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05.02.22
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА (по отраслям)
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ONBOARD RADAR SYSTEMS OF NEW GENERATION1
Novikov Sergey V., associate professor, deputy director of MAI Specific Radionics and Management Research Center, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Moscow Aviation Institute. Moscow, Russia. E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract. The paper presents a small-size, scalable, multifunctional, digital radar system built using the basic principles of construction and organizing the serial production of the «4 ++» generation. The structure of Small-size airborne radar is presented, the description of the main operating modes, features of structural design is performed. A comparison of the next-generation small-size airborne radar with the existing radar is presented. Preliminary results of mapping are presented. The main conclusions and conclusions are proposed as a result of technical and economic efficiency.
Key words: high-tech production, technology, innovation, small-size airborne radar system, complex project, radio electronic systems, radar.
ТЕХНИКО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ БОРТОВОЙ РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ НОВОГО ПОКОЛЕНИЯ2
Новиков Сергей Вячеславович, канд. экон. наук, доцент, заместитель директора НЦ СРМ Московского авиационного института. Москва, Россия
Аннотация. В работе представлена малогабаритная, масштабируемая, многофункциональная, цифровая радиолокационная система, построенная с использованием основных принципов конструирования и организации серийного производства поколения «4++». Представлена структура МБРЛС, выполнено описание основных режимов работы, особенности конструктивного построения. Представлено сравнение МБРЛС нового поколения с существующей БРЛС. Представлены предварительные результаты картографирования. Предложены основные выводы и заключения как результат технико-экономической эффективности.
Ключевые слова: высокотехнологичное производство, технология, инновация, малогабаритная бортовая радиолокационная система, комплексный проект, радиоэлектронные системы, радар.
The development of helicopter aviation, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), light aviation for various purposes requires the use of efficient, multifunctional, scalable, small-scale radar systems of a new generation that would approximate us by its resolving power to a radio vision close to optical systems[1, 3, 4]. When creating such airborne radar systems (ARS), it is required to use specific new principles for their design, serial production and operation. These principles should ensure that the requirements for the creation of fifth generation equipment and the «4++» generation are met, on the one hand, and on the other hand, they must be adaptive to the conditions for using them for the type of aircraft mentioned above, and take into account their peculiarity [2, 6]. These system principles may be as follows:
• hardware and information integration;
• modularity of construction with minimization of internal and external interfaces, excluding hardware redundancy;
• standardization of internal and external interfaces;
• intraspecific and interspecific unification;
• high reliability;
• high level of digitalization and application of complex signals;
• high level of automation of intrasystem control;
• minimize the cost of product life cycle.
Unfortunately, practice shows that these principles are used non-systematically, which leads to interspecies and intraspecific de-identification, reduced reliability, reduced functionality and increased cost of product life cycle and other negative consequences [5]. At the same time, in comparison with
The results were achieved during the implementation of the comprehensive project «Development and organization of high-tech production of the small-size multifunction airborne Ku-wave radar system for equipping promising unmanned and helicopter systems» with the financial support of the Government of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Education and Science of Russia). The work is performed under a contract with the Ministry of education and science of Russia from 01 December 2015. No. 02.G36.31.0007.
Результаты достигнуты в ходе реализации комплексного проекта «Разработка и организация высокотехнологичного производства малогабаритной многорежимной бортовой радиолокационной системы Ku-диапазона волн для оснащения перспективных беспилотных и вертолетных систем» при финансовой поддержке Правительства Российской Федерации (Минобрнауки России). Работа выполняется в рамках договора с Минобрнауки России от 01 декабря 2015 г. № 02.G36.31.0007.
