CC BY
98
УДК 930.272:2-264
DOI 10.24411/2219-8857-2018-00020
Basil Lourie
SYRIAN AND ARMENIAN CHRISTIANITY IN NORTHERN MACEDONIA FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE EIGHTH TO THE MIDDLE OF THE NINTH CENTURY*
Syrian and Armenian influence has been felt in the Old Bulgarian culture by different scholars, such as archaeologists and architecture historians as well as historians of the earliest Bulgarian writing and manuscripts. Some of them, looking for a possible source of this influence, pointed to resettling a large Syrian and Armenian population from the former Roman Armenia's lands in the Caliphate to northern Macedonia in the 750s. An exhaustive overview of the literary sources related to this resettlement (in Greek, Syriac, Arabic, and Armenian) demonstrates that took place a translatio urbis of Theodosiopolis/Karin (modern Erzurum) together with a great part of Christian population of the Great Armenia and Melitene. The immigrants created new cities where preserved and developed their local cults, including the famous cult of the Fifteen Martyrs of Theodosiopolis/Strumica.
Key words: Northern Macedonia, Early Slavic Christianity, Hagiography, Strumica, Syrian Christianity, Armenian Christianity, Baptism of Bulgaria.
About the author: Basil Lourie, Doctor of Philosophical Science, Professor of the National Research University "Higher School of Economics" in Perm — branch of the National Research University "Higher School of Economics".
Contact information: 614070, Russia, Perm Region, Perm, Studencheskaya Str. 38, National Research University "Higher School of Economics" in Perm — branch of the National Research University "Higher School of Economics"; tel. +7 (342) 205-52-50, e-mail: hieromonk@gmail.com.
В.М. Лурье
СИРИЙСКОЕ И АРМЯНСКОЕ ХРИСТИАНСТВО В СЕВЕРНОЙ МАКЕДОНИИ ОТ СЕРЕДИНЫ ВОСЬМОГО ДО СЕРЕДИНЫ ДЕВЯТОГО ВЕКА
Сирийское и армянское влияние на древнейшую культуру Болгарии отмечалось разными учеными в разных областях, включая археологию и историю архитектуры, а также историю древнейшей славянской письменности и книжного дела. Некоторые ученые в поисках источника этого влияния указывали на имевший место в 750-е годы факт переселения сирийского и армянского населения из бывших армянских провинций Византии, находившихся тогда в составе Арабского халифата, на земли нынешней северной Македонии. Предпринятый впервые в настоящей работе исчерпывающий анализ исторических свидетельств об этом переселении (сохранившихся на греческом, сирийском, арабском и армянском языках) показывает, что имело место translatio urbis — «перенесение» бывшей столицы провинции Великая Армения Феодосиополя (армянское название — Карин, современное турецкое — Эрзерум), который дал свое имя городу Струмица в Македонии. В этом переселении участвовала значительная часть христианского (армянского и сирийского) населения бывших армянских провинций, особенно окрестностей городов Феодосиополя и Мелитены. Иммигранты создавали новые города, в которых сохраняли и развивали свои локальные культы святых, одним из которых стал знаменитый культ Пятнадцати мучеников Тивериупольских в Струмице.
Ключевые слова: Северная Македония, начало христианства у славян, агиография, Струмица, сирийское христианство, армянское христианство, крещение Болгарии.
Сведения об авторе: Лурье Вадим Миронович, доктор философских наук, профессор Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики» в Перми — филиала Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики».
Контактная информация: 614070, Россия, Пермский край, г. Пермь, ул. Студенческая, 38, Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики» в Перми — филиал Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики»; тел.: +7 (342) 205-52-50, e-mail: hieromonk@gmail.com.
* Статья поступила в номер 12 декабря 2018 г. Принята к печати 29 декабря 2018 г.
© МАИАСК. Археология, история, нумизматика, сфрагистика и эпиграфика. © Basil Lourie, 2018.
№ 10. 2018
1. Introduction
The present study will be focused on a phenomenon known relatively long ago but still not fully appreciated — Syrian and Armenian compact communities, not just diaspora appeared in the middle of the eighth century in the northern Macedonia. Now I will not exhaust this topic either. I hope, nevertheless, to provide a "critical mass" of data demonstrating that the relevance of the phenomenon we are dealing with was so far underestimated. The nature of the earliest Bulgarian Christianity is not understandable without its background in local communities of Syrian and Armenian Christians.
The archaeologists and historians of architecture were the first ones to notice the relevance of these communities for the local architecture and, therefore, pointed to some literary witnesses related to their appearance in the lands of the modern Republic of Macedonia. Nevertheless, according to the a priori supposition held by the consensus of historians, any somewhat important Church building in the territory devastated by the Avars ca 580 and belonged to the Bulgarian kingdom in the time of its conversion in the 860s could not be dated to the period in between these dates.
Oddly enough, I have never met an archaeological study where a possibility of dating a church construction in Macedonia to the eighth or the first part of the ninth century would have been taken seriously. Neither have I met an explicit statement substantiating impossibility of such dating for the territories of the modern state of Macedonia, which were a part of a Christian Empire before the 830s. Such a possibility is never disproved but simply never discussed. The simple question where are the churches of the resettled there Syrians and Armenians is so far never formulated.
My present purpose is, after having summarised the findings and conclusions proposed so far by archaeologists and architecture historians, to review the relevant historical witnesses in an exhaustive manner.
2. The Palaces in Pliska and Their Architects
In 1968, Anatoly Leopol'dovich Yakobson (1906—1984) published a seminal paper on the influence of the Syrian and Armenian architectural traditions on the earliest architecture in the Bulgarian Kingdom1. Then, he was dealing mostly with the early ninth-century palaces in Pliska: Yakobson noticed that these palaces had the closest parallels in palaces constructed in Armenia during the seventh century; these palaces were then recently excavated and not widely known.
Realising that his data are severely limited, Yakobson formulated his conclusion as a new hypothesis but the most plausible among the available ones. His ideas were adopted by Stancho Vaklinov (1921—1978) in his influential book (Vaklinov 1977: 108—109) and by Rasho Rashev in his definitive monograph on the excavations in Pliska , but still without any additional substantiation.
The main conclusion by Yakobson is worth to be quoted in extenso:
1 (Yakobson 1968). This topic has been only briefly mentioned in his posthumous monograph (Yakobson 1987: 103). Yakobson then confirmed his adherence to his earlier hypothesis but still without having new data to substantiate it.
2 (Rashev 2008: 87); however, Rashev's reference to predecessors of Yakobson (Feher, Miyatev, Vasilev) ascribing to some of them (without saying exactly to whom) an idea of Syrian origin of such architecture is not correct.
Therefore, a direct communication of the Bulgarians with Armenians and Syrians (incidentally, the born masons) would have occurred (and, undoubtedly, did happen) precisely during the period of intensive construction works in the Bulgarian capital Pliska. Direct participation in this construction of Armenian and Syrian architects is more than probable3.
According to Yakobson, these Armenians and Syrians who were in contact with the Bulgarian khan's court were the people resettled under Constantine Copronymus (741—775) (Yakobson 1968: 205—206). He did not discuss the manner in which such contacts would have been effectuated—through the inter-state border between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Kingdom. These Armenians and Syrians would have hardly been subjects of the khan already in the epoch of Khan Krum (803—814); their territories were conquered by Bulgarians under Khan Presian in the late 830s4, that is, certainly later than the palaces in Pliska were built.
Yakobson died in 1984, in the same year when Blaga Aleksova (1922—2007) discovered the two churches in Krupiste, Macedonia, near the river Bregalnica and at the site that she identified with that of the city of Raven known from the Legend of Thessalonica only5. This finding was calling for revisiting Yakobson's hypothesis but neither Aleksova nor few other archaeologists who studied these churches after her recalled Yakobson's 1968 paper.
The new findings in Macedonia substantiate Yakobson's claim very much. Indeed, these "born masons" who constructed palaces for a foreign pagan ruler would have certainly constructed churches for themselves. All Macedonian churches datable archaeologically to the period from the eighth to the tenth century must be investigated as possibly constructed by these Syrians and Armenians in the late eighth or in the first half of the ninth century. For our present study, however, only two localities with three such churches are especially interesting: Strumica with one church and the site of Krupiste with two churches.
Apparently without knowing Yakobson's hypothesis, Blaga Aleksova recognised a Syrian pattern in the plan of one church in Krupiste and even provided a close parallel with a church in Maipherkat.
