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Picture 2 - Dynamics of the fulfilled blows by E. Pakhomov
DOI 10.14526/02 2018 304
TECHNIQUE OF TEENAGERS MOTIVATION FORMATION TO ROCK-CLIMBING
Galeeva N.A.1
1Ural State University of physical culture Russia, Chelyabinsk
Summary. The relevance of innovative techniques development is high, because rock-climbing started to be as Olympic sport in 2016. However, during the training occupations at sports schools trainers noted the following existing problems: irregular visit of training, gradual loss of interest in sport by the end of the initial stage of training, the low level of motivation. Due to the existing problem the potential of not used earlier methodical forms increased, such as Olympic education. For the purpose of this group of means efficiency use check in the specified sport, we developed a complex technique of teenagers motivation formation to rock-climbing. This article provides the
data of the experiment received in the course of the Olympic education means introduction in training process in groups on rock-climbing. The term of the experiment organization was specified by means of the preliminary forming experiment organization which in the current research made three training mesocycles. Results of the applied technique are presented as a basis of methodical recommendations for trainers on use of this group of means in children's and youth sports schools in sports rock-climbing.
Keywords: sports training, rock-climbing, Olympic education, Olympic Games, experiment, psychological preparation, motivation, teenage sport, sports schools.
For citations: Galeeva N.A. Technique of formation of motivation of teenagers to rock-climbing. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport (Pedagogico-Phycological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports). 2018; 13(2): 21-28. DOI 10.14526/02 2018 304
INTRODUCTION
The effectiveness of physical upbringing among teen-agers is a very important question, as during this age period the following bases are formed: health, harmonious physical development, motor abilities formation [1, p. 12]. However, nowadays the practice of physical upbringing at sports schools doesn't provide the objectives of general pedagogical and health-improving orientation realization, which is proved by the statistics of regular medical reports of sports type dispensaries [2, p. 23]. Teen-age period in most kinds of sport is connected with the period of maximum sports result demonstration. At the same time, in sports rock-climbing an optimal period for the trainings beginning is the following: 10 - 12 years-old [3, p. 34].Constant varied sports activity demands the principle of continuity observance during the training process and a high level of teen-agers' consciousness and activity support. However, even becoming the Olympic kind of sport, rock-climbing demonstrates insufficient increase of people, who go in for this kind of sport on the territory of our country [4, p. 48]. Thus, the urgency of this research work is conditioned by the inconsistency between:
1) an objective need of a modern state of professional sport for scientifically-substantiated methodology of training young rock climbers and insufficient consideration of the aspects of this problem in scientific research works;
2) the opportunities of Olympic education,
directed toward the level of general awareness increase, the system of values and teen-agers' motivation formation to going in for rock-climbing, values insufficient realization during physical upbringing at sports schools. The formed discrepancies condition the necessity to realize further scientific research works in the mentioned direction and the methodology of young rock climbers training creation. Moreover, the desire to underline the ways of the revealed discrepancies overcoming determined the aim of the research: to create and experimentally substantiate the methodology of 10-12 year-old schoolchildren's motivation formation to going in for rock-climbing. In order to achieve the set aim and check the hypothesis the following research objectives should be solved:
1. To substantiate the main components of the methodology and the main forms of their realization.
2. To substantiate experimentally the duration of the main forming experiment by means of preliminary experiment organization.
3. According to the results of the preliminary forming experiment form the main conclusions for their taking into account during the main research organization. MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS
In this context we realized the methodology, the central part of which is the means of Olympic education. From the point of view of practice in a chosen kind of sport, the
mentioned means use was not introduced earlier.
Presented by us methodology includes 3 main blocks:
1) training activity
The main specific element of the training activity block is outdoor games. As the supposed experimental activity is planned on the basis of a sports school, where the training process is conditioned by the existing training plan, this element, in our opinion, will provide its more successful result. As an integral part of the methodology is Olympic education and Olympic culture, we offered a complex of games, where teen-agers can use Olympic attributes and symbols during the game and also show knowledge of a theoretical block of the program.
