Synthesis and halocyclization of Allyl derivatives of 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-thione Текст научной статьи по специальности «Химические науки»

Organic Chemistry

SYNTHESIS AND HALOCYCLIZATION OF ALLYL DERIVATIVES OF 4,5-DIHYDRO-1,3-THIAZOL-2-THIONE

N.M. Tarasova, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, nuts08@mail.ru

D.G. Kim, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, kim_dg48@mail.ru

2-Propenyl-(2-methyl-1-propenyl-, 2-butenylthio- and (3-methylbutenyl-)thio4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazoles are synthesized by alkylation of 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol2-thione. These products were researched in halocyclization reactions with iodine and bromine. 3 -(halomethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrothiazolo [2,3-b]thiazolium and 6-halo-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-thiazolo[2,3-b]thiazinium halides were formed. The structure of all the synthesized compounds was confirmed by NMR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Keywords: 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-thione, 2-propenylthio-4,5-dihydrothiazol, 2-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)thio-4,5-dihydrothiazol, 2-butenylthio-4,5-dihydrothiazol, 2-(3-methyl-butenyl)thio-4,5-dihydrothiazol, 3-(halomethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-b]thiazolium and 6-halo-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-thiazolo[2,3-b]thiazinium halides, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 1H NMR.

Introduction

Derivatives of 1,3-thiazoline have antimicrobial and antihelmintial activity, besides they are the effective immunomodulatory agents [1-3]. 2-Propenylthio-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole was synthesized previously from alkyl derivatives of 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-thione (1, 1,3-thiazoline-2-thione) [4]. The aim of the present study is the synthesis of new S-alkenyl derivatives of 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-thione and the investigation of their halocyclization reactions.

Discussion of results

We have found that 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-thione reacts with 3-bromopropene (2a), 3-chloro-2-methylpropene (2b), 4-bromobutene (2c), 1-bromo-3-methyl-2-butene (2d) to give 2-propenylthio-4,5-dihydrothiazole (2-allylthio-1,3-thiazoline) (3a), 2-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)thio-4,5-dihydrothiazole (3b), 2-butenylthio-4,5-dihydrothiazole (3c), 2-(3-methylbutenyl)thio-4,5-dihydrothiazole (3d) respectively (scheme 1). Compounds 3a-d have been synthesized after treatment in ethanol with sodium ethylate as a base. Note that in similar conditions the mixture of 2-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)thio-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole with 2-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)thio-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole at the ratio 1:2 have been obtained from 5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thione and methallylchloride 2b [5]. In this case the yield of compound 3b is 62%.

H

[ )=S + RHal -[ %— SR

1 2a-d 3a-d

2a BrCH2CH=CH2; 2b ClCH2C(CH3)=CH2; 2c BrCH2CH2CH=CH2; 2d BrCH2CH=C(CH3)2

Scheme 1. The alkylation of 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-thione

There is the molecular ion peak in the mass spectra (table 1, scheme 2, 3, 4) of compounds 3a-d. The fragmentation processes with the elimination of methyl radical and the formation of the stable thia-zolo-thiazolium system for compounds 3a, b (scheme 2), as well as the formation of the thiazolo-thiazinium system for compounds 3c, d (scheme 3, 4), are characteristic for all compounds. The peak

[M-CH3]+ is maximum for compounds 3a, b. The hydrogen radical is eliminated from the molecular ion of compounds 3a-c with the formation 3,5-dihydro-2#-thiazolo[2,3-6][1,3]thiazinium cation (A1) for 3a, b and 5-methylene-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-thiazolo[2,3-b][1,3]thiazinium cation (A2) for 3c. The fragmentation of the molecular ion with the elimination of •SCH radical and the formation of the stable carbocations 4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hepta-1(5),6-dienium (A5) for compounds 3a, b and 7-methylene-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-1(5)-enium (B8) for sulfide 3c is characteristic for compounds 3a-c.

Table 1

Mass-spectometry data of the investigated compounds

Compound Characteristic ions: m/z (I %)

3а (CftNSs) 159 [M]+' (10), 158 [M-H]+ (7), 146 (9), 144 [M-CH3]+ (100), 131 [M-C2H4]+' (6), 126 [M-SH]+ (5), 112 [M-SCH3]+ (8), 98 (9), 87 (6), 73 (15), 72 [M-C3SNH3]+' (47), 61 (11), 60 [M-C4SNH5]+' (57), 59 (37), 55 (6), 45 (29), 41 (39)