aircraft radar systems, helicopter systems and radar systems for helicopter-type UAVs require the solution of specific tasks. For example, the ability to fly at a low speed [7, 9]. There are a number of specific application conditions where it is difficult to use the modes for synthesizing the aperture of the antenna, the ability to fly at low speed until hovering (helicopters and helicopter-type UAVs), landing in hard-to-reach and unequipped areas, driving at low arbitrary speeds, performing specialized tasks, etc. These specific features of helicopter-type aircraft require the use of special circuit-design solutions in the development of equipment and compliance with the principle of the development of radar systems «from the top down». The need for helicopter-type aircraft for solving problems both for national economic purposes and for solving problems of defensive importance is increasing. However, the use of airborne radar in combination with other systems (for example, electro-optic, etc.) in helicopter-type aircraft is limited, and if radar systems are installed on some types of helicopters, they are obsolete, and weight, dimensions, power consumption, reliability and other technical characteristics do not meet the requirements for them. Taking into account the new requirements for helicopter-type airborne radar systems, the Moscow Aviation Institute (its Specific Radionics and Management Research Center (SRMRC)) during the implementation of complex projects with the financial support of the Government of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation) in accordance with the Government Decree RF from 09.04.2010 № 218 created a family of small-sized systems Ka, X-range of waves. [8, 13, 14]. Two more small-size airborne radars, one X range of waves for the study of ice conditions during construction and operation of oil and gas platforms and other purpose for installation on UAV weighing up to 20 kg are created., and small-size airborne radars Ku-wave range to solve other People's economic tasks for UAV helicopters and other carriers, and there is the possibility of dual use. The Ku-wave radar system, which implements these tasks, is presented in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Multifunction small size airborne radar (side views)
The weight of the system is 32-35 kg (depending on its customization to different types of aircraft). Reliability -350 hours for failure, is in the stage of manufacturing prototypes. The results were obtained during the implementation of the complex project «Development and organization
of high-tech production of small-sway multifunction airborne radar system of Ku-band waves for equipping prospective unmanned and Helicopter systems».
The basic small-size ARS on the tactical and technical characteristics does not concede similar to the foreign small-sized tactical radar (type LYNX, TESAR, TUAVR, etc.), installed on board reconnaissance and reconnaissance-percussion drones, and for some Parameters surpasses them [9, 10].
Ku-band small-size airborne radar actually borrows from its prototype MF-2 basic ideas and principles of constructive design, its inherent approaches to the design of equipment, software development, as well as the basic components of algorithms and Control and signal information processing programs. Ku-band small-size airborne radar belongs to the family of unified small-size airborne radars, created at MAI that are able to operate in three wavelengths and having the possibility of constructive and parametric adaptation to a different classes of aircraft. This is ensured by the use of uniform design principles in the system, taking into account internal and external standard interfaces.
In accordance with the solved tasks in the developed small-sized airborne radars the following operating modes are implemented:
Low azimuth resolution mapping is carried out by a valid antenna beam, while the mapping with medium, high and detailed resolution, equal in azimuth and range, is carried out using the methods of Doppler sharpening beam antenna and synthetic aperture.
Range of linear distance permits: From 60 m in the mode LD to 0.25 m in the mode D. Azimuth Line resolution Range: From 4.8 on in the mode of LD to 0.25 m in the mode D.
Maximum range of mapping depends on the operating mode, the effective surface of dispersion sensed objects and current weather conditions. In favorable weather for the high radar cross-section multifunction small-sized airborne radar is designed to provide potential objects detection distances not less than 100 km in the LD-mode, and not less than 30 km in the D-mode.
• the multifunction small-sized airborne radar view area is(sector overview with active scanning in the range of azimuth angles at fixed angle of the place in the LD mode (sweep of the angular sector of scanning);
• telescopic overview With the adjustment of the antenna in the azimuth plane at a fixed angle of the place to provide focused synthesis in modes MD, HD and D (tracking the center of the current partial frame with the subsequent transition to the next Partial frame);
• striped overview of the surface at fixed azimuth angles and places in all mapping modes (continuous tracking of the ground path of the center of the frame).
In Submodes of mapping of MD, HD and D in multifunction small-size airborne radar the interaction with the external Platformless inertial navigation system in providing at the review of the underlying surface of mechanical compensation (reduction) of influence path Instability of the carrier by means of angular movement of the antenna in opposite maneuvers side. This toolkit is required in addition to the purely algorithmic means of improving the quality and detail of radar information.
Multifunction small-size airborne radar is able to implement the mode of selection of moving ground/surface objects (SMGSO) with their allocation on the radar frame.
Small-size multifunction airborne radar in the ground moving target indication mode ensures:
• determining of radar-contrast ground moving objects, the speed of which in the radial direction on the small-size multifunction airborne radar is not less than 1.0-1.5 m/s;
Novikov S.V.
• detection of above-water objects moving at speeds not less than 2.5-3.0 m/s.
In addition to the mapping and selection of moving targets, which form the basis for the solution of various monitoring tasks, the small-size multifunction airborne radar uses the mode of determining (estimating) the inclined range to the action target chosen by the operator. In this mode of measuring the range to the earth/object, the small-size multifunction airborne radar is designed to measuring the range in the scope of distances from 200 to 5000 m with a specified accuracy.
Another component of the air-to-surface mode of the small-size multifunction airborne radar is the aircraft collision warning mode. This mode is designed to ensure the flight safety of the small-size multifunction airborne radar carrier at low altitudes of 30-300 m.
