CC BY
1
UDC 332; DOI 10.18551/rjoas.2022-12.07
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM SPATIAL PLAN DEVELOPMENT IN TOMOK TOURISM VILLAGE
Hidayat Wahyu*, Student Doctoral Program of Geohraphy, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Baiquni Muhammad, Kurniawan Andri, Lectures Faculty of Geography, University of Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
*E-mail: wahyuhidayat.plano@mail.ugm.ac.id
ABSTRACT
Tomok Village is a village located in a strategic location for the beauty of Lake Toba, Tomok Tourism Village is a tourist village with a combination of the beauty of Lake Toba and a deeper introduction to the life of the Batak people, both in terms of culture, daily life and especially the traditional Batak people. The purpose of this research is; describes spatial development based on the characteristics of tourist destinations including tourist objects and tourist characteristics in Tomok Village, Samosir Regency. The approach in this study is a spatial approach (spatial) which is a unique approach in geography because it is a study of the diversity of the earth's surface by examining each of its spatial aspects. Aspects of the earth's surface include location factors, natural conditions, and socio-cultural conditions of the people in the Lake Toba Region. The results of this study are that the development of spatial planning in Tomok Village is more directed so that it is more spread out following the circulation paths that have been formed naturally, but follows the traditional Batak spatial development pattern that forms clusters and is not directly related to the main circulation path.
KEY WORDS
Spatial planning, local wisdom, traditional batak, Lake Toba.
The Lake Toba area in North Sumatra is one on the list of Super Priority Tourism Destinations (DPSP) by the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy. This is none other than because Lake Toba offers a lot of natural beauty which has become an icon of Indonesian tourism. This destination offers stunning natural scenery, there is Samosir Island is located in the middle of the lake. The government continues to develop and improve the Lake Toba tourism area, starting with infrastructure and developing the surrounding community as business actors. Lake Toba has been designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as the 209th UNESCO Global Geopark (UGG) on 2 July 2020 in France.
Sustainable means that the development and management of tourism must be sustainable so that its sustainability can be maintained. Not only in tourism, but in any business long-term sustainability is a major consideration in its management. The concept of sustainable development is developed to meet the needs of the present without destroying or reducing the ability of future generations to meet their needs (World Commission on Environmental and Development, 1987).
Sustainable tourism development has been defined as tourism development that maximizes the potential of tourism to eradicate poverty by developing appropriate strategies in cooperation with all major groups, indigenous peoples, and local communities (United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development 1999).
The increasing awareness of the world community about protecting the environment and traditional life has led to an increasing need for conservation-based tourism. Responding to this trend, many countries are interested in developing community-based tourism to increase the welfare and living standards of their people both financially and socially. Apart
from this, knowing that tourists will visit their village, the community will be motivated to make improvements in various aspects of life including protecting heritage and preserving the natural surroundings.
Sustainable tourism development is a development that can meet the current needs of tourists and communities in destination areas while maintaining and increasing opportunities to meet future needs. Sustainable development is a development process that optimizes the benefits and suitability of available natural and human resources. "Sustainability" can be interpreted as sustainability involving physical, social, and political aspects by taking into account the management of natural resources (resources management) which includes forests, land, and water, management of the impact of development on the environment, and development of human resources (human resources development). This condition can be achieved if the institutional apparatus incorporates multi-sectoral elements which include the government, private sector, nGOs, and international agencies.
Based on this, looking at the spatial layout of tourism destination areas, researchers need to study the characteristics of potential tourist destinations in the Lake Toba area, precisely in Tomok Village, by always looking at the relationship between nature, between human aspects and humans and nature. These similarities and differences lead to interactions between regions, and movements of tourists/visitors from one place to another. Then community-based tourism activities on the environment of tourist destinations, socio-economics of the surrounding community, and local wisdom on the settlement arrangement of the Toba Batak tribe. The criteria for location, distance, affordability, interaction, linkage, and use value have always been the basis for explaining a phenomenon of the spatial development model for community-based sustainable tourism destinations in Lake Toba.