3b (CH11NS2) 173 [M]+' (< 1), 172 [M-H]+ (< 5), 160 (10), 159 (9), 158 [M-CH3]+ (100), 126 [M-SCH3]+ (7), 112 (11), 87 (7), 86 (6), 72 [M-C3SNH3CH3]+' (12), 61 (6), 60 (19), 59 (20), 55 (33), 39 (12)

3c (CH11NS2) 173[M]+' (9), 172 [M-H]+ (19), 158 [M-CH3]+ (8), 147 [M-C2H2]+' (5), 145 [M-C2H4]+' (52), 144 [M-C2H5]+ (52),140 [M-SH]+ (43), 132 [M-C3H5]+ (5), 126 [M-SCH3]+ (9), 119 [M-C4H6]+' (86), 87 (6), 86 (7), 85 (8), 72 [M-C4H6NSH2]+' (25), 62 (6), 61 (44), 60 [M-C5H7NS]+' (100), 59 (40), 58 (10) ,56 (20), 55 (55), 54 (9), 53 (14), 47 (6), 46 (11), 45 (29)

3d (CH13NS2) 187 [M]+' (21), 172 [M-CH3]+ (7), 158 (8), 154 [M-SH]+ (32),144 [M-C3H7]+ (5), 140 (< 5%), 119 [M-C6H8]+' (21), 120 [M-C5H7]+ (6), 101 (10),100 (5), 69 [M-NSC3H9S]+ (100), 68 (6), 67 (11), 61 (11), 60 [M-NSC6H9]+', 59 (13), 45 (8), 41 (65), 39 (12)

Peaks with intensity less than 5 % are not taken into account.

There are peaks corresponding to the elimination of a neutral ethylene molecule in the mass spectra of compounds 3a-c. Besides, there is the peak corresponding to the elimination of the acetylene and butadiene molecules in the spectrum of compound 3c.

R

С

Ri \

И

S A!

3a: m/z=\5S 3b: m/z=\12

3a: m/z= 144 Al 3b: 158

i к

-•СНЧ

3a: m/z=\ 12 3b: m/z= 126

m/z=72

R=CH3; 3а Ri= H; 3b Ri= CH3

Scheme 2. Possible fragmentation processes of 2-propenylthio-4,5-dihydrothiazole (3a) and 2-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)thio-4,5-dihydrothiazole (3b)

The peak of thiiranium radical cation (B11) which is formed by the elimination of the neutral 4-methylene-5,6-dihydro-4#-1,3-thiazine molecule is maximum for compound 3c. Besides, this ion peak is present in spectra of compounds 3a, b, d, but its intensity is much lower. For compound 3a intensity corresponds to 54% and it is no more than 20 % for compounds 3b, d. The ion peak is m/z 69 corresponding to the cation C6 which is formed in the result of the heterolytic disconnection of rhe C-S

m/z=\\9

Scheme 3. Possible fragmentation processes of 2-butenylthio-4,5-dihydrothiazole (3c)

m/z=6 9 C6

Scheme 4. Possible fragmentation processes of 2-(3-methylbutenyl)thio-4,5-dihydrothiazole (3d)

In :H NMR spectra of compounds 3a-d (Table 2) the proton signals of SCH2 and NCH2 groups of the thiazine cycle are observed in the range of 3.39-3.40 and 4.22-4.23 ppm, respectively. The proton signals of SCH2 group of alkenyl radical are observed in the range of 3.79-3.80 ppm for all synthesized compounds except sulfide 3c. SCH2 group triplet belonging to the S-alkenyl radical of compound 3c is observed in a weaker field at 3.19 ppm. This is probably due to the fact that SCH2 group of compound 3c is removed at greater distance from the double bond compared to other sulfides 3a, b, d.

Table 2

Spectral data of the synthesized compounds

Compound 1H NMR spectrum, d, ppm (J, Hz)

3а 3.41 (2H, t, J=8.0, SCH2lI); 3.79 (2H, dd, J=0.86, J=6.89, SCH2); 4.23 (2H, t, J=7.99, NCH2); 5.16 (1Н, d, J=10.06, =CH2); 5.32 (1H, dd, J=1.31, J=16.96, =CH2); 5.93 (1H, m, CH=)

3b 1.83 (3H, s, CH3); 3.39 (2H, t, J=7.98, SCH2lI); 3.80 (2H, s, SCH2); 4.22 (2H, t, J=7.98, NCH2); 4.90 (1H, m, =CH2); 5.01 (1H, s, =CH2)

3с 2.46 (2H, m, -CH2-); 3.19 (2H, t, J=7.32, SCH2); 3.40 (2H, t, J=7.98, SCH2lI); 4.22 (2H, t, J=7.98, NCH2); 5.09 (2H, m, =CH2); 5.82 (1H, m, =CH-)

