Tbe role of courts in establishing democracy Текст научной статьи по специальности «История и археология»



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üp^bu qшшшpшQQbpÇ ïnqùÇg ífinrn^rnQ qb-pшïшшшpùшQ opÇQшï t hrnQqÇurnQniù 2004-2005 pp. ПlÏpшÇQшJnlù niQbgrnfr «'ЪшpQ2шqnlJQ

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pÇ 2QnphÇi ùnpÇLÇqшgQnlù bQ QQqqÇùrnqÇp nidb-pÇQ: üùшQ qb^gbpniù qшшшpшQÇ npn2niùQ ni Ç2-Ёпд nbdÇùÇ фпфпЁпщпШр hшÙQQïQnlù bQ: UÇbQnijQ dшùшQшï, qшшшpшQÇ npn2niùQbpQ n¿ щшpшшqÇp шQhpшdb2Ш b n¿ ¿l prnirnprnp bQ dn-дnípqш4шpnlpJшQ шQдùшQ hrnùrnp: fruï qшшùnl-PJшQ nlunlùQшuÇpnlpJnlQQ шщшдтдп^ t, np QùшQ Çpш4Ç6шïQbp Ьшйшё ¿bQ щшшшЬп^:

äpшïшÇïшJnlù шпш4»1 Ьшйшё bQ hшQqÇ-^niù qb^gbpn, bpp ш4шnpÇшшp nbdÇùp фnpánlù t n¿ pb шQdшùïbш Ç2ËшQnlpJшQ ùQш^ ш^ unuï

hbnшQшL gшдшgшïшQnlpJшQ ùbç rn^Çi Qbpq-pш44ш&nlpJnlQÇд: üùшQ Çpш4Ç6шïQbpQ pQnpn2 bQ hbдш2P2nlùQbpÇQ ^ù шJQщÇuÇ nbdÇùÇQ, npQ hbQibi t ïшp6шdшùïbш ÇprniÇôrnïÇ nb^pb-uÇi gшдшgшïшQnlpJnlQQ rnpqrnprngQbLni hшùшp: Uш ïшpnд t ËbLшùÇш шшppbpшï hшQqÇuшQшL шJQщÇuÇ Çpш4Ç6шïQbpÇ qb^gniù, bpp nbdÇÙQ qÇ-шшïдnlù t hbшшqш qnJшшbùшQ шQhQшpÇQnl-pjniQQ: ûùrnQ qb^gbpniù ш4шnpÇшшp nbdÇùÇ ËQ-qÇpQ t nlQbQшL npn2шïÇ bpш2ËÇgQbp, np rnQgni-ùшJÇQ 2P2шQÇg ььшп Çp gшдшgшïшQnlpJnlQQ шù-pnд2nlpJшùp ¿Ç ïnp&rnQiÇ, ÇQ¿щbu Qшb ËQДPш-hшpnlJg ïhrnQqÇurnQrn nbdÇùÇ ш2шïÇgQbpÇ шqш-шnlpJшQ b Qjniprn^rnQ Çpш4nlQgQbpÇ щшhщшQnl-PJшQ hrnpgQ:

шЬш QùшQ Çpш4Ç6шïQbpnlù t, np дшшш-pшQQbpQ ïшpnд bQ ш4шnpÇшшp nbdÇùÇ hшùшp qbpшïшшшpnlù niQbQrni: 0шuQш4npшщbu, дш-шшpшQQ шphbuшшïшQnpbQ шщшЬп4п^ t ш4шп-pÇшшp nbdÇùÇ qnipu •шщ Ç2ËшQnlpJnlQÇg' шщш-hnibini ùÇшщbшÇ gшдшgшïшQnlpJшQ hbшшqш шQ4шшQqnlpJnlQQ: üùшQ ÇprniÇôrnÏQ ¿щbшg t uшïшJQ qÇшшpï4Ç np^bu qшшшpшQQbpÇ ïпдùÇд dпдnípqш4шpnlpJшQ qbù ÇpшïшQшg4nд qnp&ш-nnijp, gшQqÇ bppbùQ rnjq qnp&шnnlJpQ ïшpпд t шQhpшdb2Ш lçq»l ш4шnpÇшшp nbdÇùÇQ Ç2ËшQnl-pjniQÇg qpïbini hшùшp: ^шшшpшQQ шJq qb^gniù hÇùQrnïrnQniù ïnQubp4шшÇ4 qbp t Ëшдnlù' шщш-hnibini npn2шïÇ щшJÙшQQbp' шщшqшJnlù hQrn-pш4np pшËnlùQbpÇ qbù:

4шpï t q2»l uшïшJQ, np QbpïшJшg4ш& Çprn-4Ç6шïQbpQ pQnpn2 bQ ùÇшJQ np^rn^Ç шQgnlùшJÇQ 2P2шQQbpÇQ, npшbд ш4шnpÇшшp nbdÇùQ nlQшï t Ù2шïbL ËшдÇ ïrnQnQQbpQ ni Ç2ËшQnlpJnlQÇg qnipu •ш1п1 ^rnjùrnQQbpn: UJuшbд hÇùQшïшQ bq-pшïшgnlpJnlQQ hbшbJШLQ t' qшшшpшQQbpQ ^ш-pпд bQ frrnnrnjbL dпдnípqш4шpnlpJшQQ' щшЬщш-Qbini QrnËnpq ùÇшщbшÇ Çpш4nlQgQbpQ, gшQÇ np QùrnQ ÇQuшÇшnlgÇnQшL bpш2ËÇgQbpD ïшpnд bQ hrnQqbgQbi шnшQg hbдшфnËnlpJшQ Ç2ËшQnl-PJшQ hrnQàQùrnQQ ùÇшщbшÇ ïnqùÇg:

üpn2 шл qb^gbpniù, hш24Ç шnQbLn4 Qшb шÇ-pnд dшùшQшïшp2шQQ, qшшшpшQQbpQ ïшpпд bQ | diui2iujb| Пир ûbuiijtijiijuid dnijnilpijiuiliupmpjiuíl ^ ¿inhbppü tutic] 111 iluijti 7jiyiuti|ic] hbuin Ijbtiuipiitiui-Ijuiti qbp uunutiàtib|iii|: Ъйшй qbujgbpniú iui|uiiip|i- | шшp nbdÇùÇg dпдnípqш4шpnlpJшQ шQgnlùn Qb- 5 pшnnlù t Qшb ÇprnirnïrnQ hшùшïшpqnlù шп^ш | Ën¿QQqnшQbpÇ ibprngniùp: шЬш шJuшbq дш- S, шшpшQQbpQ ïшpпд bQ hÇQ b Qnp nbdÇùÇ ùÇçb iÇ- | 6шpшQnlpJшQ ïшpbnp qbpшïшшшp hшQqÇuшQшL s b QщшuшbL шQgnlùшJÇQ шpqшpшqшшnlpJшQ

hшuшшшüшQp: OpÇQшï, bpïpnpq hшйш2Ëшphш-jÇQ щшшbpшqйÇg hbшn frшшLÇшJnlй фш2ÇqйÇ íb-pшgnlйQ ni шQgnlüp шQnpn2 tp, gшQÇ np ^шшLÇшQ qшQnlй tp, np щшшbpшqüp hшqpшhшpíш& t, uш-^jQ Qnp ÇQuшÇшnlgÇnQшL íbpшïшnnlgйшQ ÙÇ-шnlй ¿tp Qïшшínlü: Ujq 2P^Qn^ t, np bpÏpÇ UшhйшQшqpшïшQ qшшшpшQp uшшQáQbg Çpш-^^Q hшйшïшpqp фш2ÇuшшïшQ dшnшQqnl-pjniQÇg йшgpbLnl qnp&pQpшgp:

Îшpnq bQg фшuшbL, np QйшQ ÇpшíÇбшïQb-pniÙ qшшшpшQQbpp pшфшQgÇï gшqшgшïшQ Ùp-gшïgnlpJшQ üpQnLnpш шщшhnínq hÇйQшïшQ qb-pшïшшшpQbpQ bQ qшnQnlй: UÇUQnijQ dшйшQшï, LÇQniÙ bQ QшU qb^gbp, bpp qшшшpшQQbpp n¿ pb ÏbQшpnQшïшQ qbpшïшшшp bQ hшQqÇuшQnlü шQ-дnlйшJÇQ 2P2шQnlй, ШJL Qbpqpшíínlй bQ шQgnlйш-jÇQ 2P2шQÇg hbшn ^ш hшuQnq ïnQunLÇqшgйшQ фт^, щшЬд шpqbQ шщшhnínlй bQ шшppbp ÇQuшÇшnlшQbpÇ hш2ÍbшínqшïшQnlpJnlQQ ni pш-фшQgÇïnlpJnlQp: ёш щpшïшÇïшJnlй ш»^ t niQb-QniÙ hÇйQшïшQnlй dnqnípqшíшpnlpJшQ hшuшш-шnlйÇg hbшn: üp^bu шpqJnlQg, bppbÙQÇ щшuÇí ^nnijgQbpp qшnQnlй bQ шnшíbL nidbq, Çuï qш-шшínpQbpp hшpйшpínlй bQ Qnp 2P^QÇQ: 0шQqÇ qшшшïшQ hшйшïшpqÇ ^qÙp Ç2ËшQnlpJшQ фп-фnËnlpJшQ hbш QnijQ^bu фп^п^ t, hшíшQш-^Qn^rnQp Ùb^QniÙ t, np qшшшpшQQbpp hшüшpáшï ïqnp&bQ, ÇQ¿p ^pnq t niqbïgibL QшU Qnp qшшшpшQQbpÇ uшbq&йшйp:

