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DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2019-14-1-67-73
Technical readiness indices study of a female runner at 100 and 200 meters
in the Olympic season
Galina A. Yamaletdinova1*, Marina P. Spirina2, Leonid I. Kizilov2
humanitarian University, Ekaterinburg, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-4697-4228, yamalga@mail.ru* 2Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin,
Yekaterinburg, Russia ORCID: 0000-0001-6539-431X, m.p.spirina@urfu.ru ORCID: 0000-0002-7190-3448, l.i.kizilov@urfu.ru
Abstract: The increased level of sports results in sprint, the increasing competence level in this kind of track and field activity make the problem of reliability and stability of female runners' performances in different competitions very urgent. One of the ways in this direction is technical mastery improvement on the basis of competitive and training influences control. Materials. The article presents the results of technical readiness indices of a female runner for 100 and 200 meters, shown during All-Russian competitions before the Olympic Games. These indices are received as a result of track and field complex scientific group (CSG) mutual work and the athlete's coaches national team of Russia. Research methods. Comparative-contrastive, system analysis of psychological-pedagogical literature, sports experience study and summarizing, competitions protocols, technical mastery level study according to the time of running the distance, speed of running, the number of running steps, length of the running steps, frequency of the running steps, the percentage of parameters contribution from maximum value (100 meters running) according to different parts of 100 and 200 meters distance. Results. Sprint is characterized by maximum intensity of all distances overcoming in an anaerobic regimen. 100 meters running is divided into start and starting stride (0-30 meters), (30-60 and 60-80 meters) distance running and maximum possible speed preserving during the final part of the distance (80-100 meters).The results analysis and handling was realized according to the given parts of the distance. In 200 meters running the most significant indices are the following: time, speed of running, length, frequency and number of steps at different parts of the distance. We analyzed the following parts of the distance: 0-100, 100-150, 150-200 meters. The level of special endurance was defined according to the difference between running the first and the second parts of the distance. Conclusion. The results, received during the athlete's competitive activity study at 100 and 200 meters running, helped to reveal technical readiness level during the current moment and model the program of trainings during training for the Olympic Games.
Keywords: All-Russian competitions, sprint, control, training process, special physical and technical readiness.
For citations: Galina A. Yamaletdinova*, Marina P. Spirina, Leonid I. Kizilov. Technical readiness indices study of a female runner at 100 and 200 meters in the Olympic season. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sports. 2019; 14(1): 58-63. DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2019-14-1-67-73
There is the opinion that it is impossible to improve the achieved high level of results in sprint. It is possible to improve it only insignificantly. However, during recent years sports achievements in sprint prove, that they can be increased if modern methods of technical mastery development,
different kinds of rehabilitation means, highly-qualified coaches' experience are used [3,4,5,7,12].
Ozolin E.S. [1] mentioned that the result in sprint depends on the following indices: sprint load, step length and frequency, power, quickness, flexibility, coordination, special endurance,
technique. These indices should interact. That is why it is necessary to manage the training process with the help of competitive (the results of competitions, competitive activity estimation and effectiveness) and training influences control [8,9,11]. Such kind of control gives the coach information about the athlete's development and abilities, not used reserves of speed increase in sprint revelation, the mistakes in technique. All mentioned above provides the best sport results achievement.
However, in sprint theory and practice such contemporary information is not enough and it conditions urgency of considered by us theme.
The aim of the research is to study the indices, which characterize technical readiness of a female athlete at 100 and 200 meters during training for the Olympic Games.
Materials and methods
We studied the parameters, which characterize technical readiness of a female athlete, shown during the competitions, before the participation in the Olympic Games.
Technical readiness study was held during mutual work of the athlete's coaches and a complex scientific group of track-and-field national team of Russia during All-Russian competitions. They were are held before the Olympic Games. During the research the level of an absolute speed, starting stride quality, speed endurance level were defined according to time and speed of running, quantity, length and frequency of the running steps during different parts of 100 and 200 meters distance.
Results and Discussion
The technique of sprint study is impossible without fundamental general and special physical
Table 1 - The dynamics of a female athlete results in
are held before th
readiness. General physical training forms the basis for functional activity of an organism in terms of experimental loads. Special physical readiness is directed toward the definite muscular groups development and the following important for a sprinter qualities development: strength, quickness, coordination, speed endurance. Another important parts of any athlete's career are tactical and psychological training [10, 13].
Technical training is presented as the range of competitive activity motor programs, directed toward mastering the ways of sports action fulfillment. It is characterized by the definite effectiveness and rationality degree of own psychological-physical abilities use by the athlete. Sufficiently high level of technical readiness is called technical mastery. The rationality of technical actions in sprint has individual character that is why during the training process the following was taken into account: physical and functional abilities of the female athlete.