2) creativity
The main forms of this block are the following: a regular stand creation of a sports section "Herald of a young rock climber", kept by teen-agers diary of self-control, which helps to realize inner emotions.
3) Olympic education
This educational program was used both in training activity and as a separate theoretical element, realized by means of the system of Olympic lessons.
During Olympic lessons organization the base of topics was taken from the course of Winter Olympic Games in Sochi in 2014, however the following topics were added:
a) history of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece;
b) sportsmen-heroes (the participants of the Olympic Games, who received 5 or more medals during the whole period of participation)
c) problems of the present. The mentioned topical block is introduced in terms of awareness of children concerning the last events, connected with participation of the national team of Russia in the greatest International competitions.
According to the definition given by V.I. Zagvyazinskiy, a pedagogical experiment is a complex of research methods, created for an objective check of pedagogical hypotheses
[5]. This complex submits to several rules, including the model of a typical pedagogical experiment. In terms of this model at the second stage (preparation for the experiment) we determine necessary succession of experimental work.
According to the concept of V.I. Zagvyazinskiy, too short term of the experiment leads to unfounded role increase of the teaching means, too long term of the experiment draws away a scientist's attention from other objectives of the research, increases labor intensity of the work [6]. First of all, we determined the duration of experimental activity, which was three mesocycles. In order to check an optimal character of this time period for teen-agers' motivation formation to going in for rock-climbing preliminary forming experiment was held.
The experimental group included 20 people, who studied according to "Sports rock-climbing" program, the stage of initial training of the 1st year of teaching; when the training began the group was homogeneous according to content and physical readiness.
RESEARCH RESULTS AND THEIR DISCUSSION
Initial psychological diagnostics of the respondents was realized according to several stages:
1. Corporative and individual conversations, meetings with teen-agers and parents organization.
2. Psychognostic estimation organization by means of the chosen methodologies.
We fulfilled a complex analysis of teen-agers' personality. For this purpose the following tests were used:
1) adapted G. Y. Eysenck questionnaire First of all, the results were handled according to "Frankness" scale. It diagnoses propensity to give socially intended answers. Then the received results were compared with the key and identical answers were given one point.
The received results were compared according to "Extroversion", "Neuroticism" and "emotional resistance - instability" scales.
Characteristics combination according to two scales shows the type of temperament. In this test and further the results calculation was realized by means of Student's test, which
is used for statistical significance of differences determination of mean values and can be used both in case of independent samples and connected sets comparison.
Table 1 -The results of the forming experiment according to "emotional resistance/ neuroticism'
scale (G. Y. Eysenck)
X1 X2 di di-d' (di-d')2
4 5 1 1,45 2,10
3 4 1 1,45 2,10
16 15 -1 -0,55 0,30
12 13 1 1,45 2,10
20 18 -2 -1,55 2,40
11 10 -1 -0,55 0,30
18 11 -7 -6,55 42,90
8 9 1 1,45 2,10
12 11 -1 -0,55 0,30
16 17 1 1,45 2,10
14 13 -1 -0,55 0,30
18 17 -1 -0,55 0,30
11 12 1 1,45 2,10
15 14 -1 -0,55 0,30
15 16 1 1,45 2,10
20 20 0 0,45 0,20
8 8 0 0,45 0,20
11 10 -1 -0,55 0,30
15 16 1 1,45 2,10
11 10 -1 -0,55 0,30
Sum di = -9 Sum (di-d')2 = 64,95
According to this table mean square deviation is 1,8, arithmetical mean error - 0,4, taking this into consideration t design is -1,1. We came to the conclusion that according to the results of the past period there were no valid differences. Most respondents from the
experimental group had "Sanguine person" type of temperament, which is good for the demanded activity conditions of rock-climbing and competitive activity in general. Table 2 shows the results according to "introversion/ extroversion" scale.
Table 2 - The results of the forming experiment according to "introversion / extroversion" scale (G.