3d 1.70 (3H, s, CH3); 1.74 (3H, s, CH3); 3.41 (2H, t, J=7.99, SCH2lJ; 3.80 (2H, d, J=7.88, SCH2lI); 4.23 (2H, t, J=7.99, NCH2); 5.31 (1H, m, CH=)

4a 3.69 (1H, dd, J=2.76, J=11.27, CH2I); 3.75 (2H, m, SCH2); 4.11 (2H, m, SCH2); 4.15-4.20 (2H, m, +NCH2); 4.31 (1Н, dd, J=9.84, J=12.09 CH2I); 4.70 (1Н, m, +NCH)

4b 3.71 (1Н, m, SCH2); 3.86 (1Н, dd, J=2.32, J=12.74, SCH2); 4.20 (1Н, m, +NCH2); 4.36-4.45 (3Н, m, +NCH2); 4.82 (1Н, m, CHI)

4c 3.87 (1H, dd, J=6.51, J=12.14, +NCH2); 3.97 (1H, dd, J=2.71, J=11.62, CH2Br); 4.13 (1H, m, +NCH2); 4.22-4.08 (4H, m, SCH2); 4.32 (1H, dd, J=10.03, J=12.12, CH2Br); 4.97 (1H, m, +NCH)

4d 3.68 (1H, m, SCH2); 3.74 (2H, t, J=8.56, SCH2); 3.93 (1H, m, SCH2); 4.45-4.31 (4H, m, +NCH2); 5.16 (1H, m, CHBr)

4e 1.70 (3H, s, CH3); 3.81 (2H, k, J=11.25, SCH2 ); 4.02 (2H, m, SCH2); 4.12 (4H, m, +NCH2, CH2I)

4f 1.66 (3H, s, CH3); 4.03 (2H, dd, J=4.16, J=11.91, SCH2); 4.11 (2H, m, SCH2); 4.12 (2H, m, +NCH2); 4.17 (2H, m, CH2Br)

4g 2.25 (1H, m, -CH2-); 2.59 (1H, m, CH2); 3.41 (2H, m, SCH2); 3.53 (1H, dd, J=9.11, J=10.79, +NCH2); 3.66 (1H, td, J1=J2=9.13, J=11.12, +NCH2); 3.74 (2H, m, SCH2); 4.27 (1H, kd, J1=J2=3.93, J=3.96, J=8.04, CH2I); 4.37 (1H, td, J1=J2=9.11, J=12.25, CH2I); 4.71 (1H, m, +NCH)

4h 2.25 (1H, m, CH2); 2.58 (1H, m, CH2); 3.44 (2H, m, SCH2); 3.71 (2H, m, SCH2); 3.90 (1H, dd, J=7.65, J=11.11, +NCH2); 3.99 (1H, dd, J=3.82, J=11.09, +NCH2); 4.32 (2H, m, CH2Br); 4.70 (1H, m, +NCH)

4i 1.60 (3H, s, CH3); 1.65 (3H, s, CH3); 3.68 (2H, m, SCH2); 3.73 (1H, dd, J=5.44, J=14.56, SCH2); 4.12 (1H, dd, J=3.49, J=14.38, SCH2); 4.45 (1H, td, J=8.79, J=12.22, +NCH2); 4.68 (1H, ddd, J=7.30, J=8.67, J=12.24, +NCH2); 5.14 (1H, dd, J=3.70, J=4.99, CHI)

4j 1.57 (3H, s, CH3); 1.67 (3H, s, CH3); 3.49 (1H, dt, J=4.48, J=10.80, J=10.85, SCH2); 3.72 (2H, dd, J=6.34, J=16.03, SCH2); 4.14 (1H, dd, J=3.19, J=14.57, SCH2); 4.46 (1H, td, J=8.84, J=12.22, +NCH2); 4.71 (1H, td, J=7.94, J=12.27, +NCH2); 5.25 (1H, dd, J=3.36, J=4.54, CHI)

4k 1.87 (3H, s, CH3); 1.94 (3H, s, CH3); 3.70 (2H, dd, J=1.38, J=10.36, SCH2); 4.17 (2H, m, SCH2); 4.27 (1H, dd, J=2.33, J=14.38, +NCH2); 4.64 (1H, dd, J=2.27, J=10.81, +NCH2); 5.50 (1H, m, +NCH)

It was studied the halocyclization of synthesized sulfides (scheme 5). The interaction of compound 3a with halogens proceeds with the formation of the mixture of 3-(halomethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-6]thiazolium polyhalide (4a, c) and 6-halo-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2#-thiazolo[2,3-6]thiazinium polyhalide (4b, d), in the same way as 2-(propenylthio)-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole [6]. Monoiodide derivatives have been isolated by adding sodium iodide in acetone to the reaction mixture, monobromide derivatives have been isolated by the reaction of excess of bromine with acetone. It should be noted that bromocyclization reaction of compound 3a leads to lesser yield of the product with thiazine cycle (the ratio of 4c:4d is 5:1), whereas the ratio of the products containing five- and six-membered cycles is 2:1 for the bromocyclization reaction of 2-(allylthio)-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole.