In order to achieve the planned result during the competitive period we used the model of the training lessons. It provided an optimal ratio of absolute speed quality and speed endurance and provided their support during the competitive period. Special exercises use and 60 meters distance running with close to maximum speed formed the main means of these qualities support. Another important condition of these trainings organization was relaxation pauses using. Every running was fulfilled only in case if all working capacity indices were at the initial level (in our case in terms of heart rate 120 beats per minute). Such kind of training lessons were held 2-3 times a week. Table 1 shows the dynamics of results at 60 meters at trainings. They were held according to the chosen model.
running 60 meters distance at training lessons. They
e Olympic Games
The date of training The time of running 60 meters parts, sec
The 1st run The 2nd run The 3rd run The 4th run The 5th run The 6th run
01.08 7.10 7.24 7.25 7.05 6.75 6.79
02.08 7.20 7.20 7.04 7.13 7.00 7.01
05.08 7.21 7.16 7.17 7.09 7.09 7.16
08.08 7.10 6.90 6.86 6.86 6.87 6.90
09.08 6.95 6.90 6.88 6.95 6.79 6.83
Table 2 presents time results of pulse renewal till 120 beats per minute between 60 meters runs.
Table 2 - The dynamics of pulse rehabilitation time till 120 beats per minute between 60 meters runs
The date of training Time of pulse renewal till 120 beats per minute, min, sec
The 1st run The 2nd run The 3rd run The 4th run The 5th run The 6th run
01.08 1.30 1.40 1.45 2.25 2.30 3.00
02.08 1.16 1.25 1.45 2.20 2.40 3.00
05.08 1.20 1.10 1.20 1.30 2.10 2.10
08.08 1.15 1.20 2.10 1.55 1.55 2.08
09.08 1.30 2.10 1.40 2.30 2.20 2.40
Table 1 shows that time of running 60 meters distance almost always improved by the 5th and the 6th runs. We see positive dynamics of the results by the 5th training, held during two weeks.
Table 2 presents that time of pulse renewal till 120 beats per minute increased by the 6th run. It should be noted that by the 5th training renewal time decreased concerning the 1st and the 3rd trainings.
Table 3 - The female athlete's kinematic parai
The received by us results helped to reveal functional readiness level of the female athlete for the future competitions.
Table 3 and 4 presents kinematic parameters. They characterize technical readiness of the female athlete in preliminary and final runs at 100 meters distance during one of the competitions. They were held before the Olympic Games 2004 [2].
;ters of 100 meters running in preliminary run
Parameters Parts of the distance, m
0 CO 1 0 0 LO 1 O CO 0 00 1 0 LO 1 0 0 0 00 rH 0 LO 1 O 0 00 1 0 1 0 0 0 LO rH 0-100
% % % % % %
r—) 0 H OJ w 4,34 2,02 3,09 2,18 6,36 9,45 5,27 11,63
\ r—) w w 6,91 69,79 9,90 100 9,70 97,97 9,17 92,62 7,86 79,39 8,46 85,45 9,48 8,59
N (quantity) 18 9,8 14 9 27,8 41,8 23 50,8
L (m) 1,66 74,77 2,04 91,89 2,14 96,39 2,22 100 1,79 80,63 1,91 86,03 2,17 1,96
R(steps/ sec) 4,16 4,85 4,53 4,13 4,39 4,42 4,36 4,38
Notes:
T - time of running along different parts of 100 meters distance m; V - speed of running along different parts of 100 meters distance m; N - the number of the running steps along different parts of 100 meters distance m; L - the length of the running steps along different parts of 100 meters distance m; R - frequency of the running steps along different parts of 100 meters distance m; % - the ratio of maximum value of each parameter;
Kinematic parameters analysis of the preliminary run at 100 meters distance (table 3) was held within the following distance parts: 0-30 m, 30-50 m, 50-80 m, 80-100 m.
The greatest speed from maximum one (100%) was at the following distance part: 30-50 meters. They decreased close to finish, but less than during the 1st part. The difference between the time of running of the 1st and the 2nd part of the distance was 1,09 sec.
Table 4 - The female athlete's kinematic par
The length of the running step also increased close to finish for 0,56 m and the frequency of the running steps decreased for 0,03 steps/sec in comparison with the indices of the first part of the distance.
