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DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2021-16-3-27-32 Technical device for a sprinter's speed and strength qualities development
Lyudmila D. Nazarenko, Yuliya D. Romanova, Elena M. Novikova*
IN. Ulyanov State Pedagogical University, Ulyanovsk, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-6225-6819, ld [email protected]* ORCID: 0000-0002-2583-7873, [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0001-9869-6170, [email protected]
Abstract: Sports achievements in sprint make it necessary to identify new directions of the training process effectiveness increase. The effectiveness of the training process increases significantly various technical devices, instruments, mechanisms, equipment use. They create a specific external environment that stimulates the motor and intellectual activity of an athlete and also increases his physical capabilities, as pointed out by I. M. Sechenov, 1952. The use of such an environment helps to increase the strength and power of muscles and ligaments; heart strengthening and rapid recovery; improves the working capacity of the lungs, the activity of enzymes that provide energy to all systems of the body. Materials. The article considers the opportunity to use created by us technical device for speed-power oriented qualities development among sprinters. Research methods. Information sources theoretical analysis and summarizing; the device construction, which helps to improve speed-power oriented qualities of runners and place rationally body parts and components in space; pedagogical experiment, testing, pedagogical observation, methods of mathematical analysis and statistics. Research results. After the pedagogical experiment with the technical device use for a sprinter's speedpower oriented qualities development we revealed a valid indices increase of general physical fitness, special running and technical readiness of athletes form the EG. Conclusion. The results of the pedagogical experiment showed that the created by us construction for speed-power oriented qualities development during air resistance overcoming "Sprinter's wings" provides a rational body parts and components in space location in running; increasing the degree of the upper and lower extremities movements correspondence.
Keywords: sprint, construction for speed-power oriented qualities development during air resistance overcoming "Sprinter's wings", pedagogical experiment.
For citation: Lyudmila D. Nazarenko., Yuliya D. Romanova, Elena M. Novikova*. Technical device for a sprinter's speed and strength qualities development. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2021; 16(3): 24-28. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2021-16-3-27-32.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays there is a great amount of experience. It helps to form the definite system of views on the theory and methodology of training sprinters. Nevertheless, there is a necessity to improve technical training of female athletes owing to the mechanism of interaction with the support development, the upper and lower extremities movements correspondence, control improvement over the volume and direction of body swing amplitude. Many specialists (V. K Balsevich, 2000; Е.D. Gagua, 2001; E.S. Ozolin, 2010; A.V. Nevdakh, 2016 and others) consider that the speed of a sprinter depends on an optimal ratio of the running steps length and frequency. However, the research works by I.P. Ratova, 1991, 1994; V.K Balsevich, 2000, showed that quickness is conditioned by a difficult
cycle of neurophysiological and biomechanical processes, rational running technique and tactics [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8].
In the opinion of M.O. Markin, 2014, the effectiveness of a sprinter's activity is significantly conditioned by the structure of starting actions and the character of interaction of their components and also by biomechanical peculiarities of a low start technique and a starting stride. V.D. Kryazhev, 2021, great attention is paid to body parts and components location change, starting from a staring stride till body position during the run. It is very important for sprinters, as the body lean during the running steps fulfillment conditions not only the character of the lower and upper extremities movements, but also power of air resistance. It proves the necessity to reveal an optimal location of body parts and
components during the distance overcoming.
I.P. Ratov, 1991, 1994, scientifically substantiated the complex of mechanisms. They stimulate motor functions development for sports achievements increase. It is called "Artificial managing environment". Motor qualities development by means of physical culture and sport is a biological way of physical conditions improvement. A specific way of motor qualities revelation and development is different subjects, constructions, devices use, which have psychological influence on an athlete. It helps to improve the existing natural qualities and help for new ones. During sprint an athlete experiences the definite air resistance. In order to decrease this resistance new models of sports outfit are created. It is made of special fabric, which provides resistance power of the approaching air flow decrease. However, in scientific and scientific-methodical literature we didn't find research works connected with this problem [9,10,11,12,13].
