CC BY
2УДК 631
Jumabaev Sh.
Turkmen Agricultural University named after S. Niyazov (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
Hayydova Ay.
Agroindustrial Secondary Vocational Training School (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
Achylov A.
Turkmen Agricultural University named after S. Niyazov (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
SUSTAINABLE RICE PRODUCTION FOR FOOD SECURITY
Abstract: rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or, less commonly, O. glaberrima (African rice). The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania andPorteresia, both wild and domesticated, although the term may also be usedfor primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza.
As a cereal grain, domesticated rice is the most widely consumed staple foodfor over half of the world's human population,[1] particularly in Asia and Africa. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize.
Keywords: rice, worldwide production, maize.
Introduction.
Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important food crop with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans.[3] There are many varieties of rice, and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally.
The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while, or after, setting the young seedlings. This simple method requires sound irrigation planning, but it reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state, and deters vermin. While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice, all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil.
Rice, a monocot, is normally grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years.[4] Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. However, rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa, centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide. Production and consumption of rice is estimated to have been responsible for 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2010.
The rice plant can grow to 1-1.8 m (3-6 ft) tall, occasionally more depending on the variety and soil fertility. It has long, slender leaves 50-100 cm (20-40 in) long and 2-2.5 cm (3/4-1 in) broad. The small wind-pollinated flowers are produced in a branched arching to pendulous inflorescence 30-50 cm (12-20 in) long. The edible seed is a grain (caryopsis) 5-12 mm (3/16-15/32 in) long and 2-3 mm (3/32-1/8 in) thick.
Rice is a cereal crop belonging to the family Poecae. Rice being a tropical crop can be grown during the two distinct seasons (dry and wet) of the year provided that moisture is made available to the crop.[5]
Rice is commonly consumed as food around the world. The varieties of rice are typically classified as long-, medium-, and short-grained.[6] The grains of long-grain rice (high in amylose) tend to remain intact after cooking; medium-grain rice (high in amylopectin) becomes more sticky. Medium-grain rice is used for sweet dishes, for risotto in Italy, and many rice dishes, such as arros negre, in Spain. Some varieties of long-grain rice that are high in amylopectin, known as Thai Sticky rice, are usually
steamed.[7] A stickier short-grain rice is used for sushi;[8] the stickiness allows rice to hold its shape when cooked.[9] Short-grain rice is used extensively in Japan,[10] including to accompany savoury dishes.[11] Rice growth and production are affected by: the environment, soil properties, biotic conditions, and cultural practices. Environmental factors include rainfall and water, temperature, photoperiod, solar radiation and, in some instances, tropical storms. Soil factors refer to soil type and their position in uplands or lowlands. Biotic factors deal with weeds, insects, diseases, and crop varieties.[12]
Rice can be grown in different environments, depending upon water availability.[13] Generally, rice does not thrive in a waterlogged area, yet it can survive and grow herein[14] and it can survive flooding.[15]
REFERENCES:
1. Rice (paddy), 2018. FAOSTAT (UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database). 2020. Archived from the original on May 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
2. The Emergence of Agriculture. Scientific American Library, New York, ISBN 0-7167-6030-4.
3. The Rice Plant and How it Grows. International Rice Research Institute. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009.
4. Kawure, S.; Garba, Aa; Fagam, As; Shuaibu, Ym; Sabo, Mu; Bala, Ra (December 31, 2022). "Performance of Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.) as Influenced by Combine Effect of Season and Sowing Pattern in Zigau". Journal of Rice Research and Developments. 5 (2). doi:10.36959/973/440. S2CID 256799161.