During the comparative analysis it was revealed that the results in the final 100 meters run were better for 0,10 sec, than during the preliminary run (table 4).
neters of 100 meters running in the final run
Parameters Parts of the distance, m
0-30 30-60 60-80 80-100 0-60 0-80 0-100
% % % % % % %
/—) . 0 ^ CD IA v—( 4,22 3,07 2,05 2,19 7,29 9,34 11,53
> la? 7,10 72,67 9,77 100 9,75 99,79 9,13 93,44 8,23 84,23 8,51 87,10 8,67 89,04
N (quantity) 18,0 14,1 9,2 9 32,1 41,3 50,3
J S 1,66 74,80 2,12 93,39 2,17 95,59 2,27 100 1,86 81,93 1,93 85,02 1,98 87,22
R (steps/sec) 4,27 4,60 4,49 4,02 4,42 4,40 4,37
The average maximum speed was gained, the same as during the preliminary run, at 30-60 meters parts and was 9,77 m/sec. Then the speed decreased insignificantly at 60-80 meters part and during the final part in terms of the length of steps increase (10 cm). The difference in speed of running 80-100 meters relative to maximum one was 6,56%, which presents a high level of special endurance.
On the basis of the received results we revealed the female athlete's reserves in results improvement in sprint- the level of speed qualities increase.
Table 5 and 6 present kinematic parameters. They characterize technical readiness of the female athlete in preliminary and final runs at 200 meters distance during the same competitions [2].
Table 5 - The female athlete's kinematic parameters of 200 meters running in preliminary run
Parts of the distance, m
Parameters 0-100 100150 6 § ï? ° 100200 0-200 Difference between the time of running at the following distance parts: 0-100 and 100-200
T (sec) 11,65 5,62 5,91 11,53 23,18 +0,12 s
V (m/sec) 8,58 8,89 8,46 8,67 8,62
N (quantity) 52 22 23,0 45,0 97,0
L (m) 1,92 2,27 2,17 2,22 2,06
R (steps/sec) 4,47 3,91 3,89 3,90 4,18
Notes:
T - time of running along different parts of 200 meters distance; V - speed of running along different parts of 200 meters distance; N - the number of the running steps along different parts of 200 meters distance; L - the length of the running steps along different parts of 200 meters distance; R - frequency of the running steps along different parts of 200 meters distance;
In 200 meters running the indices of running speed, the length, frequency and number of steps at different parts of the distance are as important as at 100 meters running (table 5,6). However, the leading index of technical readiness is speed endurance.
The level of special endurance was defined according to running time difference between
m) of the distance. The presented female athlete had the difference between the considered parts in preliminary run 0,12 sec, because of running intensity decrease at the final part, as the question of knockout round was solved in her favour. The result of the final run was improved for 0,91 sec owing to high speed during the 1st part of the distance (table 6).
the 1st (0-100 m) and the 2nd parts (100-200
Table 6 - The female athlete's kinematic parameters of 200 meters running in the final run
Parts of the distance, m
Parameters 0-100 100-150 150-200 100-200 0-200 Difference between the time of running at the following distance parts: 0-100 and 100-200
T (sec) 11,54 5,46 5,77 11,23 22,77
V (m/sec) 8,66 9,15 8,66 8,90 8,78
N (quantity) 51 22,5 23,0 45,5 96,5 +0,31 s
L (m) 1,92 1,96 2,22 2,17 2,19
R (steps/sec) 4,41 4,12 3,99 4,06 4,24
The results of the preliminary and final runs prove that maximum speed the female athlete achieved at 100-150 meters part. It should be noted that the female athlete had a positive index of special endurance level in the final run (the speed of the 2nd part of the distance is higher that the speed of the 1st part). It proved a high level of special endurance development. It is the main quality of World-class sprinters at 200 meters distance. The received results prove the ability to distribute rationally the efforts along the whole distance in order to preserve the set speed.
Conclusion
The results analysis, which were held during the research, practical experience of work with the female athlete, following purposeful, controlled and regulated principles of the training process organization helped to optimize the control over the training for the Olympic Games.
The quantitative data of a real state helped to do the following:
1. To define the speed and speed endurance level in competitive period.
2. To reveal the reserves of the result improvement in 100 and 200 meters running.
3. To choose special means for technical mastery correction.
4. To increase the effectiveness and accuracy of training, create the model of the female athlete's state. They had to be achieved in order to get the planned result in the Olympic Starts.
The most significant result of mutual work between the training team and the female athlete was her taking part in the national team of the country during Europe Championship 2000 (the 5th place in 200 meters running), World Championships in 1999 and 2001, the Olympic Games in 2000 (the 5th place in relay race 4x100 m) and 2004 (the 2nd place in relay race 4x100 m) [2].
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Galina A. Yamaletdinova* - Doctor of pedagogics, Associate Professor, Humanitarian University, 620049, Russia, Yekaterinburg, Studencheskaya str., House 19, e-mail: yamalga@mail.ru* Marina P. Spirina - Professor, Hohoured Coach of Russia, Yeltsin Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia, 620002, Mira str., House 19, e-mail: m.p.spirina@urfu.ru
Leonid I. Kizilov - Associate Professor, Honored Coach of Russia, Yeltsin Federal University, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Mira str., House 19, e-mail: l.i.kizilov@urfu.ru
