of figurative meanings of the word. As a result of various semantic changes in the scientific style, lexical meaning of the common words, the semantic volume of the word is expanded.
The lexical analysis of the terms used in various fields of science in a scientific style shows that a number of factors are the main factors in the formation of these terms:
1. Becoming terms of common words due to the similarity of form. Such terms are used more often in the fields of botany, geology, medicine, mathematics, physics, and informatics. For example, the word "agizciq" (stoma) is used as a general word in the sense of smaller than the mouth. In the field of botany, it means "the part separated from the upper side of the stamen of a flower", and in technology, it means "the part where oil pipes join each other" [12, p. 44]: chemical chain reactions in the field of chemistry based on the word "zancirvari" (chain) - between the active particles consisting of the intermediate reaction product formed the terms of reactions that cause chemical transformations in a large number of molecules or nuclei of the primary substance by being regenerated without interruption have formed. 2. Due to the similarity of function, common words become terms in different fields of science. For example, in the field of medicine, the foot is a body part that serves for human and animal walking, in geography, the lower part of a river, a spring, and in the field of medicine, the lower part of weapons such as rifles and pistols, become a term [12. p.
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68]. A number of terms related to the field of economics are fromed from common words. Changes in social and political life have affected the economic system. As a result of this influence, the emergence of economic market relations and the expansion of international economic relations have led to the emergence of new economic concepts and terms in the Azerbaijani language, on the other hand, changes in the meaning of some existing concepts and terms. For example, market as a common word means shopping place, and in economics, the word "market" have became a term using in the meaning of "commodity circulation area, zone" [10, I v. p. 181]. Carrying out economic reforms in connection with the transition to the market economy, the successful implementation of economic activity at present leads to the understanding of the meaning of these terms. S. Sadigova writes: "Scientific language is developed by experts. There, language becomes a technical system. It is possible that a scientific language unit can easily transfer to another language and develop there. But first of all, due to the high intelligence of the people, scientific language units should be based on the internal capabilities of the national language" [12, p. 9]. The development of scientific fields has created radical changes in the direction of the development of science. For many years, the systematic investigation of many fields of science, including mathematics and physics, has given impetus to the development of these sciences. In connection with this development, the researches of specialists engaged in physical research lead to the enrichment of the vocabulary of the language, the formation of new terms - concepts. These concepts are named with common words. For example, general words denoting scientific concepts such as "a force - vector physical quantity that moves an object and has the effect of accelerating it", "horsepower" is a technical unit of powerl, have became terms. Naming of these concepts due to common words is chosen according to their specific character in scientific style. "When comparing common words and terms, it becomes clear that "unlike an ordinary word or word combination, a term should have a limited and fixed content. This content must belong to the term regardless of the context, whereas the meaning of an ordinary word is determined by the context. [7, p. 18].
The meaning of common words is understood by everyone, unlike terms. Terms indicate scientific understanding in a certain field. However, when it is used as a term, a certain idea is created about its essence in the terminological system in which it is included, and one or another sign is highlighted. For example, "payment" is used both as a common word and as a term. As a term, it is used in the economy in the meaning of "repayment of the loan amount with a special schedule" [10. p.168]. As a term, its meaning is clear to any specialist, and in all cases this term is distinguished as a special group of words in the language. Because in the economic field, as a term, it accurately expresses the concept and has a definitive function. Therefore, unlike terms, common words do not have a special function in a certain field of science. The new meaning expressed by common words has a special function. The features that distinguish them are revealed more clearly during comparison, that is, the specific features belonging to the terms. The function it carries makes it easier to determine the characteristic features that distinguish them from other groups of words. That is, in naming the concept, its main sign is taken as the basis. The name given on the basis of a certain sign allows understanding of that concept in a scientific way. Sometimes a common word has new meanings in several fields of science. For example, "a?ilma" (opening) is a common word, but in medicine it is used in two meanings, both "opening in the pelvis-thigh joint" and "opening of the body or limbs in the joint around the frontal axis directed to the growth of the joint angle". In the field of sports, it is used in the meaning of "a trick performed by hooking the legs and leaning back to turn the opponent in the parter position in freestyle wrestling". [12, p. 5] Expressing different meanings with the same word in different fields of science, the creation of new terms leads to the formation of homonymous terms. Common words, in particular, turn into terms and become homonyms, expressing new meanings.
