SUBSTANCE-INDUCED OR SUBSTANCE-ASSOCIATED PRIMARY PSYCHOSES? CONTINUING THE DISCUSSION. A RESPONSE TO I.A. FEDOTOV, ET AL Текст научной статьи по специальности «Фундаментальная медицина»

LETTER IN EDITION

ИНДУЦИРОВАННЫЕ ПСИХОАКТИВНЫМИ ВЕЩЕСТВАМИ ИЛИ АССОЦИИРОВАННЫЕ С НИМИ ПЕРВИЧНЫЕ ПСИХОЗЫ? ПРОДОЛЖЕНИЕ ДИСКУССИИ. ОТВЕТ И.А. ФЕДОТОВУ И СОАВТОРАМ

© М. Шерро1, Ч. Ятчавала2, Дж.И.М. Хандуле3, Р. Рансинг4, Ш. Шайеб5, Д. Ори6, М.И. Оджеахере , Д. Солер-Видаль8, В. Перейра-Санчес9

Американский университет Бейрута, Бейрут, Ливан (1) Университет принца Сонгкхла, Сонгкхла, Хатъйяй, Таиланд (2) Больница Святого Павла Медицинского колледжа Миллениума, Аддис-Абеба, Эфиопия (3) Валавалкарский медицинский колледж, Савард, Махараштра, Индия (4) Мемориальная больница имени Джавахарлала Неру, Райнавари, Кашмир, Индия (5) Национальный педиатрический институт имени Хейма Пала, Будапешт, Венгрия (6) Учебная больница университета Джоса, Джос, Плато, Нигерия (7) Исследовательский фонд БГОМАО, Барселона, Испания (8) Медицинская школа Гроссмана Нью-Йоркского университета, Нью-Йорк, США (9)

Это письмо в редакцию продолжает дискуссию о сходствах и различиях между вторичным психозом и шизофренией, начатую авторами статьи «Индуцированные наркотическими веществами психозы и шизофрения: точки соприкосновения» (Федотов И.А., Ква-трон Д., Шустов Д.И. Индуцированные наркотическими веществами психозы и шизофрения: точки соприкосновения // Российский медико-биологический вестник имени академика И.П. Павлова. 2020. Т. 28, №4. С. 593-604. ёо1:10.23888/РАУЬОУ12020284593-604).

Ключевые слова: употребление психоактивных веществ; психоз; шизофрения; ранняя диагностика.

SUBSTANCE-INDUCED OR SUBSTANCE-ASSOCIATED PRIMARY PSYCHOSES? CONTINUING THE DISCUSSION. A RESPONSE TO l.A. Fedotov, et al.

M. Cherro1, C. Jatchavala2, DJ.I.M. Handuleh3, R. Ransing4, Sh. Shoib5, D. Ori6, M.I. Ojeahere7, J. Soler-Vidal8, V. Pereira-Sanchez9

American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (1) Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand (2) Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (3) BKL Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Maharashtra, India (4) Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Hospital, Rainawari, Kashmir, India (5) Heim Pal National Pediatric Institute, Budapest, Hungary (6) Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria (7) FIDMAG Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (8) NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA (9)

This letter to the editor continues the discussion about the similarities and differences between secondary psychosis and schizophrenia, which was initiated by the authors of the article «Substance-induced psychosis and schizophrenia: the interaction point» (Fedotov I.A., Quattrone D., Shustov D.I. Substance-induced psychosis and schizophrenia: the interaction point. I.P. Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald. 2020;28(4):593-604. doi: 10.23888/PAVLOVJ2020284593-604). Keywords: substance use; psychosis; schizophrenia; early diagnosis.

© Eco-Vector, 2021

LETTER IN EDITION

Substance induced psychotic disorder (IPD) is defined by the presence of delusions and/or hallucinations reflecting the brain effects of a psychotropic agent (substance of abuse and/or medication), based on evidence from the clinical interview, physical examination, and laboratory findings. It is a severe and a common complication of drug use (1), which can be manifested during intoxication or with drawal phases (2) and be induced by several different substances, including alcohol, cocaine, cannabis, amphetamines, and hallucinogens (3).

The relationship between IPD and 'primary' psychoses (in particular, schizophrenia) has long been a topic of interest and controversy due to the relative paucity of scientific evidence revealing the natural history of induced psychotic disorders and clear markers that can differentiate them from schizophrenia. Indeed, the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-5) proposes a distinction that is only based on timing the persistence of psychosis beyond one month after last exposure to the implicated substance would exclude IPD and suggest schizophrenia (4). To complicate conceptual, diagnostic, and treatment approaches to psychosis and substance use, it is well known that certain substances, in particular cannabis, are risk factors for the onset and complication of schizophrenia (5).