Y. Eysenck)
X1 X2 di di-d' (di-d')2
12 14 2 1,85 3,42
10 11 1 0,85 0,72
12 10 -2 -2,15 4,62
12 13 1 0,85 0,72
8 7 -1 -1,15 1,32
14 14 0 -0,15 0,02
11 12 1 0,85 0,72
16 16 0 -0,15 0,02
17 18 1 0,85 0,72
16 17 1 0,85 0,72
14 14 0 -0,15 0,02
18 17 -1 -1,15 1,32
14 14 0 -0,15 0,02
15 15 0 -0,15 0,02
18 20 2 1,85 3,42
20 20 0 -0,15 0,02
21 21 0 -0,15 0,02
15 15 0 -0,15 0,02
18 17 -1 -1,15 1,32
11 10 -1 -1,15 1,32
Sum di = 3 Sum (di-d')2 =20,55
According to mathematical estimation sigma was 1,01, arithmetical mean error- 0,2; t design is 0,75, which is considerably lower than table t and it proves the absence of valid differences.
2) M. Luscher color test
Table 3 - Results of the forming experiment according to M. Luscher color test
X1 X2 di di-d' (di-d')2
4 4 0 -0,15 0,0225
3 4 1 0,85 0,7225
4 2 -2 -2,15 4,6225
2 2 0 -0,15 0,0225
1 2 1 0,85 0,7225
3 3 0 -0,15 0,0225
2 3 1 0,85 0,7225
1 1 0 -0,15 0,0225
2 2 0 -0,15 0,0225
3 3 0 -0,15 0,0225
4 3 -1 -1,15 1,3225
4 4 0 -0,15 0,0225
4 4 0 -0,15 0,0225
3 3 0 -0,15 0,0225
2 3 1 0,85 0,7225
2 3 1 0,85 0,7225
1 2 1 0,85 0,7225
4 4 0 -0,15 0,0225
4 4 0 -0,15 0,0225
4 4 0 -0,15 0,0225
Sum di = 3 Sum (di-d')2 =10,55
This test was realized at the beginning and at the end of each of the experimental periods, as the test is mobile and estimates current emotional state of a teen-ager. According to the initial test results were the following.
Thus, t design was 0,89, which is less than table t; so we come to the conclusion, that there are no valid differences according to this test.
The results changed insignificantly, however, during December considerable emotional decrease was stated, which is connected, in our opinion, with the initial interest in trainings decrease and with the end of the year. However, on the day of the experiment teen-agers were positive and it provided the initial positive result preservation.
3) "Need for achievements study" methodology by Y.M. Orlov This questionnaire is also effective during studying the level of the need for achievements influence on activity effectiveness. The structure is formed in a way that it indirectly reflects typological characteristics of a personality, oriented at achievements. Then questions were selected according to the type of validity concerning the sum of the points. The questionnaire includes 23 statements.
Table 4 - T
ie results of the stating experiment according to "Need for achievements study" test
The level of need for achievements
Group content Low (0-6 points) Degraded (7-9 points) Average (10-15 points) Advanced (16-18 points) High (19-23 points)
1 cross-
section
(September), number of 5 7 8 2
people
2 cross-
section
(December), number of 2 10 8 2
people
Taking into account the received results we can state, that there are no considerable differences between the initial and control cross-section. Most teen-agers have degraded or average level of the need for achievements. The results of each teen-ager showed that almost all respondents have the increase, however no more than 1 level increase, 4 teen-agers preserved the initial level. No teenagers had a high level in the offered test, that is why we come to the initial conclusion about the absence of a real level of motivation to going in for the mentioned kind of sport.
4) "Motivation of success and fear of failure" (MSF) test (A.A. Rean questionnaire) The questionnaire includes 20 questions. The answers "Yes" and "No" are given and then the results are compared with the key. As all respondents didn't have the experience of going in for sports and at the beginning of the experiment didn't have any notion of the essence of sports rock climbing as a sports discipline, we supposed that among most of them there will be no evident motive, which was proved by the results.