The special lexicon, which is the basis of the scientific style, enriches this lexical layer and becomes a technical system there. The main lexical units of the vocabulary of the language are used in various fields of scientific style and enrich the terminological layer. Therefore, the level of
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development and enrichment of the language is mostly related to innovations in the fields of science. The development of science and technology, the emergence of new fields and directions corresponding to it, the merging of different fields of science, lead to the formation of new terms and concepts. Therefore, there is a need to comprehensively investigate the term formation process in a scientific style. With the development of separate fields of science, new concepts affect the formation of different field terminologies and their term formation process. Some common words are used in the scientific style as scientific-technical lexemes both directly in the first nominative meaning and in the later acquired meaning. In the development of the scientific style in the Azerbaijani language, semantically modified common words are used as one of the main methods of term formation. But let's also note that the meaning of common words is determined in context. The meanings of the separate terms, which are formed from common words, are the specified meanings expressed in the fields of science. Their meaning does not change out of the context, either. For example, when we say a needle, the meaning of an object that used in sewing is taken as a common word. In informatics, the word "needle" means "a moving hard wire that squeezes the ribbon on the paper in a dot matrix printer", and in the technical field "a hard contact of an electronic connector" is meant [10. p.105]. 21st century is the age of informatics. Informatics, as a field of science, defines the laws and methods of collecting and using information. The creation of electronic computing machines, which are universal devices, has led to the development of informatics technology, and informatics has developed as an independent field. In accordance with this development, new terms related to informatics are emerging. Common words were widely used in the formation of these terms. Empty, address, copy, paste, download, transfer, fill, call, open, memory, which are used as common words in the language, have became terms and expressed new meanings in the field of informatics. The general meaning of the word "memory" is to remember, to keep in mind, and in informatics "memory" means a functional part that ensures the reception, protection and transmission of data in a computer system. [5. p.36] Related to this term, the terms memory device, memory slot, memory zone, memory capacity, and memory system have also formed. In the process of becoming terms of common words, the transfer of meaning is realized due to the generality of the sign expressed by the word. The transfer of meaning occurs due to the similarity of the technical function of the process expressed by the concept. For example, "ayirici" (separator) as a common word means to separate. In informatics, it refers to the meaning of signs and symbols that separate data elements and language constructs from each other. [1, p.19] Some of the common words used in the vocabulary of the Azerbaijani language change in informatics according to the function they convey. The word "a9ar" (to open) is a common word. It is used in meanings of opening the door, opening the lock, etc. In informatics, it means "a set of symbols used to name a text and speed up its reference". But in most cases, common words become terms based on their technical function, external and functional similarities. These terms used in the fields of science, which justify the development of the scientific style, are known to the specialist even out of the context. That is, unlike common words, common words that becoming terms have common meanings that preserve their uniformity within the system. This is their certain common meaning connection with each other within the field. The main meanings of the terms in the fields of science are referred to. In the formation of the main meaning, the primary meaning of the common words may coincide in some cases. However, in some cases, the primary meaning is not reflected in the expression of the term in the fields of science. The primary meaning is not preserved, a completely new meaning is formed. For example, in mathematics, the term "vurma" (multiplication) is the act of repeating one of the given numbers as the sum of the number of ones in the other given number. In other words, multiplying the number a by the number b is to find the sum of the item of b numbers, each of which is equal to a. In writing a.b=s, a is called the multiplicant, b is the multiplier, and s is called the sum. [2, p. 24]. Common words are widely used in the formation of concepts in the military field. For example, boluk (division), ata§kas (ceasefire), qirici (fighter), qazma (drill), qo§qu (military trailer), qaynaq (welding), etc. As it can be seen, the word "vurma" has became a term to mean a completely new meaning, away from the primary
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meaning. During the terminization of words in the scientific style, the growth and compression of the main and derivative meanings of common words, as well as their disappearance, occur. The main source in the development of the scientific style in the Azerbaijani language is the language's own vocabulary and tools. Therefore, one of the main directions is to take the internal capabilities of the language as the basis for the expression of scientific concepts related to the fields of science. The differentiation occuring in the meaning of words in the naming of concepts is manifested in different ways in relation to their general meanings in the process of terminization in a scientific style. These differences do not end with the fact that common words belong to homonymic meanings in their basic and derived meanings. Sometimes these lexemes can enter the scientific language only in relation to derived meanings, and in this case, differences can arise in the meanings they express.
Thus, the vernacular is the main fertile source in the formation of scientific style. Therefore, the terms that make up the terminological lexicon of the scientific style are used both as a common word and as a term. The terminological function of common words is distinguished by its relevance in all fields of science. The terms that name newly emerging concepts are enriched not only due to the units appearing in the language as new words, but also due to the change in meaning and acquisition of meaning of pre-existing words. The scope of scientific style is very wide. This leads to the formation of elements of a single scientific style. For the study of scientific thought, special language tools taken (selected) from the general language are needed. Common words that becoming terms in the scientific style enrich the scientific style.
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