The bigger church from two churches in Krupiste (Aleksova called it "cathedral church") has a very similar plan to that of the early seventh-century Theotokos church in Maipherkat6. Aleksova, who discovered this church in 1984, and some archaeologists after her (Mikulchix 1996: 347—348) considered this church as a late ninth- or early tenth-century Bulgarian/Slavic construction. They were facing the choice between a pre-Avaric (pre-580) Byzantine construction and a Bulgarian one. Given that a pre-Avaric date was excluded on archaeological grounds, the Bulgarian alternative was chosen.
In fact, there is a need to take into account the third possibility—that there were some constructions remained from the late eighth- and ninth-century activity of the Armenian and Syrian immigrants. The "cathedral" church in Krupiste could be interpreted as a building made not only after the common pattern with that of the church in Maipherkat but also by the descendants of the Byzantine Armenia themselves (Maipherkat/Martyropolis was the second centre of the former
3 (Yakobson 1968: 206): "Таким образом, непосредственное общение болгар с армянами и сирийцами (кстати сказать, прирожденными каменщиками) могло происходить (да, несомненно, и происходило) как раз в период интенсивного строительства в болгарской столице Плиске. Непосредственное участие в этом строительстве армянских и сирийских зодчих более чем вероятно". This formulation reveals his subjective confidence in what he called his "hypothesis".
4 For a detailed discussion of the historical data and historiography, see (Koledarov 1979: 41—42).
5 On the Legend of Thessalonica, see (Lourie 2019).
6 As well as to the famous but much later (eleventh- or twelfth-century) basilica in Curlina [read Churlina] near Nis in Serbia: (Aleksova а 1989: 93, 137; 277, ill. 103; 283, ill. 118 and 119); for the Maipherkat church, see (Grabar 1946: 327 and 617, fig. 92). Aleksova quotes Grabar without addressing directly his source, (Bell 1913: 88—92, Pl. XV— XIX).
№ 10. 2018
Byzantine province Great Armenia after its capital Theodosioupolis/Karin, modern Erzurum). According to the purely archaeological considerations, this church is now dated to the eighth or ninth century (Natsev 2013: 281) which is in the perfect accord with this possibility.
Indeed, a possibility that some post-Byzantine Christian buildings in Macedonia are constructed by these Armenians and Syrians during the century preceding the conversion of Bulgaria in the 860s, is not limited to a unique church, and it should be checked properly by specialists. Let us add that it is still hard to explain why these churches are constructed after non-Byzantine Syrian patterns if they would have been constructed after the conversion of Bulgaria into the Byzantine Christianity.
These observations corroborates Yakobson's hypothesis on Syrians and Armenians as the constructors of the palaces in Pliska. These palaces, if they were constructed by the masters who belonged to Syrians and Armenians resettled in Macedonia, must have corresponded to some monuments in Macedonia. Not palaces, of course—because there was no need in palaces there,— but what was the most necessary for masters' own use, that is, churches.
Thus, one can figure out how much Yakobson would have enjoyed Aleksova's publications on Krupiste were he alive then.
3. The Literary Sources
The available literary sources are mostly related to the events of 752/754 (there are some problems with precise dating)—the resettlement of Christian Armenian and Syrian population from two regions of the Arab Caliphate to the depopulated region of the Byzantine Empire near the Bulgarian border. Nevertheless, a part of the sources refers to the early ninth-century situation of the resettled people.
3.1. Theodosioupolis
Theodosioupolis, the former capital of the Roman Armenia, was the most important locality dealt with in our sources.
According to the often-quoted passage of Theophanes the Confessor under AM 6247 = AD 754/755 , the following took place:
o 5è Paodeùç Kœvcxavxïvoç Eûpouç xe Kai Âp^eviouç, oûç rçyayev ànà ©eoSomoraôXeœç Kai Mekxnvrçç, eiç xrçv ©paKrçv ^exœKicev, œv Kai ènXaxuvBn ^ aï'pemç xœv naukKiavœv8.
The emperor Constantine transferred to Thrace the Syrians and Armenians whom he had brought from Theodosioupolis and Melitene and, through them, the heresy of the Paulicians spread about9.
There are parallel communications in Nicephorus of Constantinople, which add some little details to Theophanes10; we will return to them later.
7 The exact date of the event is somewhat problematic, but, at least, it took place within the interval between 752 and 754; cf. bibliography of the discussion in (Lewond 2015: 144, fn. 703; cf. 141, fn. 694; 144, fn. 702).
8 (de Boor 1883/1963: 429.19—22). For the main facts and bibliography related to the Byzantine historians referred to in the present study, one can consult the recent reference book by Leonora Neville (Neville 2018).
9 (Mango, Scott 1997: 593). Tsankova-Petkova's supposition that the name Theodosioupolis could design here Syrian Res 'Ayna whose Byzantine name was also Theodosioupolis (Beshevliev, Tsankova-Petkova 1960: 269, com. 18) is untenable, especially in the light of the Eastern chronicles (s. below) which clearly point out Theodosioupolis in Armenia.
10 Nicephorus, Breviarium 73 (Mango 1990: 144/145) txt/tr.; idem, Antirrheticus III, 72 (written between 815 and 828); PG 100, 508 D—509 A.
Theophanes was writing in the early 810s using the materials collected by his friend and another Byzantine chronographer Georges Synkellos11. This means that the temporal distance from the events described was not especially big; however, the geographical and cultural distance was substantial. The Byzantine authors were certainly well informed about the locality where these migrants were settled within the Byzantine territory. However, we need a help of eastern historians in order to look at the event from an "eastern" point of view evaluating the scale of this migration.
The eastern chronographers said about the devastation of Theodosioupolis and, at least, a very serious damage to Melitene. They form two groups, Syrian and Armenian.
The representatives of the Syrian group wrote in different languages (Syriac and Arabic) and belonged to different faiths (the Melkite dyothelete and the Severian anti-Chalcedonian) but were
not mutually independent. For the period we are interested in their data go back to the lost Syriac
12
chronicle of a Syrian scholar, a court astrologer of the caliph, Theophilus of Edessa . He belonged to the Syrian Melkites (Chalcedonian dyothelete, that is, he accepted the Sixth Ecumenical Council
13
of 680/681 ) and died ca 785 at the age of ninety. The earliest preserved witness of his work is the world chronicle by Agapius (f 941/942; Aydrcio^ is the Greek calque of his Arabic name Mahbub), who was a Melkite (Chalcedonian) bishop of the Syrian Hierapolis (Arabic Manbig, Syriac Mabbug) and wrote in Arabic.
The main point which is interesting for us in these sources is the claim that the population of the city of Theodosioupolis was removed totally. Thus, we read in Agapius:
Then Constantine, the king of Rome, attacked Qaliqla [Arabic name of U^j Ijc ^.jjJl ¿L ¿ykik^a ¿1
Theodosioupolis] and conquered it and took in captivity its population. .14^l W^j
Then the Arabs soon (in 756/75715) rebuilt the ruined Theodosioupolis (Vasiliev 1912: 279).
The parallel passage, also depending on Theophilus of Edessa, is preserved in the Syriac chronicle by the Jacobite (Severian anti-Chalcedonian) patriarch of Antioch Michael the Great (f 1199), book XI, ch. 25. He is more precise in an important detail: Emperor Constantine attacked Theodosioupolis and, then, Vasiliev
.. .and, after having submitted it, he took in captivity the whole its chn^^o ml^l ^o
population and left it deserted17. •
Thus, the whole population of the city was taken to Byzantium. Michael the Great, writing in the same language as his source, used a disambiguating wording.
11 Cyril Mango puts forward a plausible hypothesis that the Breviarium as an œuvre de jeunesse de Nicephorus written in the 780s; his sources were identical or very similar to those available to Theophanes through Georges Synkellos (Mango 1990: 11—12).
12 The reconstruction of his work provided (in translation) by Robert G. Hoyland (Hoyland 2011) is very useful but, as we will see, could not be used without checking the original texts. For the mutual relations between the sources of the Syrian (in both Syriac and Arabic) and Armenian chronographers on the Iconoclastic epoch, see esp. (Gero 1973: 199— 209) (Appendice 4).
13 If the sympathies of Michel the Great and the anonymous author of the Chronicle to 1234 to Constantine Copronymus (s. below) go back to him as their common source (which is quite possible but not certain), we have to suppose that he shared iconoclastic convictions, that is, he considered himself in communion with the pre-787 Byzantine state Church.
