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CHEMICAL PROBLEMS 2025 no. 1 (23) ISSN 2221-8688
SYNTHESIS, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF PLATINUM (II)
AND PALLADIUM (II) COMPLEXES
12 Kh.I. Hasanov*, JA.N. Azizova, 2N.M. Quliyeva, *Sh.H. Gasimov, JM.Y. Yusifova
'Azerbaijan Medical University, SIC.
2Western Caspian University
*E-mail: x.qasanov58@gmail. com
Received 28.06.2024 Accepted 27.08.2024
Abstract. The aim of the work is the synthesis of mono- and binuclear complexes of platinum (II) and palladium (II) containing terminal and bridging atoms of chlorine and sulfur as ligands and the study of their biological activity in relation to test cultures of Bacillus subtilis B4647, Aspergillus brasiliensis (niger) F679, Pseudomonas aeruginosa B8243, Escherichia coli. The composition and structure of the synthesized platinum (II) and palladium (II) complexes were established by methods of elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, which correspond to our results on the X-ray structural analysis of these complexes. Antimicrobial and antifungicidal properties were assessed by the ability of the synthesized complexes to suppress the vital activity of bacteria and fungi using the agar diffusion method and the in vitro dilution method. The results obtained showed high activity of the binuclear complex ofpalladium (II) (p.-S)[Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+3)2Cl4] and platinum (II) (i-Cl)[Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]3H2O of non-electrolyte type. Binuclear complexes of palladium and platinum, in contrast to mononuclear trans-[Pd(SCH2CH2NH2)2] and cis-[Pt(SCH2CH2NH2)2], exhibit higher antibacterial activity. The effectiveness of the antibacterial action of the non-electrolyte palladium complex against the bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and fungi Aspergillus niger was more pronounced.
The results of our study showed that by changing the structure of the complex, the composition and charge of the inner sphere, the number of coordination centers, the nature and dentacy of the ligands, it is possible to achieve a higher toxic effect of the complexes (i-S [Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+3)2Cl4], ii-CI [Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]3H2O) in relation to bacteria and fungi.
Keywords: platinum complexes, palladium, sulfur, chlorine-bridged ligands, denticity, antimicrobial properties.
DOI: 10.32737/2221-8688-2025-1-68- 77
Introduction
One of the most important problems of our time remains human resistance to various viruses and bacteria, which pose a great danger not only to the health and life of people, but also to various ecosystems. Due to the high resistance of microorganisms, today we cannot be satisfied with the achieved results in the field of obtaining and use of antibacterial substances [1, 2]. In recent years, the impact of drug therapy has been recognized as an extremely important issue not only medically, but also environmentally; improving the quality of medical care and increasing its effectiveness must be combined with the safety of
pharmacotherapy, a real assessment of the influence of drugs as chemical factors affecting the human biocenosis and the ecology of the environment. This especially applies to antibacterial drugs, which can change the sensitivity of microorganisms, contribute to the formation of their resistance, and transform the local "microbial landscape" and the ecological environment [3]. Therefore, constant monitoring of antibacterial drug therapy is necessary, it is necessary to synthesize new antimicrobial agents that can be created in an affordable, fast and environmentally friendly way. The discovery of cisplatin [4] as an antitumor agent
CHEMICAL PROBLEMS 2025 no. 1 (23)
www.chemprob.org
has attracted attention to the targeted design of metal complexes that could potentially be used in chemotherapy. Transition metal chemotherapy plays a key role in the treatment of cancer, and among all the metals studied, platinum and palladium are the most effective [5].
The authors [6-11] synthesized numerous complexes based on platinum (II) and palladium (II) ions and studied their antimicrobial activity. Among them are complexes with nitrogen-containing ligands, recognized as biologically
active compounds exhibiting great DNA-binding and antimicrobial activity [12].
