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41> Man-to-man defense systems- Opposed to zone defense, here the players try to mark the opponents closely and prevent them from even getting the ball.
> Combined defense system -Player(s) in the defending team have man marking tasks, the others use a zone defense;
> Stealing the ball - Taking ball possession when the opponent is holding or bouncing the ball;
> Tackling - Physically holding the opponent in order to prevent shooting;
> Zone defence systems - Can be 6:0 (six players on the goal area line), 5: 1 (5 players on the goal area line, one player in front of them), 4: 2, 3:2: 1 (open defence), 3:3, 1: 5 (open defence).
References
1. Things You Didn't Know About Handball. Olympics. IOC. 10 June, 2016. Archived from the original on 19 July, 2018. Retrieved 19 July, 2018.
2. "IHF Rules of the Game: Regulations on Protective Equipment and Accessories" (PDF). Nederlands Handbal Verbond. Retrieved 3 January, 2019.
3. Cuddon John Anthony. The Macmillan Dictionary of Sports and Games. P. 393. Macmillan, 1980. ISBN 0-333-19163-3.
TECHNICS AND RULES OF VOLLEYBALL Imindjanov R.A.
Imindjanov Rustamjon Akhmadjonovich - Teacher, DEPARTMENT OF TEACHING PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT SCIENCES, FACULTY OF PRIMARY EDUCATION AND PHYSICAL CULTURE, NAMANGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, NAMANGAN, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: volleyball differs from other sports by its essence, content and character. The volleyball is played on a small, rectangular 18x9 meter rectangular playground that is relatively small in size. Modern volleyball is very rich in various game skills and tactical combinations, and goes with great speed and speed. Therefore, the aforementioned features of volleyball require players to have excellent technical skills. The wider the technical skill in the games and the better the impression of external influences, the more chances you have to win. This article highlights the important points of this game. Keywords: ball, court, opponent team, issues, indoor volleyball, outdoor volleyball.
Pastor William Morgan, in Holyoke, Massachusetts, United States, developed our favorite volleyball game in 1895. V. Morgan has developed the rules of the game, considering the simple, cost-effective organization of volleyball. In 1896, Dr. Alfred Halsted, the director of Springfield College, called the game volleyball. Volleyball is an English word that means "flying ball" in Uzbek. Volleyball is a team game which has six players that play on either side of the net. A set of rules decide the score that each team is able to make against the other team. The game begins with a player from one team throwing the ball using hand or arm over the net so that the opposite team can receive it on their court.
The basic rule is to prevent the received ball from hitting the ground so that it can be thrown back to the other team with up to 3 touches from the team. A foul happens if one person from the team touches the ball more than twice (double-hit) while it's on their side of the net. Also, a team scores a point by throwing the call across the net to the other team's side such that it hits the ground directly or the player fails to send it back over the net.
Thus there are basically two ways to score a point-
• one is by throwing the ball on the ground of the opponent team passing over the net;
• another is if the opponent team is unable to render the ball back into the court of serving team.
Volleyball is played in different variations in different parts. There are some rules for the serve in the game of volleyball.
> The ball has to be served underhand or overhand.
> The player who serves the ball must stand behind the end line on his/her side of the court while making the serve.
> The served ball must cross the net and reach the opponent side.
> The ball has to be clearly visible to the opponent team.
Similarly there are rules for rotation.
1) Teams change sides as the other team wins the serve.
2) Clockwise rotation of the players happens.
The minimum number of players on each side for a game is 4, while the maximum is 6. Indoor and outdoor are two variations of volleyball game. Outdoor volleyball is also played as beach volleyball on the beach. Indoor volleyball has six players in each team while beach volleyball has even two persons in each team.
Here are some things to avoid when playing the game:
• Touching the net when playing is counted a foul.
• Do not place your foot on the back line when serving the ball called as foot fault.
• One person from the team should not touch the ball more than twice also known as double hit.