4a: X=I, R=R1=H; 4b: X=I, R2=R3=H; 4c: X=Br, R=R1=H; 4d: X=I, R2=R3=H; 4e: X=I; 4f: X=Br; 4g: X=I; 4h: X=Br; 4i: X=I, R2=R3=CH3; 4j: X=Br, R=R1=CH3; 4k: X=Br, R2=R3=CH3

Scheme 5. Halocyclization of S-derivatives of 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-thione

The halocyclization reaction of compound 3b proceeds with the formation of the single thiazolo-thiazolium system, which has been isolated as 3-(halomethyl)-3-methyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-b]thiazolium halides 4e,f.

The halocyclization reaction of compound 3c proceeds with the formation of 3-(halomethyl)-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-thiazolo[2,3-b][1,3]thiazinium halides 4g,h.

The iodocyclization reaction of compound 3d proceeds with the annelation of the six-membered thiazine cycle and the formation of 6-iodo-5,5-dimethyl-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-thiazolo[2,3-b]thiazinium iodide in the same way as compound 3c. In its turn the interaction of compound 3c with bromine leads to the formation of the mixture of 3-(2-bromopropene)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-b]thiazolium bromide 4k and 6-bromo-5,5-dimethyl-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-thiazolo[2,3-b]thiazinium bromide 4j at the ratio of 1:5.

Experiment

The 1H NMR spectra of the synthesized compounds have been recorded on the Bruker DRX-400 (400 MHz) spectrometer in DMSO-d6, the internal standard is TMS. Mass-spectra (EI, 70 eV) have been recorded on the SHIMADZU GCMS QP-2010 Ultra gas chromatograph mass spectrometer.

2-Propenylthio-4,5-dihydrothiazole (2-allylthio-1,3-thiazoline) (3a), 2-(2-methyl-1-propenyl) thio-4,5-dihydrothiazole (3b), 2-butenylthio-4,5-dihydrothiazole (3c), 2-(3-methylbutenyl)thio-4,5-dihydrothiazole (3d).

1,3-Thiazoline-2-thione (1.19 g, 10 mmol) and 10 mmol haloalkene (3-bromopropene (2a), 3-chloro-2-methylpropene (2b), 4-bromobutene (2c), 1-bromo-3-methyl-butene-2 (2d)) were added to the sodium solution (0.23 g) in 15 ml ethanol. The mixture was boiled during 3 hours, filtered off, evaporated of ethanol, extracted with diethyl ether. The substance was isolated as viscous yellow liquid. The product yields: 3а: (64 %); 3b (62 %); 3c (72 %); 3d (62 %).

3-(Iodomethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-6]thiazolium iodide (4a), 6-iodo-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2#-thiazolo[2,3-6]thiazinium iodide (4b), 3-(iodomethyl)-3-methyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-6]thiazolium iodide (4e), 3-(iodomethyl)-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2#-thiazolo[2,3-6][1,3]thiazinium iodide (4g), 6-iodo-5,5-dimethyl-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2#-thiazolo[2,3-6][1,3]thiazinium iodide (4i).

The compound 3a-d solution (1 mmol) in 3 ml alcohol was added to the iodine solution (0.5 g) in 5 ml alcohol, the solution was decanted after 72 hours, the remaining black substance was dissolved in acetone, then the double excess of NaI in acetone has added, the obtained precipitate was filtered off.

The substance was isolated as yellow crystalline powder. The product yields: 4а, b: 0.21 g; 4e: (51 %), m.p. 180-184 °C (decomposition); 4g: (56 %), m.p. 158-160 °C (decomposition); 4i: (46 %), m.p. 152 -154 °C (decomposition).

3-(Bromomethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-b]thiazolium bromide (4c), 6-bromo-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2#-thiazolo[2,3-b]thiazinium bromide (4d), 3-(bromomethyl)-3-methyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-b]thiazolium bromide (4f), 3-(bromomethyl)-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2#-thiazolo[2,3-b][1,3]thiazinium bromide (4h), 6-halo-5,5-dimethyl-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2#-thiazolo[2,3-b][1,3]thiazinium bromide (4j), 3-(2-bromopropenyl)-2,3,5,6-

tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-b]thiazolium bromide (4k).