In this mode, at distances up to 1.5-2 km, the following is implemented:
• obtaining information about the terrain in the sector relative to the construction axis of the carrier - in azimuth ±30° and +5 minus 10° in elevation;
• formation of an array of vertical, horizontal or planned sections of the terrain, forming a quasi-three-dimensional image of the surface.
In the collision warning mode, it is possible to provide detection of the relief rises with a slope of more than 10°, as well as various altitude and radar-contrast objects of natural and artificial origin (buildings, towers, pipes, power lines, etc.). In this mode, it is possible to display different types of terrain sections -vertical, horizontal or planned, - one of which is for the operator to choose. The type of the image can vary significantly depending on the requirements for it.
The METEO-mode, in contrast to the above-described «air-surface» modes, is intended for estimating the weather conditions along the carrier's motion path within a given sector of the survey. In this mode, airspace sector mapping with sounding to a depth of 80-100 km (depending on the weather conditions on the propagation paths of radio waves) is actually carried out and the meteorological hazards are graded by means of color indication according to the degree of radio-reflectance of the leading edges of clouds/storm fronts. When designing the METEO-modes for an aircraft carrier, the basis is laid down by the general requirements for onboard meteorological radar stations for civil aviation aircraft, which are formulated in international regulatory documents, in particular, ARINC-708A.
The SECURITY-mode is designed for tracking and detecting infringement/penetration of objects in the small-size multifunction airborne radar responsibility sector when it is permanently located at a ground station. This mode is designed for a detection range of at least 1500 m of a small-sized object with effective cross-section = 0.1 m2 with a specified sector review rate and accuracy characteristics. The calculated dependence of the signal/noise ratio q for an object with effective radar cross section of 0.1 m2 from R at specific effective radar cross-section of the background surface a0 = -30 dB for the values of the resolution p = 7,5 m. It can be seen from the figure that the signal-to-noise ratio of at least 20 dB can be provided at distances up to 1.5 km.
A signal-to-background ratio of about 7-8 dB at a range of 1500 m is not sufficient for confident detection of an object against a background of reflections from the surface, therefore, procedures for selecting moving targets with a suppression factor of at least 10 dB are included in the product. Such procedures
are intermittent compensation and inter-survey subtraction. The choice of a specific procedure depends on the speed characteristics of the target and the correlation properties of the underlying surface.
In all the modes of radar operation, it is possible to manually as well as remotely control the dimensions and direction of the azimuth survey sector ±60° and the elevation angle from +5° to -30° within the small-size multifunction airborne radar antenna movement sector. Stabilization of the spatial position of the antenna's viewing area relative to the horizon at the evolution of the aircraft at a rate of ±20° and a pitch of ±10° is considered.
A separate mode of the radar system being created is the automatic diagnostic mode of operation, in which the built-in software and hardware controls assess the system's readiness to perform the basic functions. In this mode, called the built-in VSC-control, the operation of the small-size multifunction airborne radar is checked and a «FAILURE» or «NO FAILURE» signal is generated, which is shaped integrally as a result of passing all control tests and collecting diagnostic information. The completeness of the small-size multifunction airborne radar control is determined to be not less than 0.9. The depth of control is implemented up to the constructive-replaceable module. The built-in control system is automated and does not require the connection of special test equipment, and is performed in the form of an algorithm for sequencing the modules and running tests [11].
An extremely important and in many respects determining issue of obtaining high capabilities and other indicators for radar information quality is that the small-size multifunction airborne radar is supported by navigational information of the required composition, accuracy and rate of updating. The composition of the information coming from the on-board navigation sensors into the developed small-size multifunction airborne radar includes angles of attack, slipping, course, pitch and roll, constituting the ground speed, flight altitude, linear acceleration and angular velocities of the aircraft body rotation around the center of mass. The accuracy and frequency of the resumption of incoming information depends on the resolution of the small-size multifunction airborne radar.
Conclusion
1. The small-size multifunction airborne radar Ku under development implements the principles of construction inherent to the requirements for «4++» and «5» systems of the generation of radar systems [12, 15].
2. The use of the principles inherent to the fifth generation allows to provide a high level of hardware and functional information, digitalization, standard internal and external interfaces, upgradability of equipment during operation, high level of reliability, intraspecific and interspecific unification. This made it possible to reduce the weight of equipment by 2.5-fold in comparison with the existing ones in practice, to increase reliability by 2.5, to reduce costs, to reduce the cost of the product and its life cycle [15].
3. The possibility of using adaptation on various aircraft such as UAVs, helicopters and attack aircraft, combat training aircraft is being implemented. At the same time, the possibility of modernizability is implemented, increasing tactical and technical capabilities in the process of operation.
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