14 (Vasiliev 1912/1982: 278). English translation from Arabic here and below is mine.
15 For this date, see (Ter-Gevondyan 1978: 100). There is an English translation of (Ter-Gevondyan 1978).
16 (Chabot 1899—1924: vol. 2, 473, centre column).
17 Here my translation is in agreement with that of Chabot "...emmena tout le peuple en captivité..." (Chabot 1899—1924: vol. 2, 521—522) but not with Hoyland who omitted œA^ "whole its" (Hoyland 2011: 300).
The destiny of Theodosioupolis in these events occupied chapter 29 of the History by the Armenian vardapet (priest and monk in the non-Chalcedonian Armenian Church) Lewond. He was
writing in non-Byzantine Armenia (independent or in some dependence on the Arabs), probably, in
18
the late ninth century . Expectedly his account is the most detailed, even though not necessarily the most trustworthy. The relevant part of chapter 34 (29).16—21, is the following:
fcr fcpptr jm^mh popm^t^ ^np&mUtp qqqtm^ ^mp^u^ mdpng^U mppmjU ^nummUq^U, np tp npq^ LtmU^: fcr pmgtm^ qrnnrU qmUAnrgU pmnUmjp pmqnrd nu^mj tr mp&mpnj, qsmUtp ^ qmU&^ mUq qU2mU mtpnrUtmU ^m^U, qnp mntm^ smUtp pUq ^UptmU: Lm ti. [q]qopuU pmqmp^U ti. qpUm^tmjuU ^ Udm Umnm^^Unuu pmnUmjp Ung^U pUmmUtmrp jm2^mphU 3nrUmg: fcr pmqnrdp ^ pUm^mg qmrmnmgU ^Uqptm^ jmppm[j]tU, q^ pU^tugtU qmUnrp i&nj &mnm[j]nrptmUU Fudmjt^ jmU&mUg ti. qUmugtU q^U^ Unpm:
fcr Unpm mnrtm^ hpmdmU, ^mq^mqm^ hmUqtp^tm^ qmq^u ^rptmUg ^mqmg^U jmnm2, m^mr^Utmip ^ qmrpnrp^rU mtpnrUtmU ^m^U ti. ^ ^mnu mppm[j]^U: 0-nq^U qtp^p fcUUqtmU ^rptmUg, ti. hmmnrm&tmip mU^mU ^ ^nqdU mppm[j]^U pmpt^m2s^19:
Upon arrival they destroyed the walls of the citadel and Emperor Constantine, son of Leo, opened the treasury and withdrew a large amount of gold and silver. He also found in that treasury a fragment of the Lord's Cross, which he removed and took with him. He also took to Greek territory the city's troops and Saracen population with their families. Many residents of the surroundings [qmimn in plural] beseeched the emperor to remove their yoke of servitude to the Ismaelites. And they too departed along with him. Receiving [the emperor's] permission they quickly prepared their belongings, taking strength from the power of the Lord's Cross and the emperor's glory. They left their birthplace and, separating [from their own people], joined the pious emperor's side20.
It is important that Lewond, being independent from Theophilus of Edessa, confirmed his account of migration of the entire Christian population of Theodosioupolis and its neighbourhood, regardless of whether Lewond's information about resettlement of a part of the local Muslims is true or not. It is also interesting that Lewond described resettlement of Christians as a free act initiated by themselves. For an anti-Chalcedonian Lewond, the Chalcedonian Constantine is, nevertheless, a "pious emperor"21. The Syrian chronicles, which authors were also sympathetic to Constantine, called this operation as "taking in captivity", thus emphasising its forcible character.
18 Thus according to (Greenwood 2012). Previously Lewond's death was dated to the late eighth century, after the last date in his History that covers the period from 640 to 788. The later date would correspond to an independent Armenian state, whereas the earlier one to a dependent.
w (Lewond 2015: 143, 145).
20 Translation from (Bedrosian 2006) with little changes. Bedrosian translates qmimnmg as "of the district". The normal equivalents of qmimn in Greek are xwpa, rcepixwpoQ rcaxpia, or Latin regio, provincia, patria (Uihrnfrghmb et al. 1836—1837: 533), my translation would correspond to the Greek xwpiwv or xwpwv.
21 Tim W. Greenwood does not realise the real difficulty of this evaluation of Constantine by Lewond: "What is so streaking about this passage is the positive assessment of Constantine V; for an iconoclast emperor to be described as 'pious' is most unexpected. It has also proved difficult to interpret. It may derive from an underlying source [that remains unknown to us. — B. L.] and been retained by error by Lewond but this contention is conjectural" (Greenwood 2012: 140). Lewond himself was not an iconoclast (cf. his positive mentions of icons in chapters 5 and 16), but the
iconoclasm of Constantine's father Leo has had roots in the very official teaching of the late seventh--early eighth-
century Armenian Church (van Esbroeck 1995). Therefore, it would have been hardly considered as especially criminal by an educated clergyman of the Armenian Church. The attitude toward the Council of Chalcedon was, however, a true problem... Michael the Great (Chronicle XI, 24) has also esteemed Emperor Constantine V: "The Chalcedonians hate this Constantine and call him icon-hater [^iia. ^i»; a rendering of eiKovo^axo^?] because he convened this council [of 754. — B. L.] in which he determined that one should not worship icons and anathematised John, George of Damascus and George of Cyprus [in fact, John of Damascus, George of Cyprus, and Germanos of Constantinople. — B. L.], for they maintained the doctrine of Maximus [the Conferssor; the council of 754 also maintained the same doctrine, but it was considered heretical not only by the Monotheletes but also by the anti-Chalcedonians "monophysites". — B. L.]. King Constantine was a cultured man, who adhered firmly to the mysteries of the orthodox faith, which is why the Chalcedonians hated him"; tr. from (Hoyland 2011: 292—293) with changes; cf. original in (Chabot 1899—1924: vol. 4, 473) and Chabot's translation with notes in (Chabot 1899—1924: vol. 2, 521). The anonymous Jacobite author of the
Nicephorus of Constantinople—albeit in his later work only—described the same events in a heavily biased manner: according to him, Constantine never led wars against the non-Christians (although earlier Nicephorus himself described such wars against the pagan Bulgarians (Nicephorus, Breviarium, 73 (Mango 1990: 144/145) txt/tr)), and, therefore, he attacked these cities of Armenians and Syrians only because they were Christian. (Thus, Nicephorus denied even the obvious fact that this military operation was directed against the Caliphate.) Constantine persuaded these Christians to accept his troops peacefully and, then, broke his oaths and forcibly took the captive population to Thrace. "I think that for breaking these oaths the Thracian region is taking revenge today (rov rrçç rcapaPaoiaç ôkaç to ©paKiKÔv rcsôov, jbç oipai, tivvusi to o'rçp.spov)", concluded Nicephoros with an allusion to the ongoing or quite recent wars with Bulgaria (807— 815) (Nicephorus, Antirrheticus III, 72; PG 100, 508 D—509 A). One has to mark that the reference to the current warfare theatre in Thrace makes clear that the removed people were settled in the basin of the river Struma (Strymon) or nearby.
Indeed, Nicephorus' whole later account looks as an anti-iconoclastic mythology, especially in the light of Nicephorus' own information in the Breviarium. However, this Nicephorus' opinion could reflect a Byzantine view on the presence of Armenians and Syrians among the population of the theatre of the Byzantino-Bulgarian wars in the first third of the ninth century.
Lewond's picture of the resettlement of the entire Christian population of Theodosioupolis and its neighbourhood taking with them a part of the True Cross is certainly a translatio urbis. It is somewhat at odds with not only the Byzantine but also the Syrian chronographers who considered this operation as forcible. Lewond's ultimate sources, however, would have been the closest to the resettled population itself—at least, in its Armenian part.
3.2. Melitene... and Theodosioupolis again
For the operation against the Melitene, we have witnesses of Syrian historians; Lewond did not mention it.
Agapius said about the raid against Melitene in the same terms as about the raid against Theodosioupolis, almost verbatim, whereas, for his source, it was a different and somewhat earlier campaign (placed chronologically earlier than the iconoclast council in Constantinople, 754, and dated by the modern historians to either 751 (Hoyland 2011: 289) or 752 (Ter-Gevondyan 1978: 100):
.the king of Rome attacked Malatyâ [= Melitene] and conquered it W^l ^j l^iaj ajLL ¿L Ijc
and took in captivity its population and returned. And in the same year, ^¿Kjl t>jVI ¿¿i kJ ¡»¿a ^ij
Kusân [= Gusan in Armenian] the Armenian Catholicos took the .22?jJl ^
majority of the people of Armenia and transported them to the land of Rome.