The bromine solution (0.08 ml, 1.5 mmol) in 3 ml chloroform or CH2Cl2 was added to the compound 3a-d solution (1 mmol) in 5 ml chloroform or CH2Cl2 while stirring and cooling. The mixture left in hermetically closed flask in a refrigerator for 120 hours. The solution was decanted, the remaining orange viscous liquid was dissolved in acetone. The obtained white crystalline powder was filtered off. The product yields: 4^ d: 0.095 g; 4f: (57 %), m.p.. 214-216 °C (decomposition); 4h: (34 %), m.p. 150 -154 °C (decomposition); 4j, k: 0.18 g.

Conclusion

2-Propenylthio-4,5 -dihydrothiazole (2-allylthio-1,3-thiazoline), 2-(2-methyl-1 -propenyl)thio-4,5 -dihydrothiazole, 2-butenylthio-4,5-dihydrothiazole, 2-(3-methylbutenyl)thio-4,5-dihydrothiazole have been obtained by the interaction of 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-2-thione with various haloalkene. 3-(Halomethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-b]thiazolium, 6-halo-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-thiazolo-

[2,3-b]thiazinium, 3-(halomethyl)-3-methyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-b]thiazolium, 3-halomethyl-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-thiazolo[2,3-b][1,3]thiazinium, 6-halo-5,5-dimethyl-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-

thiazolo[2,3-b][1,3]thiazinium halides and 3-(2-bromopropenyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-b]thiazolium bromide have been synthesized by the halocyclization reaction of the obtained sulfides. The structures of the synthesized compounds are proved by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the nucleic magnetic resonance method :H NMR.

References

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Received 4 February 2015

УДК 547.789.13

СИНТЕЗ И ГАЛОГЕНЦИКЛИЗАЦИЯ АЛЛИЛЬНЫХ ПРОИЗВОДНЫХ 4,5-ДИГИДРО-1,3-ТИАЗОЛ-2-ТИОНА

Н.М. Тарасова, Д.Г. Ким

Южно-Уральский государственный университет, г. Челябинск

Алкилированием 4,5-дигидро-1,3-тиазол-2-тиона осуществлен синтез 2-пропенил-(2-метил-1-пропенил-, 2-бутенилтио-, и 3-метилбутенил-)тио-4,5-дигидро-1,3-тиазолов, которые исследованы в реакциях галогенциклизации с иодом и бромом. Синтезированы галогениды 3-(галогенметил)-2,3,5,6-тетрагидротиазоло[2,3-Ь]тиазолия и 6-галоген-3,5,6,7-тетрагидро-2Н-тиазоло[2,3-Ь]тиазиния. Методами ЯМР :Н и хромато-масс-спектрометрии исследовано строение полученных соединений.

Ключевые слова: 4,5-дигидро-1,3-тиазол-2-тион, 2-пропенилтио-4,5-дигидротиазол, 2-(2-метил-1-пропенил)тио-4,5-дигидротиазол, 2-бутенилтио-4,5-дигидротиазол, 2-(3-метилбутенил)тио-4,5-дигидротиазол, галогениды 3-(галогенметил)-2,3,5,6-тетра-гидротиазоло[2,3-b]тиазолия и 6-галоген-3,5,6,7-тетрагидро-2Н-тиазоло[2,3-b]тиазиния, хромато-масс-спектрометрия, ЯМР 1Н.

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Тарасова Наталья Михайловна - аспирант кафедры органической химии, химический факультет, Южно-Уральский государственный университет. 454080, г. Челябинск, пр. им. В.И. Ленина, 76. E-mail: nuts08@mail.ru

Ким Дмитрий Гымнанович - доктор химических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой органической химии, химический факультет, Южно-Уральский государственный университет. 454080, г. Челябинск, пр. им. В.И. Ленина, 76. E-mail: kim_dg48@mail.ru

Литература

Поступила в редакцию 4 февраля 2015 г.

БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ ОПИСАНИЕ СТАТЬИ

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE

Tarasova, N.M. Synthesis and Halocyclization of Allyl Derivatives of 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-thione / N.M. Tarasova, D.G. Kim // Вестник ЮУрГУ. Серия «Химия». - 2015. - Т. 7, № 2. - С. 4-10.

Tarasova N.M., Kim D.G. Synthesis and Halocyclization of Allyl Derivatives of 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-thione. Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Ser. Chemistry. 2015, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 4-10.