Ашpï t Q2»l uшïшJQ, np uïqpQшïшQ 2P2шQnlй Qnp tLÇшшQ/Ç2ËшQnlpJnlQp ^pnq t nbunipuQbpÇ щшïшu qqшL qшшшïшQ hшйшïшpqp iÇniÇQ Qn-pшgQbLnl hшpgnlй, шpqJnlQgnlü QшËnpq nbdÇÙÇ ÏnqÙÇg Q2шQшïíш& qшшшïшQ ^qÙbpp ^pnq bQ 2шpnlQшïbL qnp&bL, ÇQ¿p hQшpшínp t niqbïgiÇ щп2ш^ pшgшuшïшQ hbшUшQgQbpní:

äbшg t QïшшÇ nlQbQшL QшU, np йÇ2Ш ¿t, np Qnp ÇQuшÇшnlшQbp uшbq&bLp шпш4»пщпШ t pb-pniÙ: UÇ ïnqÙÇg qшшшpшQQbpp ÇpbQg qbpní ni qnp^nnijpQbpní ^pnq bQ hb2шшg Q»l qшшшpш-QшïшqйnlpJшQp, Ùjniu ïnqÙÇg ^pnq bQ Qbpqpшí-Í»l ШJL' hÇQ qшшшpшQQbpÇ hbш ïnQфLÇïшÇ Ùbç: S3 ^bpbpÇ pш2Ënlйp шJu щшpшqшJnlй bQpшqpnlй t, jj np шшppbp qшшшpшQQbp gшqшgшïшQ U Çpшíш-^Q hшйшïшpqnlй шшppbp qbp щbшg t uшшQá-■| QbQ, opÇQшï, bpb ÙÇ qшшшpшQ шnшQáQшïÇ gm-qшgшïшQ qbp t uшшQáQbL, Ùjniup щbшg t hшïш-I nrnï qbpp uшшQáQÇ: înQфLÇïшÇ rnÙbQÇg hшбшË Д hшQqÇщnq opÇQшÏp qpuUnpib t qbpшqnlJQ U uшh-I üшQшqpшïшQ qшшшpшQQbpÇ ÙÇçU, gшQqÇ QprnQ-& gÇg JnlpшgшQ¿Jnlpp áqшbL t hшuшшшbL U цшп-щшQbL Çp qbpp[6] :

^шшшpшQQbpÇ ïnqÙÇg ÇprnïrnQrnginq ïnQ-unLÇqшgйшQ Ùbï ШJL qnp&rnnnijp Qbpшnnlй t шQg-JШLÇ pnqrnfr dшnшQqnlpJшQ hbш qnpfr nlQbQшLp, ÇQ¿p hшшïшщbu ËQцpшhшpnlJg t Qnp hшuшшш-dnqnípqшíшpnlpJшQ щшJйшQQbpnlй: UjQ qb^gniÙ, bpp hÇQ hшйшïшpqp шйpnq2nlpJшйp íb-pшдíш& ¿t U gшqшgшïшQnlpJшQ Ùbç qqшLÇ qbp t щшhщшQnlй U rnQgniÙrnjÇQ шpqшpшqшшnlpJnlQp pшíшïшQÇQ Ën¿pQqnшQbpÇ t hrnQqÇ^niÙ: Ujniu ÏnqÙÇg, bpb Qrn^npq hшйшïшpqp шйpnq2nlpJшйp шшщшLÍnlй t, шщш шQgJШLÇ hbш hш2ШÍbLnl щшJйшQQbp bQ rnnrnç qшLÇu, ÇQ¿p hÇйQшïшQnlй QbprnnniÙ t qшшшÇpшíшïшQ hшйшïшpqÇ ш^-шÇí qnp&niQbnipjniQp:

Îшpnq bQg q2»l, np qnjnipjniQ niQbQ шшppbp qbpbp, npnQg ÇpшïшQшдínlй bQ qшшшpшQQbpÇ ÏnqÙÇg dnqnipqrnirnpnipjrnQ шQgйшQ U dnqníp-qшíшpnlpJшQ ïnQuniÇqrngÇrnjÇ фnlLbpnlй: ^bpçÇ-QÇu dшйшQшï, hшшïшщbu bpp qшшшpшQQbpp qnp&niÙ bQ dnqnipqrnirnpnipjrnQ hшuшшшüшQ oqшÇQ, шJq qbpQ ni ÇprnïrnQrnginq qnp&шnnlJpQb-pp шnшíbL Ùb& bQ: Guш шJqй ¿l, qшшшpшQQbpÇ ÏnqÙÇg ÇpшïшQшgínq ÙÇ 2шpg qbpbp hшüpQïQnlü bQ dnqnipqшíшpшïшQ ïшnшíшpйшQ hbш, gшQ-qÇ qшшшínpQbpp LpшдQnlй bQ rnjL gшqшgшïшQ ÇQuшÇшnlшQbpÇ ïnqÙÇg Ëшqшgnq qbpbpp:

Аnqíш&Ç pníшQqшïnlpJnlQÇg pËnq hÇÙQrn-ÏшQ bqpшhшQqnlйQ ШJQ t, np dnqnipqrnirnpni-PJшQ шQgйшQ qnp&niÙ qшшшpшQQbpp ÙÇ gшQÇ ÏшpUnp qbpшïшшшpnlй Ïrnpnq bQ nlQbQшL: ^Q¿-^bu ^rnpq qшpáшí íbpp QbpïшJшдíш&Çд' npn2 qb^gbpniÙ qшшшpшQQbpp uшшQáQnlй bQ шщш-qrnjÇ qLËшínp qbpшïшшшpnlйp' oqQbLní dnqnip-qrnirnpnipjrnQ ïnQunLÇqшдÇшJÇQ: üpn2, шnшíbL gÇ¿ hrnQqÇ^nq qb^gbpniÙ, qшшшpшQQbpp ÇpbQg bQ qpqniÙ dnqnipqшíшpnlpJшQ шQдnlйp' ËPш-ËniubLni ÙnpÇLÇqrngÇrnQ U nbdÇÙÇ фnфnËnlpJnl-Qp: íbp2шщbu, qшшшpшQQbpp Ïшpnq bQ ^rnp-qшщbu uшшQáQbL йшpqÇQшL ËшqшgnqÇ qbpp U ¿bqng йQшL' шnшQд QщшuшbLnl Ïшй ËшpшpbLnl dnqnipqшíшpnlpJшQ шQgnlйp: Uju шйbQp, Çhшp-Ïb, ïшËíш& t ÇQ¿щbu шÇpnq pQqhшQnlp ÇpшíÇ-6rnïÇg ni йÇ2шíшJpÇg, шJQщbu ¿l шiJШL bpÏpÇ ÇQuшÇшnlgÇnQшL ïшnnlgíш&gÇg U qшшшpшQQb-pÇ ni qшшшínpQbpÇ ïшpnqnlpJnlQQbpÇg:

O'lSll'liU'lnUU) (L'Li'.:'inhf ''l,b-f '

1. Johanna Kalb, The Judicial Role in New Democracies: A Strategic Account of Comparative Citation, Yale Journal of International Law, Volume 38, 2013

2. Tom Ginsburg , Courts and New Democracies: Recent Works, The Law School, University of Chicago, June 2012

3. Trochev, Alexei. Forthcoming. Fragmentation? Defection? Legitimacy? Explaining Judicial Behavior in Post-Communist "Colored Revolutions." In Consequential Courts, edited by Diana Kapisziewski et al. New York: Cambridge University Press.

4. Connie Carter. Specialized Intellectual Property Courts in the People's Republic of China: Myth or Reality? In New Courts in Asia, ed. Andrew Harding and Penelope Nicholson, . New York: Routledge, 2011

5. Penelope Nicholson, borrowing court systems: the experience of socialist Vietnam, (London-Leiden Series on Law, Administration and Development) Brill Academic Publishers, 2007

6. Trochev, Alexei. 2008 Judging Russia: Constitutional Court in Russian Politics 1990-2006. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Асмик Арутюнян

Соискатель Академии государственного управления РА

РЕЗЮМЕ Роль судов в установлении демократии В статье представлены примеры роли судов в установлении демократии. Последние обсуждаются на основе опыта отдельных стран, отделяя следующие среды; авторитарного режима, переходных и консолидированных демократий. Вывод этой статьи состоит в том, что суды могут играть определенную роль в процессе перехода к демократии через различные роли; переходное управление, авторитарные режимы и директивные органы, мобилизацию и помощь в изменении режима, маргинальную роль и нейтралитет.

Ключевые слова: суды, демократия, авторитарный режим, переходный период, консолидация.

Hasmik Harutyunyan Applicant of the Public Administration Academy of the Republic of Armenia

SUMMARY ТЪе role of courts in establishing democracy The article presents examples of the role of courts in establishing democracy. The latter are being discussed on the basis of the experience of individual countries, separating the following environments: authoritarian regime, transitional and consolidated democracies. The conclusion of the article is that the courts can play a role in the transition to democracy through different roles, transitional governance, authoritarian regimes and policymakers, mobilization and regime change assistance, marginal role and neutrality.

Key words: courts, democracy, authoritarian regime, transitional period, consolidation.

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