In fact, Gusan was a layman, the Byzantine general of Armenian origin who led the Byzantine
23
campaign against the Armenian territories occupied by the Caliphate . A similar account (about
Chronicle to 1234 (ch. 183) characterised Constantine as "a man wise and fearful to the enemies ( r^i^^
A^); (Chabot 1916/1953: 336); cf. Chabot's tr. (Chabot 1937: 262). For a positive image of Constantine in the Armenian and Syriac chronogrpahy, see, in more details, (Gero 1977: 176—178 and 179—188), Appendices 2 and 3 respectively.
22 (Vasiliev 1912: 271).
23 (Ter-Gevondyan 1978: 100). Vasiliev carefully translated "chef arménien" (Vasiliev 1912/1982: 271) but Hoyland translated "patriarch of the Armenians" with no commentary (Hoyland 2011: 289); the term is a transcription of "catholicos". Hoyland inexactly translated as "all the people" instead of "the majority, the most of" etc.
both Melitene and Theodosioupolis), ultimately going back to the same Theophilus of Edessa, is
24
preserved in Arabic by the Muslim historian Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri (died ca. 892) .
The Syriac chronographers (two for this event: Michael the Great once more and the later
25
anonymous compiler of the so-called Chronicle to 1234, also a Jacobite ) provide some details concerning the prise of Melitene (without, however, such detail as the name of the general) but their accounts are a bit confused in the part we are most interested in, the destiny of the captive population. Thus, Michael the Great said (XI, 24):
He led into exile and took captive the people of Claudia and all the ^ml^lo «¡^aW «i^l «^o
villages of Fourth Armenia27. •
Fourth Armenia is the ancient Roman province east of Melitene, but the toponym Claudia is
28
problematic, although repeated by both Gregory Bar Hebraeus (1226—1286) , who was writing his Chronicle until the moment of his death and was following Michael the Great almost verbatim, and—what is more important—anonymous author of the Chronicle to 1234 (ch. 183):
He led into exile the Christian inhabitants of the villages and took «^o .^am ^Ho^l
captives in the region of Claudia and Armenia. He set fire to Claudia. «^alnl dAo .^i^o «^ol^:
<.> The Romans burned Armenia and led into exile its inhabitants to «^oH mo^o^o <.. .> uo^
the land of the Romans30. 29*«^oH:i «^i^ ct^ho^^ .^i^
31
Indeed, there was a small town KXauSia^ near Melitene , which would have been known to Syrian historiographers. However, its destiny would have hardy worth to be reported at the same level as that of Melitene. It is also somewhat alarming that Michael the Syrian did not mention Theodosioupolis in the same passage where he mentioned Melitene, and, in his account, it looks that there were two different campaigns of Constantine Copronymus in different years, one against Melitene and "Claudia" and later another one against Theodosioupolis. As to the Chronicle to 1234, it knew only one campaign, against Melitene and "Claudia", without knowing anything about Theodosioupolis. Michael and the anonymous author of the Chronicle to 1234 were certainly
32
sharing a common source on Melitene and "Claudia" , whereas, most probably, Michael used as
24 I do not quote his account, because it adds nothing to our Syrian sources (in Syriac and Arabic); cf. (de Goeje 186(3: 199) for the original, (Hitti 1916: 312—313) for English translation.
25 On this author, see (Hilkens 2014) and (Hilkens 2018).
26 (Chabot 1899—1924: vol. 4, 472, centre column); cf. Chabot's tr. and notes (Chabot 1899—1924: vol. 2, 518).
27 Tr. by (Hoyland 2011: 290).
28 «^okj (Bedjan 1890: 122); "And he led into exile the people of Claudia". Budge's tr.: "And he carried away into captivity the people of CLAUDIA" (Budge 1932/1976: 113).
2!J (Chabot 1916/1953: 337); cf. Chabot's tr. (Chabot 1937: 263).
30 Tr. by (Hoyland 2011: 290) with a change.
31 No precise localisation available, however. See the most comprehensive study in (Honigmann 1935: 88—90).
32 The best candidate among their known sources would be, of course, the lost Syriac History of Ignatius, metropolitan of Melitene (f 1094); cf. (Gero 1973: 201—202). Both Michael's passages quoted above, however, belong to the central column of his Chronicle, which contents was tentatively identified by Gero with the lost Chronicle of Dionysius Tel Mahre (773—845, Jacobite Patriarch of Antioch in 818—845), who, in turn, followed Theophilus of Edessa knowing him first-hand; the contents taken from Ignatius was tentatively identified by Gero with the inner column of Michael (Gero 1973: 205—208). Therefore, there are two possibilities: (1) either the central column of Michael contains some material of Ignatius as well or (2) the author of the Chronicle to 1234 deliberately omitted the account on the campaign against Theodosioupolis, whose existence we have to postulate, in this case, in Ignatius. The third possibility—that the confused account on "Claudia" belongs to Dionysius Tel Mahre—remains highly unlikely (due to his direct knowledge of Theophilus of Edessa and no specific attraction to the Melitene region).
33
well some other source on Theodosioupolis , which was ultimately going back to Theophilus of Edessa.
Such an exaggeration of the role of the modest town Claudias in featuring the resettled population becomes especially striking if we accept—as Stephen Gero does34 — Chabot's emendation of r^ja^ to rejoin in the account of the failed Constantine Copronymus' attempt to conclude a Church union with "the captive inhabitants of Claudia [ms (Chabot 1901: 523,
n. 2; cf. vol. 4, 473 inner column), where the two sides allegedly discovered that, at least, they share
35
the same faith . Here the entire resettled population is equated with the inhabitants of "Claudia" tout court. Even if this is a metonymical pars pro toto, such a metonymy would have had some reason to become understandable to the readers. In fact, if there was a unique city that would have had right to be chosen for naming the homeland of the migrants, it was certainly Theodosioupolis. Nevertheless, there is a serious reason to suppose that the correct emendation of would be "Mar'as", that is, Germanicia Caesarea; we will discuss this possibility later (section 3.4).
To my opinion, "Claudia" appeared here as a corruption of the Syriac equivalent of the
Arabic name of Theodosioupolis—or maybe it is a corruption of the original Syriac toponym for Karin that has been later preserved in Arabic; the Arabic name of the city would have been borrowed in Syriac. Indeed, Arabic ^Jta would correspond to Syriac r^n^n36. These forms, especially the latter, would have been easily corrupted to rejoin, especially in the mind of a Syrian writer who knew well the Melitene region and was interested in it rather than that of Theodosioupolis. The name of Theodosioupolis is perfectly fitting with the context. Nevertheless, this "Claudia" appeared as a corruption of a source ultimately going back to the same Theophilus of Edessa.
3.3. The Faith of the Resettled People
Theophanes' mention of the Paulicians is not without interest to us, because it might reveal some tensions in religious matters with the population mentioned, although we know that it was in a large part Chalcedonian. Nina Garsoi'an did not object to this Theophanes' opinion on the penetration of Paulicianism into the Balkans, although without, of course, considering this resettlement as the only or the principal way (Garsoi'an 1960: 46, fn. 77 et passim). Indeed, it is quite likely that, among the resettled people, there were some Paulicians. Nevertheless, in Armenia, the Paulicians were a minority. Regardless of the possible contribution of these hypothetical Paulicians resettled in the Balkans by Copronymus, the majority of the resettled population was sharing the main confessions of their homeland. These confessions were Severian Monophysitism and Monothelete Chalcedonism.
Theodosioupolis/Karin became in 631 the place of another (after 591) epochal council when the mainstream Armenian Church headed by Catholicos Ezra accepted the union with the
37
Byzantines and the Council of Chalcedon . This Theodosioupolis council became a major event in
33 I wrote "most probably", because the argumentum ex silentio does not authorise us to exclude a possibility that the author of the Chronicle to 1234 deliberately omitted the whole account related to Theodosioupolis.
34 (Gero 1977: 179, fn. 6). Without an emendation, one would understand ^joa as Mud, modern Turkish Mut, historical Claudiopolis in Isauria, but such a location is certainly unfitting with the context pointing to Syria.