Table 5 - The results of the stating experiment according to "Motivation of success and fear of _failure" test (A.A. Rean)_
X1 X2 di di-d' (di-d')2
6 7 1 0,45 0,20
8 8 0 -0,55 0,30
9 11 2 1,45 2,10
12 13 1 0,45 0,20
14 14 0 -0,55 0,30
11 10 -1 -1,55 2,40
16 15 -1 -1,55 2,40
8 10 2 1,45 2,10
10 13 3 2,45 6,00
12 13 1 0,45 0,20
13 10 -3 -3,55 12,60
18 17 -1 -1,55 2,40
11 7 -4 -4,55 20,70
15 14 -1 -1,55 2,40
15 17 2 1,45 2,10
9 13 4 3,45 11,90
4 7 3 2,45 6,00
7 10 3 2,45 6,00
14 12 -2 -2,55 6,50
8 10 2 1,45 2,10
11 88,95
Then we defined epy sigma ^a difference, which was 2,1. The value of arithmetical mean error was 0,4. t design was 1,3. As t design was less than table t we come to the conclusion that there were revealed no statistically significant differences according to this test.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the principle of experiment organization according to V.I. Zagvyazinskiy theory (concerning the duration of the experimental work) was proved. During the check we received the evidence concerning the studied notion. As the experiment showed, three training mesocycles with 10-12 year-old teen-agers are not enough for a steady motivation formation to going in for rock-climbing.
Preliminary forming experiment organization helped to specify the main items of the following main forming experiment. Owing to preliminary test a complex selection of the active forms of work was realized. The forms of work definition, not topics or thematic blocks, in our opinion, will more effectively provide the initial interest and then motivation formation, as it is directly connected with the aim of the research. The work with the ideals
of the Olympic movement will provide these ideas realization in practical-subjective activity, which is important for rock-climbing realization as the Olympic discipline. However, as rock-climbing and the Olympic movement form constantly developing activity, together they more effectively influence emotional-axiological sphere of teen-agers' life, transforming it considerably. References
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Author's information:
Galeeva N.A. - post-graduate student Ural State University of physical culture, Russia, 454091, Russia, Chelyabinsk, street Ordzhonikidze, the house 1, e-mail: selu1@mail.ru, 89681136109
DOI 10.14526/02_2018_305
DYNAMICS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INDICES AMONG BIATHLONISTS DURING
A LONG-TERM TRAINING
* • 1 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 3
Gibadullin I.G. , Korbit M.I. , Voropai M.K. , Smirnova I. , Smirnova K.
institute of Physical Culture and Sports Named After A. I. Tikhonov of the "Izhevsk State Technical
University Named A fter M. T. Kalashnikov " Russia, Izhevsk, ffkis@ istu.ru Belarusian State University of Physical Culture Republic of Belarus, Minsk 3Surgut State Pedagogical University Russia, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Yugra, Surgut
Annotation. A person's working capacity, in particular a sportsman's capacity, is mainly conditioned by the amount of oxygen taken from air into blood of pulmonary capillaries and delivered into tissues and cells. Without external respiration indices determination it is impossible to judge a sportsman's degree of training level and his reserve capacities. Moreover, without external respiration indices study it is impossible to reveal latent diseases or propensity for them. Material. The article presents the dynamics of respiratory system indices among young biathlonists and biathlonists adults during a long-term training. The research was held with the help of "Spirolab III" apparatus, which fulfills spirometric testing of external respiration functions, among biathlonists of the Udmurt Republic in three age groups. Research methods: scientific literature analysis and summarizing, spirometric testing, documents and archive materials analysis, respiratory system study with the help of "Spirolab III" apparatus, method of mathematical statistics. Results. According to the research results comparative analysis of "proper" and actual values was held, then the interconnection between sports result and respiratory system indices was revealed.
Keywords: biathlonists, respiratory system indices, proper values.