METHODS OF RESEARCH
In this study, a qualitative descriptive type is used, so that the results of the research carried out can provide a factual and accurate picture of the object to be studied. Descriptive research is intended for careful measurement of certain social phenomena, through concept development and gathering facts, but does not test hypotheses (Singarimbun and Effendi, 1982). According to Miles and Taylor, in Basrowi Sukidin (2002), qualitative methods seek to reveal the uniqueness contained in individuals, groups, communities, and/or organizations in everyday life as a whole, in detail, in-depth, and can be scientifically justified.
Case study research is conducted especially when the boundaries between case and context are not clear. This method has its character, namely having a focus on one or several unit cases, having the capacity to explain causal relationships, having a goal for theory development, using various data sources so that it can combine several strategies, and trying to realize a temporary theory. The use of several methods or strategies in this research can be done to better explore a case. Research objectives can vary, ranging from exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory.
Case research has the aim of exploring all phenomena and events that arise as a result of the interaction between activities and is an approach to maintaining the integrity of the object (Yin, 2002). The data collected in case studies are studied as a whole integrated actor to develop in-depth knowledge of the object in question, which means that case studies must be exploratory research (Vrendenbreg, 1979). According to Louis Smith in Stake (1994), cases are bounded systems, so case studies have the advantage of the depth of analysis, because of their specific nature. The aim is to provide a detailed description of the background, characteristics, and characteristics of the case so that later with the selection of the right subject, the product can be generalized.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tomok Village is one of the villages in Simanindo District which is a tourist village in Samosir Regency. Tomok Village has an area of 2,003.74 hectares with a population of
2,164 people. The administrative boundaries of Tomok Village can be seen in Figure 4.20, Image Map of Tomok Village.
According to the interpretation of satellite imagery and field data obtained, there are several land uses in the study area. The existing land use in the study area has an overall area of 2,003.74 Ha consisting of 5 types of land use Tourism destinations of 1.65 Ha, Trade and Services Land of 18.02 Ha, Settlement of 21.51 Ha, Agriculture/ Plantation is 1,962.02 Ha and Public Facilities and Infrastructure (SPU) is 0.54 Ha. For more details on land use in Tomok Village, see table 1 and figure 2, as follows.
Table 1 - Land Use in Tomok Desa Village
No Land Use Area (Ha)
1 Tourist Destination 1,65
2 Trade and Services 18,02
3 Settlement 21,51
4 Agriculture/Plantation 1962,02
5 SPU 0,54
Grand Total 2.003,74
Source: Satellite Image Interpretation Results, 2020.
Figure 3 - Land Use Conditions in Tomok Village
Traditional Batak settlements are often called Huta. According to Sitor Situmorang, a forest is a place of residence that is always on the slopes of a hill or mountain. This is because the location is not used as a rice field. Usually, a huta is surrounded by a wall of stone or bamboo with an average width of 50 meters and a length of 70 meters. The row of residences was on stage one of the hillside, and in front of it was a wide field that was neither muddy nor dusty. These huta fields are generally oriented towards Pusuk Buhit, but some are oriented towards the nearby hills. This is related to the concept that Pusuk Buhit is a mecca for the Batak people. A field is a sacred place that is used for the location of various traditional ceremonies such as sacrifices and marriages, as well as sending people who want to go.
Siahaan (2005: 194) argues that in a forest there are 13 elements, namely houses and sopo (rice barns), gardens, rice fields, alaman (yards), parik (forts that surround the village), suha (water channels), pantils (places for stalking the enemy), partukoan (a place for residents to gather), where livestock after being grazed, graves, village gates, pangeahan ni huta (reserve land for village expansion that can be used as rice fields before use), toru ni bolu (reserve land for village expansion that is not can be used as paddy fields).
The boundaries of the village were given at the time of the coronation of King Huta. Along with the erection of the boundary markers, a wall was built around the village. The fort or parik is 2-3 meters high and 1.5 meters thick on average and is sometimes built in two layers. The building materials for this wall are made of clay and stone. On top of the fort are planted bamboo trees of different types. On the outside, the bamboo trees that are commonly planted are thorny bamboo trees (bului thorns). The inside of the fort is usually
planted with other trees that can also serve as shade. The land around the fort is one of the lands used to expand the village. Aqueducts (suha) are usually built due to the activity of building the fort and aim to cope with flooding and also function as a channel to irrigate the rice fields around the village.