The aim of the work is the synthesis of mono- and binuclear complexes of platinum (II) and palladium (II) containing terminal and bridging atoms of chlorine and sulfur as ligands and the study of their biological activity in relation to test cultures of Bacillus subtilis B4647, Aspergillus brasiliensis (niger) F679, Pseudomonas aeruginosa B8243, Escherichia coli.
Experimental part
Chemical grade salts ^[PtCU], ^[PdCU] and PdCl2 were used as starting platinum and palladium compounds. The ligand cystamine dihydrochloride (SC^C^N^HCl^ from FERAX was used without additional purification.
Synthesis of trans-
[Pd(SCH2CH2NH2)2]-[Pd(L)2]. To 10 ml of a suspension of K2[Pd(OH)4], obtained according to the method we developed, from 0.83 g (0.0025 mmol) ^[PdCU] with stirring, add 0.57 g (0.0025 mmol) cystamine dihydrochloride, dissolved in 5 ml of water and neutralized with KOH solution. In this case, the color of the reaction mixture turns red. When the pH of the solution is adjusted to 13.5 with KOH, the color of the solution becomes brownish-yellow. Then the reaction solution is evaporated in a water bath at 80°C to a volume of 7 ml. After this, the solution is cooled to 6°C and left at this temperature for 48 hours, as a result of which a yellow precipitate precipitates from the solution. The precipitate is filtered off, washed with water, alcohol and ether. The substance is dried first in air, then in vacuum to constant weight over CaCl2. The yield was 0.34 g (52%).
Single crystals of the same composition [Pd(SCH2CH2NH2)2], which were studied by X-ray diffraction, precipitate from the mother liquor upon slow evaporation under special conditions [1].
Synthesis of cis-[Pt(SCH2CH2NH2)2]-[Pt(L)2]. Solutions are prepared from 0.33 g of H2[PtCl4] (0.97 mmol), and 0.22 g (0.97 mmol) of cystamine hydrochloride dissolved in 15 ml of water is added to it. In this case, the color of
the solution changes from dark cherry to orange. The reaction mixture is heated to 50°C, then neutralized with a concentrated solution of KOH to pH=7.5. In this case, the solution becomes cloudy and its color turns yellow. When the pH of the reaction mixture is brought to 12.5, a yellow precipitate precipitates from the solution. The mixture is kept in the refrigerator for an hour, and then the precipitate is filtered off, washed with water, alcohol and ether. The substance is dried first in air, then in vacuum to constant weight. The yield was 0.16 g (47%).
At room temperature, after a week, crystals precipitate from the mother solution, their structure was determined by X-ray diffraction [1].
Synthesis of
S)[Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+s)2Cl4] - [Pd2(HL)2CU]. A 1.17 g (0.65 mmol) sample of PdCh is dissolved in a mixture of 5 ml of H2O and 5 ml of HCl (conc.). After filtering, 1.48 g (0.65 mmol) of cystamine dihydrochloride dissolved in 10 ml of water is added to this solution with stirring. In this case, the color of the reaction mixture becomes bright red. By adding HCl to the reaction solution, the pH of the medium is adjusted to 1.7. When this solution is evaporated in a water bath to a small volume at a temperature of 70-75°C, a red precipitate forms. The separated mother liquor is left under special conditions for crystallization. After five days, red crystals precipitate from the solution, which are filtered and dried to constant weight over P2O5. Yield: 1.49 g (44%).The structure of the complex was studied by X-ray diffraction [1].
Synthesis of
Cl)[Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Ch]-3H2O-[Pt2(L)2Cy-3H2O. A sample of 0.47 g (1.14 mmol) of K2[PtCl4] is dissolved in 15 ml of warm water and filtered to remove partially reduced metal. First, 0.25 g (1.14 mmol) of cystamine dihydrochloride is dissolved in 10 ml of water and neutralized with a concentrated KOH solution, and then added to the K2[PtCl4] solution with vigorous stirring. The temperature of the reaction solution is brought to 50°C, and a cloudy mixture is formed. By adding KOH, the pH of the reaction mixture is adjusted to 10. At this point, a copious lemon-yellow precipitate forms. The reaction mixture is kept at a temperature of 6°C for 24 hours, then filtered and washed with cold water, alcohol and ether. The precipitate is dried in a vacuum over P2O5 to constant weight. The yield was 0.3314g (44%).