35 (Chabot 1899—1924: vol. 4, 473—474), see the full translation and an analysis of the account in (Gero 1977: 179—181).
36 This form is, however, hypothetical. What we read in Syriac sources, are forms with the intermediary -n-, such as
(Michael the Syrian, to whom this name was Greek; he himself used the name Theodosioupolis) or and ^a^ (Pseudo-Dionysius Tel Mahre, Bar Hebaeus); cf. (Chabot 1899—1924: vol. 2, 521, n. 8, vol. 4, 473 middle column).
37 See (Lange 2012: 571—575), with further bibliography, including the discussion of the exact date of the council.
38
the Monothelete strategy by Emperor Heraclius . In 701, Theodosioupolis fell to the Arabs. Theodosioupolis will be never regained by the Byzantines until the successful siege by general John
39
Kourkouas in 949 . These historical facts mean that, to the time of Theophanes, the population of Theodosioupolis never received a proper "anti-Monothelete treatment", which the population of Byzantium received, at least, after the final condemnation of the Monotheletism in 71440. It is also obvious that some part of these resettled population belonged to some "monophysite" factions (at least, to the Severian Jacobite, but some other are not to be excluded41). Thus, the population removed from Theodosioupolis and Melitene was certainly problematic from the viewpoint of Theophanes' Byzantine Orthodoxy.
Another Byzantine chronographer, Gregory the Monk ("Hamartolos") who wrote after Theophanes without being especially depending on him and often following the same source
42
(Theophilus of Edessa) more carefully preserved, as it seems, a more realistic approach, when the resettled people were considered simply as Christians, without any dogmatic charges, and their resettlement was evaluated as a positive act, despite the overall negative attitude toward Constantine Copronymus. All this means that, if not for George himself, then, at least, for his source (presumably, Theophilus of Edessa), this resettled population was mostly orthodox.
However, such an approach is featuring only the original Gregory's text written between 845 and 847 and now preserved only in a unique eleventh-century manuscript Coislinianus 30543. A very similar (for this part of the Chronicle) recension is preserved also in a fourteenth-century South Slavic (Bulgarian?) translation44, which original was the second recension of the Chronicle datable to the period from 847 to 867 and completely lost in Greek. The two earlier recensions were replaced, in Byzantium, with the third one, the so-called Vulgate45, which became extremely popular. It is datable to the period shortly after 867, most probably before 88646. Here, a dogmatic charge appeared but it is limited to the standard Monophysitism. It is especially interesting to us that the Byzantine editor referred to the Armenian and Syrian Monophysites in Thrace as his contemporaneous.
Original Text of Gregory the Monk [with Variant Readings in
Slavonic]
The Vulgate Text of the Chronicle
ei 5e ti ^iKpov Kai oü rcavu ä^iöXoyov [h He aoctohho oyKoproHi] eSpacev, touto ¿gtiv. tou; yäp rcpoc; avaroXa; oiKowra; ßapßäpou; ¿k^kowc; nepi tou; oiKeiou; ^ye^ova; SiacTarnaZovTa; Kai npo; rov e^uXiov rcoXe^ov acxoXou^evou;, XflCTpiKwrepov nra; ^aXXov ^ cTparnyiKrarepov rä; X^crav ernräv toi; Tq; Äp^evia; xrapioi; röv eKeivn ^poupirav ai'pei ¿^oXoyia röv rcpocoiKowrrav oü yäp ¿xöpöv äXXo^uXw ün^vr^Kei rcwrcore,
Töv 5e ye EapaK^vrav Kar' äXX^Xrav ^axo^evrav äKouca; eKCTpareuei npo; rä ^epn Tq; Eupia; Kai 5iä rqv roiaurnv npo^aciv re Kai aSeiav npocXaßo^evo; Xoyra tou; cuyyevei; aorou Äp^eviou; Kai Eupou; aiperiKou; ei; ro Bu^ovriov ^erraKicev, räv oi nXeiou; oiKomae; ev rfl
39 See esp. (Garitte 1952: 278—350).
39 For the historical frame, see (Ter-Gevondyan 1977).
40 After the first condemnation of the Monotheletism at the Sixth Ecumenical Council in Constantinople, 680—681, it was re-established as the official confession of the Empire during the reign of Vardan-Philippikos (711—713) and eventually condemned at the council of Constantinople in 714. For the religious history of the period, see, e.g., (Auzepy 1995).
41 Such as the Severian Paulianist; cf. (Lourie 2017).
42 Cf. especially (Afinogenov 2012).
43 This text is unpublished. I will quote it according to the provisional unpublished edition prepared by Dmitry Afinogenov, to whom I express my deepest gratitude. For the details of the textual history of the Chronicle, see especially (Afinogenov 2004) [French tr.: (Afinogenov 2004)], (Afinogenov 2018), with further bibliography.
44 Published phototypically according to one manuscript dated to 1386. See the quoted fragment at (Letovnik" 1881:
f. 347v).
46 Quoted according to the critical edition (de Boor 1904/1978: 752).
46 See (Afinogenov 2018) and another paper by Afinogenov under preparation.
№ 10. 2018
from the Middle of the Eighth to the Middle of the Ninth Century
alla xouxou<; auxou^ Ap^eviow; Kai Lupous xpioxiavow; raapxovxoK; Sia loyou Kai opKo^ooiac; eni xqv ©paKqv ^exqyayev.
Nevertheless, if he accomplished (, at least,) anything insignificant and not especially remarkable [Slavic: and not quite worthy of disapproval], it is the following. After having heard that the barbarians living in the east are quarrelling about their leaders and are preoccupied with the civil war, he somewhat like a robber rather than a warrior, as if hiding himself, came upon regions of Armenia, overtaking the guards therein with approval of the local population. Thus, he did never confront foreign enemies, but (, instead,), (operating) with word and oaths47, he translated to Thrace these Armenians and Syrians themselves, who were Christians48.
©paKfl ^expi vw ©eorcacxixai Kaxa nexpov eiai xov Seilaiov.
But after having heard that the Saracens were fighting between themselves, he marches out to areas of Syria, and taking advantage of the situation and safety, took his relatives Armenians and Syrians, heretics and resettled them in Byzantium. Many of them are living in Thrace until now, being Theopaschites according to Peter the cursed49.
The anonymous editor of the Vulgate provides us with a realistic picture of how the resettled population looked like in the eyes of a ninth-century Byzantine anti-iconoclast. Macedonia was conquered by Bulgarians in the early 840s, and so, this point of view was rather a remoted one. Nevertheless, the anonymous author, unlike his Byzantine followers, did not claim that the heresies of the migrants in Macedonia and of Constantine were the same (this claim occurred for the first time in the paraphrase of this Vulgate passage in the Chronicle of Symeon the Logothete [ch. 122, 5], composed after 948 and certainly before 101350, and then became often repeated in Byzantine historiographical works).
The authentic George provided, however, much more positive picture, going to an account closer to the events of the 750s.
For the sake of completeness, it is interesting to quote one more witness of Nicephorus, from his post-815 work, pertaining to the faith of the resettled people:
yivaiKe^ yap xive^, Kaxa xqv ApaPrav xwpav xuyxavoucai, oia 5q a^uqxai xq<; rcap'q^iv iepoupyou^evq<; ^ucxayrayloK; xov xporcov, Kai Soy^axrav Beirav a^exoxoi, erc'ovo^axi xq<; ayiac; rcapBevou Beo^qxopo^ KollupiSa npoce^epov ai 5e eK xq<; ©paKraac; yq^, ^exavacxacai ¿KeiBev, GD^^exqyayov xo ^axaiorcovq^a Kai xouxo ev eiSralorcoua; ei'Sei yivo^evov raexorcaZev.
There are some women, in the country of the Arabs, who despite being uninitiated to the mode of our sacred mysterious liturgy and with no knowledge of the divine doctrines, produce, nevertheless, eye lap in the name of the saint virgin Mother of God. Thus, the people of the Thracian land who were resettled from there [sc., the country of the Arabs], join them in this vain practice, and this falls under the notion of idolatry.
...However, continued Nicephorus, we do not practice anything similar, and, therefore, the charges of idolatry to us are unfounded51. This passage is interesting in respect of popular, low level religiosity, which has been, too, somewhat different.
47 Cf. the above account of Nicephorus mentioning oaths as well.
48 I omit the final where it is said that Constantine with his army took to flight from a limited contingent of Muslim troops.