The aim of the research work: theoretical importance substantiation of the conditions creation. They define rational body position of an athlete.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
24 qualified (the 1st category and Candidate Masters of Sports) 17-20 year-old runners took part in the pedagogical experiment. The control group (CG) and the experimental group (EG) were organized, each included 12 people.
Before the beginning of the pedagogical experiment we organized the test in order to estimate general physical, special running and technical readiness indices. The level of general physical readiness was estimated according to the following control exercises: 30 meters running (s); 600 meters running (m); standing long-jump (cm); standing triple and fivefold jump (m); shot put (4 kg) m; the same standing back forward (m).
Special running readiness indices were estimated according to the following tests: 60 meters running (s); 150 meters running (s) and 300 meters running from a high start; standing triple and tenfold jump (m). The degree of technical readiness was defined according to a rational parts
of the body location in space (in points); according to the degree of movements correspondence of the upper and lower extremities; the volume of the body amplitude of oscillating movements forward and back.
In the CG the training process was organized in accordance with the program of the qualified sprinters sports training, adopted by Track and field athletics Federation of Russia.
In the EG created by us device was used in order to improve speed-power oriented qualities during air resistance "Sprinter's wings" overcoming. The created construction helped to form the skills of the running steps fulfillment without speed decrease during air resistance of different volume overcoming and a skill of a rational body parts location in space.
The device is presented as two stripes of an oval form, made of an elastic wire, covered with a thin, solid cloth (picturei). Lower edges of these flats are combined by two disks (one on the left and the right flat) and attached to the back part of the belt. The disks a sprinter fastens in a way, that the flats form two wings behind him.
The mid part of each wing has a narrow strap; free sides of the straps are fastened on a sprinter's chest. It provides safety of the construction. The places of a narrow strap attachment to the wings are combined with an elastic band that is why this device can be used by sprinters with different height-weight indices and chest size. The height of the wings is 120-150 cm; width - 60-70 cm.
The disks, which help to fix the base of the wings to the belt, can be loosened, which will help to make them down till horizontal position for the resistance of the oncoming airflow increase. It causes the necessity to increase muscle power of the lower extremities and other working group of muscles. The distance decrease between the upper parts of the left and the right wing owing to an elastic band gives an opportunity to decrease air resistance, providing gradual increase of physical load for speed-power oriented qualities development and improvement and also in order to master rational location of the body parts and components in case of different speed of running. "Sprinter's wings" device can be used for different objectives solution during running exercises into
the mountain, off the mountain fulfillment, in a windy weather and etc.. In order to check the effectiveness of this device use we organized the
pedagogical experiment. 24 qualified (the 1st category and Candidate Masters of Sports) runners at the age of 17-20 took part in the experiment.
Picture 1 - The device for speed-power oriented qualities development during air resistance overcoming "Sprinter's wings"
1 - wings, which increase air resistance;
2 - belt, fastened on an athlete's waist;
3 - disks, with the help of which the wings are attached to the belt on the back;
4 - a narrow strap, one side of which is attached to the inner side of the mid part of each wing;
5 - strap holder;
6 - elastic stripe, which helps to regulate the distance between the wings the first two months of the results of the pedagogical experiment showed
During the first two precompetitive stage of sports training the athletes from the EG fulfilled the running exercises using the wingsro They were lifted up (easier variant) in order to get used to new conditions.