IR spectra of the complexes and the ligand were taken on Thetmoscientifis, Nikoletis 10 and Bruker IFS-113V spectrometers in Vaseline
or a suspension of fluorinated oils, as well as in the form of tablets with KBr in the frequency range 200-400 and 400-4000 cm-1, and electronic absorption spectra - on the Shimadzu UV-Vis-240 Evolution-60S device. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) were recorded on a Varian VIEE-15 spectrometer with a Mg anode in vacuum. Elemental analysis of non-metals was performed on a CHNS-O EMA 502 analyzer. The content of platinum and palladium was determined by the X-ray fluorescence method on an EDX-7000P spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU). The thermal behavior of the complexes was studied on a STA 449 F3 Jupiter NETZSCH system at a heating rate of 10 deg/min in the air up to 800o C.
Studies of the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the synthesized complexes were carried out against Bacillus subtilis B4647, Aspergillus brasiliensis (niger) F679, Pseudomonas aeruginosa B8243, Escherichia coli.
Results and discussion
The resulting mono- and binuclear complexes of platinum and palladium are light yellow to red powders, soluble in water, ethanol and dimethylformamide. The methods of coordination of ligands were confirmed by XRD, XPS and IR-spectroscopy, which are widely used for this purpose.
The study of the interaction of palladium (II) and platinum (II) with cystamine dihydrochloride shows that in an acidic
environment (1.7) a binuclear palladium complex (|-s) [Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+3)2Cl4] is obtained, in alkaline environments (pH-10.5 -13.5) formation of mono- and dinuclear complexes of the following composition occurs: ira^-/Pd(SCH2CH2NH2)2], cis-
[Pt(SCH2CH2NH2)2] and
Cl)[Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]-3H2O.The results of elemental analysis are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. The result of the e^
emental analysis for the synthesized complex compounds
Coordination compounds Pd, Pt N Cl C H (S)
Found Calc. Found Calc. Found Calc. Found Calc. Found Calc.
[Pd(L)2] 41.27 41.15 11.79 10.82 24.53 24.79 18.31 18.58 4.44 4.64
[Pt(L)2] 56.09 56.18 8.15 8.06 18.53 18.46 13.61 13.83 3.72 3.45
[Pd2(HL)2Cl4] 42.09 41.83 5.55 5.50 27.95 27.87 (12.47) (12.60)
[Pt2(L)2Cy-3H2O 58.29 58.46 4.37 4.19 10.42 10.63 7.41 7.19 (9.73) 2.80 (9.60) 2.69
The IR spectra of these complexes show metallocycle with bidentate coordination of the that during complex formation a five-membered ligand by sulfur and nitrogen atoms is formed.
This is evidenced by absorption bands at 383 and 468 cm"1, respectively, related to bonds and.
The coordinated amino group M^l is
characterized by absorption bands at 3196 and 3122 cm-1. The observed values and number of absorption bands of the Pd-S and Pd-N bonds indicate their trans arrangement. In the IR spectrum of the [Pt(SCH2CH2NH2)2] complex,
absorption bands are observed at 470 and 449 (VPt-N), as well as at 394 and 346 (VPt-S), which are absent in the spectrum of the ligand. These absorption bands are in good agreement with the literature [13]. The observed two absorption bands for the Pt-N and Pt-S bonds indicate that these atoms in the Pt(SCH2CH2NH2)2] complex are in the cis arrangement [13] (Fig.1).