49 Nina Garsoi'an is hesitating which Monophysite patriarch, whether Peter the Fuller or Peter Mongus is meant here (Garsoi'an 1960: 46, fn. 77). In fact, the mention of "Theopaschites" points to Peter the Fuller, Patriarch of Antioch (three times between 469/470 and 488), who introduced the "Theopaschite" formula "Who was crucified for us" into the Trisagion and provoked a new Christological schism.
50 (Wahlgren 2006: 190): the resettled "heretics" ^expi xou vw xqv ai'peciv xou xupavvou SiaKpaxomiv "hold on to the heresy of the tyrant until now". For the disputed question of the date and the authorship of the work as well as for the ramification of its derivates, see (Wahlgren 2006: 3*—8*).
51 Nicephorus, Refutatio et eversio, ch. 194 (Featherstone 1997: 310).
3.4. Germanicia of Caesarea?
In his paraphrase of the relevant passage of the Vulgate of George the Monk, Symeon Logothete added a detail that must be taken into account in the light of the difficult place in Michael the Syrian, which we have discussed earlier (section 3.2). To the list of the localities from where the migrants were gathered (forcibly, according to this author) for resettling in Macedonia, one toponym is added, rsppaviKsia, mentioned along with "Syria": xa p,spn r^ Eupia^ Kai rsppaviKsiav52.
This ancient (already Luwian) city was especially important between 645 and 962, when it was under the Arabs. Then, it was one of the principal cities at the Arab side of the Byzantino-Arabian
53
border, having been many times attacked by the Byzantine army . Therefore, the phrase "Syria and Germanicia" would have been rather natural in the mouth of a Byzantine author of the tenth century. Later, it could be discarded as having appeared by accident.
The passage in Michael the Great mentioning some r^ja^ (m^r ) makes the situation not as simple as that. It could be easier emended to "Mar'as" (Germanicia, Turkish Mara§ or, since 1973, Kahramanmara§) rather than to rejoin "Claudia". This reading is still compatible with Syria, which is a necessary condition, because, at the end of the account, the same people are called "those of Melitene" and considered as potential representatives of all their Syrian coreligionists:
And the emperor was properly ready himself to make a union with the om ^.«¡jiai ^u^Wo
men from the land of Melitene, and, though the instrumentality of vom,I'^bo ^cum ^
these exiles, with all of Syria55. .54^.iom dJ^ ^ «^¿A^ ,-Amj
Here, the enigmatic mwr' turns out to be an equivalent of Melitene as a designation of the homeland for migrants.
It is clear that the author of the source quoted by Michael—most probably, according to Gero's identification of the source of Michael's inner column, Ignatius of Melitene—was interested in Syrians only, thus ignoring Armenians. The ultimate source of Ignatius, for this passage, is unknown: were it Theophilus of Edessa, it would be hardly overlooked by the Byzantine anti-iconoclastic authors.
Given that mwr' is somewhat identical—on the level of metonymy—with Melitene, it must be another important locality of a neighbouring region of Syria. Indeed, Germanicia is a good candidate, given that it was the centre of a no less important Syrian Jacobite diocese than Melitene.
The balance of probabilities leads me to the conclusion that, for Ignatius of Melitene and his source, the people resettled in Macedonia were Syrians from the regions of Melitene and Germanicia of Caesarea; r^ja^ is to be emended to Historically, some migration from the
region of Germanicia under Constantine Copronymus is not to be excluded. However, we still do not have any reliable source on it. Ignatius of Melitene lived in the eleventh century, and even his source would have been relatively late. If this source has been shared with Symeon Logothete, it must be roughly datable to ca 900. The temporal gap with the 750s was sufficient for replacing, out
52 ...eKCTpareuei npo; rä ^epn rq; Eupia; Kai rep^aviKeiav napeXaße Kai 0eo5ocioraoXiv Kai MeXirqvqv... ".marches out to the lands of Syria and to Germanicia, and took as well Theodosioupolis and Melitene." (Wahlgren 200(6: 190).
53 See (Honigmann 1935, passim).
54 (Chabot 1899-1924: vol. 2, 474, inner column).
55 (Gero 1977: 180); cf. French tr. (Chabot 1899-1924: vol. 2, 523).
purely ideological or Church political reasons56, the Armenian region of Theodosioupolis with another Syrian region.
3.5. Translatio urbis
From the eastern chronographers is becomes clear that the population of the Theodosioupolis and Melitene regions was resettled without dissolution within the local people but preserved as compact groups. Nicephorus confirmed this impression saying that they created new cities in
57
"Thrace", which Emperor Constantine successfully defended against Bulgarian attacks . This place is especially important to us and needs to be quoted in more details. As a historical source, the Breviarium of Nicephorus is reliable. Here we have a witness that the immigrants to Macedonia established new towns (in plural):
... Krovcxavxivo; qp^e SopeicBai xa eni ©paK^c; .Constantine started building towns in Thrace in
rcolicpaxa, ev oi; oMZei Lupous Kai Appeviou;, ow; which he settled Syrians and Armenians, whom he had eK xe Melixqvairav nolera; Kai ©eoSociourcoleroc; transferred from Melitene and Theodosioupolis and
pexavacxrc; nenoiqKe, xa ei; xqv xpeiav auxoi; bountifully endowed with all necessities. When the
av^Kovxa ^iloxiproc; Sropncapevo;. xauxa xoivuv oi Bulgarians saw these towns founded, they demanded Boulyapoira; ercoliZovxo Beacapevoi, ^opou; qxouv taxes from the emperor. napa Pacilei Se^acBai.
What follows is the history of the successful war led by Constantine against the Bulgarians for defending these towns. It will be never recalled by Nicephorus in his post-815 polemical works.
Nicephorus mentioned "towns", in plural, which were constructed in "Thrace" for the resettled Armenians and Syrians. Moreover, he added that Emperor Constantine "bountifully endowed" these towns "with all necessities" (xa ei; x^v xpeiav auxot; av^Kovxa 9iloxip.ro; Sropncapevo;). A. L. Yakobson aptly pointed out that Nicephorus said here about "towns" (nolicpaxa) but not "fortresses" (Kacxpa) (Yakobson 1968: 206, fn. 41). It is simply impossible that these towns were without stony churches that would have been no less "bountifully endowed". The earliest postByzantine churches in Macedonia patterned after Oriental prototypes are certainly to be attributed to these Syrians and Armenians and not to Slavs and Bulgarians. The dates of their construction must be later than the 750s but not later than 850s and probably even no later than the late 830s (when northern Macedonia became a part of the pagan Bulgarian kingdom).
Theophanes in the parallel place (de Boor 1883/1963: 429) mentioned Kacxpa—however, without attributing their construction specifically to the needs of the immigrants. These fortresses were certainly build without any ^iloxipia ("bountifulness"). Therefore, these accounts of Nicephorus and Theophanes are only partially overlapping and referring to different types of settlements.
The meaning for the Bulgarian culture of the towns mentioned by Nicephorus was especially undermined due to Vasil Zlatarsky who one-sidedly followed Theophanes and, therefore,
58
considered these Syrian and Armenian immigrants to be Paulicians resettled on border fortresses . Zlastarsky's approach to the data related to these Syrian and Armenian immigrants contributed to the marginalisation of their historical role in the eyes of the modern historians.
56 Throughout the whole ninth century, the official (non-Julianist) Armenian Church has been overshadowed with the Syrian Jacobite one, being de facto not independent from the Syrians even in her connexions with the Byzantine Church under Patriarch Photius. Cf. (Ter-Minassiantz 1904: 91—93) and, especially (on the activity of Nonnus of Nisibis as the main theologian speaking for the Armenians), (Dorfmann-Lazarev 2004: s. index).
57 Nicephorus, Breviarium, 73 (Mango 1990: 144/145) txt/tr.
58 (Zlatarski 1918: 267); repeated even by Stancho Vaklinov who was perhaps the first Bulgarian scholar recognising the importance of these immigrants (Vaklinov 1977: 108).
4. Concluding Remarks: Translatio cultus
The translatio urbis, in our case, is applied to Theodosioupolis and not Melitene. Only the population of Theodosioupolis is reported to be removed in full. Even the Syrian chronographers, not only Lewond, acknowledged the preponderance of Theodosioupolis people within the resettled groups. We have to conclude that a "New Theodosioupolis" must have been appeared in Macedonia shortly after 754.
In such circumstances, we have to expect the local cults of Theodosioupolis and Melitene reappeared and reshaped in Macedonia. There is no room here to discuss this ample topic, but one observation should be provided.