• Pushing the ball is not allowed.
• Catching and throwing the ball is not allowed when playing.
• The ball should not touch the ground on the opponent's side without crossing over the net.
Spiking, blocking, passing, setting and positions of the players for defense are some techniques used while playing the game of volleyball. There are disputes over the origin of the game. While the game evolved in 1900, the rules were set first in Philippines in 1916. In order to promote this game, the American Expeditionary Forces distributed close to 16000 volleyballs in 1919 amongst their troops and allies. Canada was the first country after United States to adopt this game. Summer Olympics included the Beach Volleyball variation of volleyball played on sand with only two team members in either team in year 1964.
Rules of the game also evolved with time. Score points changed from 21 to 15 and also before 1999 only the team that served the ball could make a score. But later this changed to current scoring system where rally point system was adopted. Also the dimensions of the court are important for someone to know who is interested in the game of volleyball. The court is 18m long with a width of 9m. The net divides the court into two equal squares 9m X 9m in size. The net is placed such that the top of it is 2.43 m above ground. At 3 m on either side of the court a line is drawn which separates the playing area of the team into front row and back row.
Fig. 1. The size of the volleyball court and situation ofplayers
Some recent rule changes to the game include the serves to be allowed wherein the ball enters the opponent's court after touching the net. Expansion of the sidelines so that the player can move and serve from anywhere behind the end lines is another key change in the game rules. Multiple contacts are now allowed for a single player while trying to pass the ball to the opponent's court instead of the double -hit rule that was followed previously.
Data gathered within the past competition seasons tells us that the athletes that are involved in volleyball sport do short run distances, vertical jumps and change directions frequently in a matter of seconds during the games. The trainings made by coaches should be based on this data to increase the attributes needed for a maximal performance but keeping a minimum reduction in performance due to fatigue (Black, 1995). According to Gadeken (1999) players must have a solid strength, plyometric and conditioning foundation in order to be able to absorb the forces generated while performing jumps and sudden movements. Certain abilities must be developed during training activities such as the high jumps, hand-eye coordination, fast response to change positions rapidly maintaining body balance, short distance running amongst others.
The major muscle groups utilized while hitting, blocking, passing, setting and moving at a volleyball game or training drill were studied to determine the movement patterns. Balance and coordination are required in order to comply with the demands of body movement while the athletes are on their feet (Gadken, 1999). In order to produce a greater force while jumping the glutes, hamstrings, quadriceps, and calves work together to produce the power necessary to impulse the body up (Scates, et al. 2003).
According to Marques et al. (2009) there are differences in anthropometric, muscular strength and power characteristics of volleyball athletes according to the position they are playing. The outside hitters have a significant difference in maximal bench press strength, parallel squat and throwing distances than the setters and liberos, demonstrating to have greater lower-body strength. Outside hitter skills and drills are different from a setter or libero, while the setter focuses in well set passes, an outside hitter will focuse on block jumps, backpedaling for 4 m, rapid spike approaches and spike jumps, every exercise done within a short period of time (Allen Hendrick, 2007).
Volleyball training is in need of anaerobic conditioning due to the short and explosive movments and high power outputs, games may last a long period of time but the game plays
are not continuous with many breaks during the game (Scates, et al., 2003). Specificity and overload are necessary to increase the body efforts and improvement, according to Black (1995) the overload training must be stimulus; this means that the weights, speed, height and duration must be greater than usual in order to have a direct impact in body resistance, strength and conditioning. Increasing the speed, power and overall coordination is important and it can be achieved by doing Olympic-style lifts and Power cleans to develop the hip and back power (Timothy J. Piper, 1997).
References
1. Chandler Rob. "H.S. volleyball makes big changes". May 14, 2003.
2. Derrick Chris "Ready or not, rally scoring has arrived". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. September 4, 2003.
3. Stamm Diane. "Winds of change blowing through volleyball world". McCook Daily Gazette. Nebraska. October 10, 2002.