to
IN
l . 1 3 ^
S
o I ? k »
„ as ('1 1 ' 1 1 •'! 1 1 1 ' 1 ' tn • i i ^ '1 'i » w 1 ' I'l f 1 t 1 tn CP VjLjL^ riitr^irri'i
0 100 200 300 400 SOO OOO
-1
v. cm
Fig. 1. IR absorption spectrum of the cz's-[Pt(SCH2CH2NH2)2] complex in the region 0-500 cm"
XPS data also indicate the presence of nitrogen (EN1S = 400.3 eV) and sulfur (ES2P = 163.0 eV) atoms coordinated with platinum in the Pt(SCH2CH2NH2)2 complex. Conclusions about the structure of the trans-[Pd(SCH2CH2NH2)2] and cis-
[Pt(SCH2CH2NH2)2] complexes made on the basis of IR and XPS studies are also confirmed by X-ray diffraction results [14]. At pH = 1.7 and a temperature of 70-75°C, with a
metal:ligand ratio of 1:1, a complex of composition (^-S) [Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+3)2CU] is obtained. Using the X-ray diffraction method, it was shown that the molecule of the complex is binuclear in which the palladium atoms, each having two terminal chlorine atoms, are united by a pair of bridging thiolate ligands -SCH2CH2NH+3[1]. Schematically, the structure of the (^-S)[Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+3)2Cl4] complex can be represented as follows:
Scheme 1. The structure of the (^-S)[Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+3)2Cl4] complex
The results of an IR spectroscopic study data, according to which the central Pd2S2 of the (p,-S)[Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+3)2Cl4] complex metallocycle in the complex is nonplanar and are in good agreement with X-ray diffraction has local C2v symmetry [14]. The most
characteristic in the spectra of palladium chloride complexes are the frequencies of stretching vibrations, which give intense bands in the region of 300-380 cm-1. For C2V symmetry, the selection rules require the presence in the IR spectra of three bands of stretching vibrations of Pd-Cl bonds (types A1+B1+B2). Indeed, in the IR spectrum of the (^-S)[Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+3)2Cl4] complex three bands are observed with frequencies of 378, 366 and 322 cm-1, which is consistent with the non-
planar structure of the metallocycle in this complex. Stretching vibrations correspond to absorption bands at 287 and 273 cm-1. The protonated amino group in the complex (p-S)[Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+3)2Cl4] is characterized by broad absorption bands in the region of 20003200 cm-1 and absorption bands of bending vibrations SN around 1632 and 1491 cm-1.
NH 3
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. IR absorption spectrum of the (p-S)[Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+3)2Cl4] complex in the region of 4004000 cm-1
XPS data are also consistent with the
presence in the complex (p-S)
®
[Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+3)2Cl4] of a protonated NH -group (Econ. (N1s) = 401.4 eV), the same as in the original cystamine hydrochloride (Econ. (N1s)=401.4 eV), and a sulfur atom coordinated by palladium (Econ.(S2p)=163.4 eV). The results of various physical research methods allow us to conclude that in the complex (p-S)[Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+3)2Cl4], sulfur atoms occupy the bridging position, and chlorine atoms occupy the terminal position [15].
The results of the study with platinum (II) showed that the ligand, a product of the cleavage of cystamine dihydrochloride, can coordinate bidentately to form a binuclear halo-bridge complex with the composition: (p-Cl)[Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]-3H2O. In the IR spectrum of the (p-Cl) [Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2] •3H2O complex, we attributed the two observed absorption bands at 302 and 285 cm-1 to the bridging VPt-Cl connection. And the terminal VPt-Cl bond is characterized by an absorption
and at 329 cm-1. With a comparative study of the IR spectra of the bromine-bridge complex (p-Br) [Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Br2], the assignment made to the characteristic absorption band becomes more reliable [15].
Metal-bromine bridge bonds in the IR spectrum of the (p-Br)[Pt2(SCH2CH2№)2Br2] complex are characterized by absorption bands at VPt-Br =200 and 210 cm-1. The observed absorption bands at 368 and 360 cm-1 in the IR spectrum of the (p-Cl)
[Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]-3H2O and (p-Br)[Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Br2] complexes are assigned to the terminal bond, respectively. In the (p-Cl)[Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]-3H2O
complex, the Pt-N bond has an absorption band at 466 cm-1. The amino group coordinated with the metal is characterized by a bending vibration SM „band at 1570 cm-1. Based on the results
JN-H 1
obtained, we can say that in these binuclear chloro- and bromine-bridge complexes (p-Cl) [Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]-3H2O and (p-Br)[Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Br2] mercamine is coordinated bidentately at the sulfur atom and
nitrogen amino group to form two terminal five-membered metallocycles [16].