In terms of improving the skill of "Sprinter's wings" use and speed-power oriented qualities increase the wings position gradually turned into horizontal. The conditions of the tasks fulfillment also changed. Sand running, up the mountain running and down the mountain running, running with speed and the rhythm of the running steps change were included into the content of the training lesson. The athletes from the EG exchanged new feelings and experience, underlined the opportunity to reveal and regulate the volumes of the airflow resistance and the power of the oncoming wind. When the athletes took off the wings they underlined lightness of the run, the state of inspiration.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After the end of the pedagogical experiment we organized an additional test of the following indices: general physical fitness, special running and technical readiness of the respondents. The
that under the influence of a directed training the results improved in both groups: CG and EG with significant improvement in the athletes from the EG. In CG with the initial results in 30 meters running from a high start 3,14±0,27 s, by the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices improved till 3,13±0,28 s (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 3,14±0,27 s, by the end of the pedagogical experiment the results increased till 3,12±0,26 s (p<0,05). In the CG with the initial results in 600 meters running from a high start 1.35.07±0,23 m, by the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices improved and were 1.35.21±0,29 m, by the end of the experiment the results increased till 1,26.41±0,32 m (p<0,05). The same tendency of physical fitness indices improvement in the athletes from EG was revealed according to other tests.
The dynamics of special running training indices in the athletes from the CG and EG was the following. In CG, with the initial results in 60 meters running from a high start 7,36±0,52 s, by the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices improved till 7,29±0,50 s (p>0,05); In EG with the initial results 7,37±0,49 s, by the end of the pedagogical
experiment the results increased till 7,16±0,54 s (p<0,05). In CG with the initial indices in 150 meters running from a high start 19,36±1,17 s, by the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices improved till 19,07±1,24 s (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 19,37±1,23 s, by the end of the pedagogical experiment the results increased till 17,29±1,42 s (p<0,05). This tendency of indices improvement in EG was revealed according to other tests.
Technical readiness indices by the end of the pedagogical experiment also improved in both groups: CG and EG. In the CG with the initial indices of a rational body parts and components location in space during running 9,06±0.19 points, by the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices increased till 3,16±0,27 points (p>0,05); in EG with the initial indices 3,04±0,25 points, by the end of the pedagogical experiment the results increased till 3,59±0,29 points (p<0,05). In EG with the initial indices of the degree of movements consistency of the upper and the lower extremities 2,87±0,21 points, by the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices increased and were 2,96±0,26 points (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 2,86±0,19 points, by the end of the pedagogical experiment the results increased till 3,51±0,29 points (p<0,05). The same tendency of technical readiness indices improvement in the sprinters from the EG was revealed according to other control exercises.
CONCLUSION
Thus, progressive achievements of sprinters in the most spectacular kind of competitions in track and field condition the necessity to reveal new directions of the training process effectiveness increase. The use of created by us technical device for speed-power oriented qualities development in sprinters helped to increase the effectiveness of the training and competitive activity. The results of the pedagogical experiment showed that the outer environment creation. It also provides conditions for speed-power oriented qualities development and the skills formation of a rational body parts location, provides general physical fitness indices and special running readiness of qualified sprinters increase. This device for the oncoming airflow overcoming gives an athlete an opportunity to locate body parts
in space rationally while running; increase the degree of movements consistency of the upper and lower extremities; exercises fulfillment for power indices increase of all groups of muscles. They are active in work. "Sprinter's wings" construction use creates more difficult conditions. They demand reserve capacities realization. It helps an athlete to get an additional storage of energy, necessary for sports achievements increase during the competitive distance overcoming.
New thing in a work is studying the character of interaction between the speed of competitive distance overcoming and the leading parameters of the running steps. It gives the training lessons more effective orientation.
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Submitted: 20.08.2021 Author's information:
Lyudmila D. Nazarenko - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor, IN. Ulyanov State Pedagogical University, Ulyanovsk, 432071, Russia, Ulyanovsk, Lenin Square building, House 4/5, e-mail: Id nazarenko@mail.
Yuliya D. Romanova - Graduate student, IN. Ulyanov State Pedagogical University, Ulyanovsk, 432071, Russia, Ulyanovsk, Lenin Square building, House 4/5, e-mail: [email protected] Elena M. Novikova - Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, I.N. Ulyanov State Pedagogical University, Ulyanovsk, 432071, Russia, Ulyanovsk, Lenin Square building, House 4/5, e-mail: [email protected]
