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127SYNTAX AS A PART OF GRAMMAR Karimova G.R.
Karimova Gulshan Ravshanovna - Senior Teacher, DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE, REFRESHER TRAINING INSTITUTE, KARSHI CITY, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article is dealt with the problems of combining words into phrases, sentences and supra-sentential constructions or texts which are analyzed in the linguistic field of Syntax. So, as a part of grammar syntax discloses and formulates the rules of the combinability of linguistic units and the main units of syntax are phrases and sentences. The definition of each of these elements of language is determined in the article. Keywords: construction, linguistic unit, grammatical categories, syntax, notional words, analytical form, function.
Syntax as part of grammar analyses the rules of combining words into phrases, sentences and supra-sentential constructions or texts.
The rules of combinability of linguistic units are connected with the most general and abstract parts of content of the elements of language. These parts of content together with the formal means of their expression are treated as "grammatical categories". In syntax, they are, for instance, the categories of communicative purpose or emphasis, which are actualized by means of word-order. Thus, word-order (direct or indirect), viewed as a grammatical form, expresses the difference between the central idea of the sentence and the marginal idea, between emotive and unemotive modes of speech.
Thus, grammatical elements of language present a unity of content and expression (i.e. a unity of form and meaning). Accordingly, the purpose of Modern Grammar, and Syntax in particular, is to disclose and formulate the rules of the correspondence between the plane of content and the plane of expression in the process of utterance-formation.1
The main units of syntax are phrases and sentences.
The phrase is a combination of two or more notional words which is a grammatical unit but is not an analytical form of some word. The main difference between the phrase and the sentence is in their linguistic function. The phrase is a nominative unit, the sentence is a predicative one.
Nomination is naming things and their relations. A nominative unit simply names something known to everybody or a majority of native language speakers, recalling it from their memory. A phrase represents an object of nomination as a complicated phenomenon, be it a thing, an action, a quality or a whole situation.
The sentence is the immediate unit of speech built up of words according to a definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a communicative purpose. The sentence, naming a certain situation, expresses predication, i.e. shows the relation of the denoted event to reality through the grammatical categories of tense, person and mood. The category of tense is used to convey something new and define its place in reality as preceding, or following the act of communication. The category of person shows, whether the situation involves the communicators or not. Through the category of mood the event is shown as real or unreal, desirable or obligatory.
Thus, the sentence presents a unity in its nominative and predicative aspects, denoting a certain event in its reference to reality. The distinguishing features of the sentence are predication, modality and communicative meaningfulness.
It is stated that the centre of predication in a sentence of verbal type is a finite verb, which expresses essential predicative meanings by its categorycal forms. Some linguists though insist that predication is effected not only by the forms of the finite verb, but also by
1 Iriskulov M., Kuldashev A. A Course in Theoretical Grammar, T., 2008, p. 55.
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all the other forms and elements of the sentence, which help establish the connection between the named objects and reality. They are such means as intonation, word order, different functional words.
Due to their nominative meaning, both the sentence and the phrase enter the system of language by their syntactic patterns.
Cognitive linguistics appeared within a framework of approaches to the analysis of language, which are the formal, the psychological, and the conceptual. The formal approach addresses the linguistic patterns, abstracted away from any associated meaning. Thus, this approach includes the study of morphological, syntactic, lexical structure. Traditional grammar has centered itself within this approach. The psychological approach looks at language from the perspective of general cognitive systems, within this approach language is examined from the perspective of perception, memory, attention, reasoning. The main target of the conceptual approach is to consider the global system of schematic structures with which language organizes conceptual content that it expresses.
References
1. Goldberg A. Constructions: a construction grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
2. Harris Z. String Analysis of Sentence Structure. The Hague, 1962.
3. IriskulovM., KuldashevA. A Course in Theoretical Grammar. T., 2008. Р. 55.
4. Jesperson O. The Philosophy of Grammar. Lnd., 1935.
5. Stokoe H. The Understanding of Syntax. Lnd., 1987.
6. Taylor J.K. Cognitive Grammar. Oxford, 2002.