An important local cult in Macedonia is that of the Fifteen Martyrs of Theodosioupolis. This Macedonian Theodosioupolis is localised in the modern city of Strumica. According to their Passion épique BHG 1149, the leader of their group was some Bishop Theodore (without his see being named), and their commemoration date is November 2859. However, in the calendar of Constantinople that is traceable back to the year 900 approximately, on this day is commemorated Theodore, the bishop of Theodosioupolis in the Great Armenia (Delehaye 1902: col. 264). This fact alone is sufficient to demonstrate that the "new" Theodosioupolis in Macedonia was a replica of the "old" Theodosioupolis in the Great Armenia (Karin, Erzurum) and not any of the two Theodosioupoleis in Asia Minor, as it was thought previously. The local cult of Bishop Theodore of Theodosioupolis in the Roman Armenia, the main figure of the Council of Theodosioupolis in 591, when the Armenian Chalcedonian Church was established and its first Catholicos John was elected60, was transmitted to northern Macedonia, where it became the kernel of the new local cult of the Fifteen Martyrs of Theodosioupolis/Strumica.
The cult of the Fifteen Martyrs of Strumica is a complicated phenomenon that must be studied per se. However, the above data are sufficiently representative to say that this new cult appeared as a tree planted in the grounds of the earlier cult of Theodore of Theodosioupolis/Karin translated from the Great Armenia to Macedonia.
References
Afinogenov, D. 2004. Le manuscrit grec Coislin. 305: la version primitive de la Chronique de George le Moine. In
Revue des études byzantines 62, 239—246. Afinogenov, D. 2012. Conflated Accounts in Theophanes' Exposition of the History of Byzantium in the Seventh Century, In: Searby, D., Balicka-Witakowska, E., Heldt, J. (eds.). Ampov poôonomXov. Studies in Honor of Prof. J.O. Rosenqvist. Uppsala: "Denis Michael" Publ., 31—40 (Studia Byzantina Upsaliensia 12). Afinogenov, D. 2018. Structuring a Chronicle: the Case of George the Monk. In: Mariev, S. (ed.). Chronicles as
Literature. Berlin; Boston: "De Gruyter" Publ. (forthcoming) (Byzantinisches Archiv 34). Afinogenov, D.E. 2004. Rukopis Coislinianus 305: pervonachalnaya versiya Hroniki Georgiya Monaha (Coislinianus 305 Manuscript: Original Version of the Chronicles of George the Monk). In Slavyane i ih sosedi (Slavs and Their Neighbors) 11, 19—28 (in Russian). Aleksova, B. 1989. Episkopijata na Bregalnitsa. Prv slovenski tsrkoven i kulturno-prosveten tsentar vo Makedonija (The Bishopric of Bregalnica. First Slavic Ecclesiastical and Cultural-Educational Center in Macedonia). Prilep: [s.n.] (in Macedonian). Auzépy, M.-F. 1995. La carrière d'André de Crète. In BZ 88, 1—12.
Bedrosian, R. (transl.). 2006. Ghewond's History. 2006. In: Long Branch, New Jersey: [s.n.]. Available at:
https://ia802904.us.archive.org/29/items/GhewondsHistory0fArmenia/Ghewond.pdf (accessed 02.12.2018). Bell, G.L. 1913. Churches and Monasteries of the Tûr 'Abdîn and Neighbouring Districts. Heidelberg: "Winter" Publ.
(Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Architektur. Beiheft 9). Beshevliev, V., Tsankova-Petkova, G. 1960. Teofan Izpovednik — prevod ot V. Beshevliev i G. Tsankova-Petkova, uvod i belezhki ot G. Tsankova-Petkova (Theophan Confessor — translation by V. Besheliev and G. Tsankova-
69 BHG 1199, § 25; (KiarnSou 2015: 134); cf. (Hristova-Shomova 2012: 321—327).
60 See, on Theodore of Theodosioupolis, esp. (Garitte 1969/1980).
Petkova, introduction and notes by G. Tsankova-Petkova). In: Duychev, I., Tsankova-Petkova, G., T'pkova-Zaimova, V., Yonchev, L., Tivchev, P. (eds.). Izvori za b'lgarskata istoriya (Sources for Bulgarian History). Vol. VI. Gr'tski izvori za b'lgarskata istoriya (Greek Sources for Bulgarian History). Vol. III. Sofia: "B'lgarska Akademiya na naukite", 226—289 (in Bulgarian). Budge, E.A.W. 1932/1976. The Chronography of Gregory Abû'l-Faraj, 1225—1286, the Son of Aaron, the Hebrew Physician Commonly Known as Bar Hebraeus Being the First Part of His History of the World. Vol. I. English Translation. London: "APA — Philo Press" Publ. [Reprint: Amsterdam, 1976]. Chabot 1916/1953: Chabot, I.B. (ed.). Chronicon ad annum Christi 1234 pertinens. Pt. I. Textus. Paris: E typographeao
reipublicae (CSCO. Vol. 81. Scriptores syri. T. 36) [Reprint: Louvain, 1953]. Chabot 1937: Chabot, I.B. (ed.). Chronicon ad annum Christi 1234 pertinens. Pt. II. Versio. Paris: E typographeao
reipublicae (CSCO. Vol. 109. Scriptores syri. T. 56). Chabot, J.-B. (ed.). 1899—1924. Chronique de Michel le Syrien, patriarche jacobite d'Antioche (1166—1199). Vol.
I—IV. Paris: "E. Leroux" Publ. de Boor, C. (rec.). 1883/1963. Theophanis Chronographia. Vol. I. Textum graecum continens. Lipsiae: "B.G. Teubnef'
Publ. [Reprint: Hildesheim, 1963]. de Boor, C., Wirth, P. (Rec.). 1978. Georgius Monachus Hamartolus. Chronicon. Vol. 1—2. Stutgardiae: "B.G.
Teubnef' Publ. (Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana). de Goeje, M.J. (Rec.). 1866. Liber expugnationis regionum auctore Imämo Ahmed ibn Jahja ibn Djäbir al-Belädsori.
Lugduni Batavorum: "Brill" Publ. Delehaye, H. (ed.). 1902. Synaxarium Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae, e codice Sirmondiano, nunc Berolinensi,
adiectis synaxariis selectis. Bruxellis: Socios Bollandianos (Propylaeum ad Acta Sanctorum. Novembris). Dorfmann-Lazarev, I. 2004. Arméniens et byzantins à l'époque de Photius: deux débats théologiques après la triomphe
de l'Orthodoxie. Leuven: Peeters (CSCO. Vol. 609. Subsidia. T. 117). Garitte, G. 1952. La Narratio de rebus Armeniae. Édition critique et commentaire. Louvain: Peeters (CSCO. Vol. 132, Subsidia. T. 4).
Garitte, G. 1969/1980. Saint Théodore, évêque de Karin-Théodosiopolis (VIe siècle). In: Armeniaca. Mélanges d'études arméniennes. Publiés à l'occasion du 250e anniversaire de l'entrée des pères mekhitaristes dans l'Ile de Saint-Lazare. (1717—1967). Venise: "Ile de Saint Lazare" Publ., 1—8. [Garitte G. 1980. Scripta disiecta. 1941—1977. II. Louvain-la-Neuve: Universtié catholique de Louvain; Institut orientaliste, 618—625 (Publicatins de l'Institut orientaliste de Louvain 22)].
Garsoïan, N.G. 1960. The Paulician Heresy: A Study of the Origin and Development of Paulicianism in Armenia and the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine Empire. The Hague; Paris: Mouton (Publications in Near and Middle East studies. Series A. T. VI).
Gero, S. 1973. Byzantine Iconoclasm during the Reign of Leo III with Particular Attention to the Oriental Sources.
Leuven: Peeters (CSCO. Vol. 346. Subsidia. T. 41). Gero, S. 1977. Byzantine Iconoclasm during the Reign of Constantine V with Particular Attention to the Oriental
Sources. Leuven: "Peeters" Publ. (CSCO. Vol. 384. Subsidia. T. 52). Grabar, A. 1946. Martyrium. Recherches sur le culte de reliques et de l'art chrétien antique. Vol I. Architecture. Paris: "College de France".
Greenwood, T.W. 2012. A Reassessment of the History of Lewond. In Le Muséon 125, 99—167. Hilkens, A. 2014. The Anonymous Syriac Chronicle up to the Year 1234 and its Sources. PhD Thesis. Gent. Hilkens, A. 2018. The Anonymous Syriac Chronicle of 1234 and its Sources. Leuven: "Peeters" Publ. (Bibliothèque de Byzantion 18).