Thermogravimetric study of the (p-Cl)[Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]^3H2O complex showed that three water molecules in the
composition of this complex correspond to endo-peaks at 130, 160 and 210°C. The complex decomposes at 295°C without melting. The final product of thermolysis is platinum metal:
[Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]• 3H2O 130°C >[Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]• 2H2O 1 60 ° C > [Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]• H2O 2 10° C >[Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2] 295"900° C > Pt
X-ray phase analysis showed that for the ligand and the binuclear complex, the crystalline phases of the initial reagents do not appear. This indicates the formation of new products. Figure 3 shows the diffraction patterns of a
nonelectrolyte-type platinum dimer complex (pCl) [Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]-3H2O and the ligand taken as the starting reagent in the synthesis.
Fig. 3. Diffraction patterns of the ligand (SCH2CH2NH2)2 (a) and the dimeric complex (p,-Cl)
[Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]^3H2O (b).
Antibacterial properties were assessed by the ability of the synthesized complexes to suppress the activity of bacteria using the method diffusion in agar and dilution in vitro. Testing was carried out in test tubes by doubling the liquid nutrient medium in a row of 8-12 test tubes containing the test complex at an initial complex concentration of 1*10-3 mol/dm3 (1000 pM). Suspensions of daily agar cultures were densitometrically adjusted (densitometer Densimat Bio Merieux) to a density of 0.5 according to the McFarland standard containing 1.5 x 108 CFU/ml. A series of serial dilutions of 1:10 was prepared from the resulting microbial suspension to a concentration of 106 CFU/ml. To obtain the required final inoculum (5*105 CFU/ml), 50 pl of the test bacterial suspension containing 106 CFU/ml was added to each tube. The control tube contained 1 ml of broth without the drug and 50 pl of culture for each test strain. The growth of microorganisms after
incubation at 37 °C after 24 hours was monitored visually, determining the presence or absence of growth in a medium containing various concentrations of the test compound, and measuring light scattering with using a UV 1800 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu) at X = 980 nm. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined as the concentration of the highest dilution of the complex that inhibits the growth of the test culture.
All transparent tubes were inoculated onto a solid nutrient medium (Muller-Hinton agar) to determine cell viability. After incubation of the crops in a thermostat, the lowest concentration of the drug was noted in the test tube, the seed from which did not produce growth. This concentration was taken as the minimum bactericidal concentration.
Antibacterial screening of the complexes was carried out by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition of bacterial and fungal
growth after 24 hours. For bioassays, a suspension of approximately 1.5 x 108 cells per cubic cm was prepared in sterile normal saline. Bacterial isolates were pre-grown in nutrient broth for 24 hours, followed by inoculation on an agar medium, on the surface of which disks treated with an aqueous solution of the complexes (c = 1000 pmol/dm3) were placed. The dishes were then incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, after which zones of inhibition were observed. Experiments were repeated at least three to five times for each organism, and data are presented as mean ± confidence interval [17].
Based on the results of antibacterial screening of the complexes (Fig. 4), it was noted that the complexes exhibit varying degrees of inhibitory effects on the growth of the tested species of bacteria and fungi: their antimicrobial activity in relation to the tested
test cultures depends on the composition and structure of the internal sphere of the coordination center, the nature of the central atom, number of coordination centers, their charge. Compared to binuclear complexes, mononuclear complexes of platinum (II) and palladium (II) exhibit low antibacterial activity. The platinum and palladium complexes are characterized by a sharp difference. Thus, a neutral binuclear platinum complex containing only bridging chlorine atoms exhibits a greater effect of inhibiting the growth of microorganisms Bacillus subtilis B4647, Pseudomonas aeruginosa B8243, Escherichia coli and fungi Aspergillus brasiliensis F679 compared to the mononuclear complex of non-electrolyte platinum (see Fig. 4, item 5), containing both terminal sulfur atoms and amino groups of the ligand.