Figure 1 - The Situation Plan of the Toba Batak Traditional Settlement (Source: Siahaan 2005; modified by Taufiqurrahman Setiawan)
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Figure 2 - Toba Batak Traditional Settlement Patterns in the Form of Clusters (Source: Exploration of Sumatran Architecture, Toba Batak Ethnicity; Hermawan, Yuri Prasetyo, 2014)
A tourist object is everything that exists in a tourist destination area which is an attraction so that people want to come to visit the place so that all places or natural conditions that have tourist resources that are built and developed have an attraction and are cultivated as a place to visit. traveler.
The tomb of King Sidabutar is evidence of the Megalithic era. The oldest remains in the Tomok area since 1544 (473 years). Stone coffins and above-ground tombs. The Samosir
Batak Museum is in the form of a Bolon House (a special traditional house for kings and their families). There are no rooms and if you want to make a room, it used to be partitioned off with an ulos. The grave in the tree is 450 years old. Not many people know about its existence. Located in Lumban Sijib, Tomok Village, Simanindo District. The Sigale-Gale Art Performance is a puppet of Si Gale-Gale manortor accompanied by typical Toba Batak music, namely the Early Gondang, Somba Gondang, and Mangaliat Gondang. For more details, seeing tourist attractions in Tomok Village can be seen in Figure 4 and Figure 5.
Figure 4 - Condition of Tourism Objects in Tomok Village
Figure 5 - Tomok Village Tourist Destinations Distribution Map
Pedestrian & Roadside Building Arrangement
Improve the physical and visual quality of pedestrian pathways and buildings that are arranged for safety and comfort
Arrangement of Buildings on the Lake Border
Opens the view to the lake from the building by making the street-level floor a public area, open (can be closed if necessary) or transparent. Tomok Port Beautification
Improving the physical and visual quality of the Port area as the gateway to the Samosir Island Tourism Area
Huta Sidabutar Revitalization
Restore traditional buildings and landscapes and adapt new buildings to match the original setting. Provide distance between visitors and buildings (profane) to archaeological sites (sacred)
Revitalization of Neighborhood Forests
Spread tourism activities around. Gives access from the tourist attraction to the lake shore.
Pedestrianization & Arrangement of Roadside Buildings
Improve the physical and visual quality of pedestrian pathways and buildings that are arranged for safety and comfort
Figure 6 - Tomok Village Development Concept
Tomok Village (Huta Sidabutar) is a traditional Batak settlement (Huta) as well as archaeological remains in the form of the Tomb of King Sidabutar and his descendants which are located on the waterfront. The concept of this development includes the following:
1. Rehabilitate Huta Sidabutar and the surrounding area with the principles of restoration/preservation of cultural heritage and continue to develop it into a major tourism icon;
2. Arranging commercial areas/stalls and other supporting/additional facilities so that the authenticity of the Huta Sidabutar complex can be reappeared and subsequently it's quality as a tourist attraction increases;
3. Improving the physical quality of the environment and infrastructure supporting tourism activities in the Tomok port area and along the Samosir Ring Road corridor, such as the arrangement of port and market areas, physical improvement of pedestrian paths and their accessories, traffic management and parking, etc.
CONCLUSION
Based on the discussion above, the development of spatial planning in Tomok Village is more directed so that it is more spread out following the circulation paths that have been formed naturally, but following the pattern of traditional Batak spatial development that forms clusters and is not directly related to the main circulation path.
Tomok Village will be developed into a tourist village with various potential cultural tourism attractions from Huta Batak. The preservation of traditional Batak settlements must be maintained, including the landscaping that is part of the spatial structure. Meanwhile, in Tomok Village, spatial development will be directed at agro-tourism that utilizes the potential of agricultural landscapes while still paying attention to environmental limitations and tourism development will be carried out based on cultural preservation.
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