Hitti, Ph.Kh. 1916. The Origins of the Islamic State, Being a Translation from the Arabic Accompanied with Annotations, Geographic and Historic Notes of the Kitâb Futûh al-Buldân of al-Imâm abu-l Abbâs Ahmad ibn-Jâbir al-Balâdhuri. Vol. 1. New York: "Columbia University" (Studies in the History, Economics and Public Law Edited by the Faculty of Political Science of Columbia University. Vol. 68. Nr. 163). Honigmann, E. 1935. Die Ostgrenze des Byzantinischen Reiches von 363 bis 1071 nach griechischen, arabischen, syrischen und armenischen Quellen. Bruxelles: "L'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales" (Vasiliev A.A. Byzance et les arabes. T. III. Die Ostgrenze des Byzantinischen Reiches von 363 bis 1071; Corpus Bruxellense Historiae Byzantinae. T. III).
Hoyland, R.G. 2011. Theophilus of Edessa's Chronicle and the Circulation of Historical Knowledge in Late Antiquity and Early Islam. Translated with an Introduction and Notes. Liverpool: "Liverpool University Press" Publ. (Translated Texts for Historians 57). Hristova-Shomova, I. 2012. Sluzhebniyat apostol v slavyanskata r'kopisna traditsiya (The official Apostle in the Slavonic Handwritten Tradition). Vol. II. Izsledovane na sinaksarite (Studies of Synaxarium). Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo "Sv. Kliment Ohridski" Publ. (Christian Feasts in Slavonic Apostles) (in Bulgarian). Koledarov, P. 1979. Politicheska geografiya na srednevekovnata B'lgarska d'rzhava. P'rva chast. Ot 681 do 1018 g. (Political Geography of the Middle Ages Bulgarian State. First part. From 681 to 1018). Sofia: "B'lgarska Akademiya na naukite" (in Bulgarian).
Lange, Ch. 2012. Mia Energeia. Untersuchungen zur Einigungspolitik des Kaisers Heraclius und des Patriarchen Sergius von Constantinopel. Tübingen: "Mohr Siebeck" Publ. (Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum 66).
Létovnik" sokrascen' ot razlicniix lëtopisec ze i povèdatelii, izbran' i s"stavlen' ot" Georgia grësnaa inoka (The Abridged Chronicle of Various Chronicles and Stories, selected and compiled by Sinful Monk George). 1881. Iss. III. Saint Petersburg: "Obschestvo lyubiteley drevney pismennosti" (Obschestvo lyubiteley drevney pismennosti. No. 69) (in Russian).
Lewond Vardapet. 2015. Discours historique, traduit et commenté par Bernadette Martin-Hisard avec en annexe La correspondance d'Omar et de Léon traduite et commentée par Jean-Pierre Mahé. Text arménien établi par Alexan Hakobian. Paris: "ACHCByz" (Centre de recherche d'histoire et civilisation de Byzance. Monographies 49).
Lourié, B. 2017. Slavonic Pseudepigrapha, Nubia, and the Syrians. In: Nicklas, T., Moss, C.R., Tuckett, Ch., Verheyden, J. (eds.). The Other Side: Apocryphal Perspectives on Ancient Christian "Orthodoxies^. Göttingen: "Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht" Publ., 225—250 (Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus / Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen Testaments 117).
Lourié, B. 2019. The Slavonic Solunskaja Legenda ("The Thessalonican Legend") and Its Syriac Original. In: Horn, C.B., Villagomez, C. (eds). The Syriac Voice in the Dialogue of Cultures: Syriac, Persian, Caucasian, and Slavonic Interlocutors. Warwick: "Abelian Academic" Publ. (Eastern Mediterranean Texts and Contexts) (forthcoming).
Mango, C. (ed.). 1990. Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople: Short History. 1990. Washington: "Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection" (CFHB. Vol. XIII).
Mango, C., Scott, R. 1997. The Chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History. AD 284—813. Translated with Introduction and Commentary. Oxford: "Clarendon Press" Publ.
Mikulchii, I. 1996. Srednovekovni gradovi i tvrdini vo Makedonija (Medieval Towns and Fortresses in Macedonia). Bk. 5. Skopje: "Makedonska tsivilizatsija" Publ. (in Macedonian).
Natsev, T. 2013. Antikata vo Bregalnichkiot basen (Antiquity in the Bregalnica Basin). Stip: "NUZZKN i Muzej" (in Macedonian).
Neville, L. 2018. Guide to Byzantine Historical Writing. Cambridge: "Cambridge University Press" Publ.
Rashev, R. 2008. B'lgarskata ezicheska kultura VII—IX vek (The Bulgarian Pagan Culture of the 7th — 9th Centuries). Sofia: "Abagar AD" Publ. (in Bulgarian).
Ter-Gevondyan, A.N. 1977. Armeniya i Arabskiy halifat (Armenia and Arab Caliphate). Erevan: "AN Armyanskoy SSSR" (in Russian).
Ter-Ghewondyan, A. 1978. The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia. Garsoian N.G. (transl.). Lisbon: "Distributors, Livraria Bertrand" Publ.
Ter-Minassiantz, E. 1904. Die Armenische Kirche in ihren Beziehungen zu den syrischen Kirchen bis zum Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts. Leipzig: "J.C. Hinrichs" Publ. (TU 11.4).
Vaklinov, S. 1977. Formirane na starob'lgarskata kultura VI—XI vek (Formation of the Old Bulgarian Culture 6th — 11th Centuries). Sofia: "Nauka i izkustvo" Publ. (in Bulgarian).
van Esbroeck, M. 1995. Le discours du Catholicos Sahak III en 691 et quelques documents arméniens annexes au Quinisexte. In: Nedungatt, G., Featherstone, M. (eds.). The Council of Trullo Revisited. (KavoviKâ, 6). Roma: "Pontificio Istituto Orientale", 323—454.
Vasiliev, A. (ed., transl.). 1912. Kitab al-'Unvan. Histoire universelle écrite par Agapius (Mahboub) de Menbij éditée et traduite en français. Pt. 2.2. Paris: "Firmin-Didot" Publ. (PO. T. 8. Fasc. 3. Nr. 38).
Wahlgren, S. 2006. Symeonis Magistri et Logothetae Chronicon. Berolini; Novi Eboraci: "De Gruyter" Publ. (CFHB. Vol. 44.1).
Yakobson, L.A. 1968. K izucheniyu rannesrednevekovoy bolgarskoy arhitekturyi (armyanskie paralleli) (To the Study of Early Medieval Bulgarian Architecture (Armenian Parallels)). In Vizantijskij vremennik (Byzantina Xronika) 28, 195—206 (in Russian).
Yakobson, L.A. 1987. Zakonomernosti v razvitii srednevekovoy arhitekturyi IX—XV vv. Vizantiya. Gretsiya. Yuzhnoslavyanskie stranyi. Rus. Zakavkaz 'e (Patterns in the Development of Medieval Architecture of the 9th — 15th Centuries. Byzantium. Greece. South Slavic Countries. Russia. Transcaucasia) . Leningrad: "Nauka" Publ. (in Russian).
Zlatarski, V.N. 1970. Istoriya na P'rvoto b'lgarsko Tsarstvo. I. Epoha na huno-b'lgarskoto nadmoschie (679—852) (History of the First Bulgarian Kingdom. I. The Epoch of the Hun-Bulgarian Supremacy (679—852)). Sofia: "Nauka i izkustvo" Publ. (in Bulgarian).
KianiSou, E.-E., 2015. ©soçûÀaKzoç AxpiSoç, Mapmpio xmv ôsKanévzs fiapmpmv Ttfç TißepwvnöXrjg. KpixiK^ SKÖooy, anôôooy ova véa sÂÀtfviKâ Kai unojuvmuaziojuôç. A9qva: "KavâKq" Publ. (Kei^eva ßu^aviiv^; Xoyoxexviaç 8).
Urtm^ptrnU, U^rpdtltrnU, ULqtptmU 1836—1837: ULtm^ptrnU, 9-., U^rpdtltrnU, ft., ULqtptmU, U.: bnp piunqjipp hwjlwqhwh [hqnLfi: t. 1—2 [continuous pagination]. HtUtm^: Up. H,mqmp^ mqmpmü.