Fig. 4. Diameter, mm, of zones of inhibition of the growth of bacteria and fungi under the influence of complexes: trans -[Pd(SCH2CH2NH2)2], cis -[Pt(SCH2CH2NH2)2], (p-Cl)[Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]-3H2O and (p-S) ^(SC^C^NH^CU]
In relation to gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli, the greatest antimicrobial activity was shown by the palladium dimer complex (Fig. 4, position 2) and the non-electrolyte-type platinum dimer complex (Fig. 4, position 3).
The results of the study of antibacterial activity reliably showed that the activity of the binuclear gray-bridge complex-palladium is more pronounced against the bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and the fungi Aspergillus niger (Fig. 4, position 2). The exception was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in
relation to which the activity of the mononuclear palladium nonelectrolyte complex is comparable to the activity of the binuclear palladium complex (Fig. 4, position 6). Thus, the greater lability of the complex favors the manifestation of antibacterial properties.
The data obtained confirm the results of a number of works on the study of palladium complexes [18]. The authors of these and other works have experimentally proven: the easier it is for a complex to decompose into its component parts in an aqueous solution, the more capable it is of damaging DNA. Data from
studies of binuclear complexes with chlorine and sulfur bridging ligands confirmed the higher activity of multinuclear complexes compared to mononuclear analogues; the presence of more than one metal center in multinuclear complexes allows them to bind DNA more efficiently.
The values of the minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of the studied complexes, at which suppression of the visible growth of the tested microorganisms and fungi and the bactericidal effect of the complexes is observed, vary in the range of 62.5-125 |mol/dm3 (Table 2).
However, it must be taken into account that despite the wide range of antimicrobial
activity of solutions of the complexes, the minimum effective concentration for bacteria and fungi is different. This is explained by the difference in the structure of cell walls, differences in ongoing metabolic processes, and the spatial organization of colonies. In turn, gram-negative bacteria are highly resistant to unfavorable conditions due to the presence of an additional outer membrane.
The values of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the palladium complex S)[Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+3)2Cl4] are shown in the Table 2.
Table 2. The values of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal _concentration of the palladium complex (|-S)[Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+3)2Cl4]_
Microorganisms and fungi Minimum inhibitory concentration/minimum bactericidal 3 concentration, ^mol/dm
500-250 125 62,5 31,2 15,6 7,8 3,9
Basilius subtilis B4647 - / - - / + + / + / + / + / +
Aspergillus brasiliensis - / - - + + + + + /
(niger) F679 - / - - / + / + / + / + / +
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - / -- - + + + + / + + /
B8243 + / + / + / + + / + / +
Escherichina coli + + + + / + + + /
+ / + + / + + / +
+ +
«-» - suppression of the growth of microorganisms and fungi; «+» - growth of microorganisms and fungi.
Conclusion
Mono- and binuclear complexes of palladium and platinum containing bridging and terminal sulfur, chlorine and nitrogen ligands have been synthesized. Screening of the antibacterial and antifungicidal properties of the studied complexes showed high activity of the binuclear complex of palladium (II) of the sulfur bridge type and the binuclear complex of platinum (II) of the chloro bridge type. The high lability of the complexes contributes to a strong chemical interaction of the complexes with the
DNA of bacterial cells. An increase in the number of coordination centers leads to an increase in antimicrobial activity. By changing the structure of the complex, the composition and charge of the internal sphere, the number of coordination centers, the nature and denticity of the ligands, it is possible to achieve a higher toxic effect of the complexes-(«-S)[Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+3)2Cl4] and (¡a-Cl)[Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]SH2O against bacteria and fungi.
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