Schizophrenia and IPD may both interact and diverge in multiple aspects, as it has been suggested in a recent publication at this journal (6). I.A. Fedotov, et al. highlighted evidence showing neurobiological mechanisms common to both disorders: Most psychoactive substances directly or indirectly produce dopamine increases in the striatum, activating a neural circuitry responsible for the 'positive' psychotic symptoms of (hallucinations and delusions), which are both characteristic of IPDs and schizophrenia of (hallucinations and delusions), which are both characteristic of IPDs and schizophrenia. In addition, some substances may induce 'negative' symptoms, even though these have not been described as characteristic of IPD:

for instance, PCP and ketamine, through the increase of glutamate transmission, have been shown to reduce prosocial activity and induce other negative symptoms (7). All this makes it more difficult for clinicians to differentiate between IPD and a schizophrenic episode in acute presentations. As a help in clinical decisions, I.A. Fedotov, et al. offered an array of typical differences between both disorders in patients' sociodemographic characteristics. They suggested that patients with IPD tend to present with later onset of illness and comorbid antisocial personality disorder, while patients with schizophrenia would more typically present with more 'florid' positive and negative symptoms as well as family history of schizophrenia (6).

In this letter to the editor, we would like to add further discussion to the topic, stressing the diagnostic difficulties to differentiate IPD and schizophrenia that also arise taking into account additional multidisciplinary research in psychosis and substance use, as well as potential implications for early management of psychotic episodes in patients using substances. To start with, there is emerging evidence that supports IPD and schizophrenia as two clearly defined separate entities. First, on a neurobiological level, a positron emission tomography (PET) study published in 2014 shown hypermetabolism in the posterior cingulum and precuneus in patients with induced psychosis but not in those with schizophrenia in spite of having taken the same substance; this seems to support the known predominance of positive symptoms in IPD (8). Secondly, vulnerability to schizophrenia is strongly determined by genetics, while IPD requires the exposure to substances as a necessary cause (i.e., it is a more 'environmental' condition). For instance, for schizophrenia there is a 50% concordance rate in monozygotic twins (9), and about 40 candidate genes have already been identified, supporting the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia (2). These findings suggest that while schizophrenia and IPD cannot be differentiated simply through observing symptoms and demographic characteristics,

they seem to represent distinctive conditions in terms of etiology (7).

Yet this does not shed enough light to justify the high co-occurrence of substance abuse and schizophrenia. Indeed, the prevalence of substance use disorders in individuals with schizophrenia is significantly higher than in the general population (10). A drug abuse institute in Thailand found that 25% of their patients had schizophrenia (11). A first theory to explain this overlap involves the « two-hit» genetics-environment model, which posits that a pre-existing neurobiological vulnerability would synergically interact with environmental factors, such as substances, inducing schizophrenia (12). Another theory proposes that individuals with schizophrenia are at higher risk of abusing substances because of their poor cognitive and social functioning, as well as social (poverty) and other cumulative factors (13). Conversely, the «Reward Deficiency Syndrome» proposed in 1999 assumes a common dysfunction in the reward circuitry, which would lead patients to « self-medicate» with substances as a means of compensation (14). Similarly, the « self-medication» model proposes that individuals with psychosis seek the effects of specific substances to alleviate painful symptoms or medication side-effects (15). Finally, we would like to highlight an unifying postulated by Khokhar J.Y., et al.: according to them, there is a shared vulnerability for substance use in patients who are at risk of developing psychosis; the synergy of genetic risk and early environmental insults would produce dysfunctional mesocortico-limbic brain reward circuits, which would make 'pre-psychotic' (high-risk) adolescents more prone to using substance; in the last instance, the use of those substances would trigger the onset of schizophrenia in those vulnerable individuals (16).

These theories, while needing more empirical support, show promise in the understanding of the complicated interrelation between IPDs and schizophrenia, and are open to considering psychosis as a spectrum

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rather than a single entity (17). In fact, there is a high conversion rate of IPD to schizophrenia. A Swedish national registry-based study revealed that 11% of individuals diagnosed with IPD were later diagnosed with schizophrenia (18). In another study with a sample of 6788 individuals, the 20-year conversion rate to either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder for patients with IPD was 32.2% (19). These elevated rates of transition make even more compelling the need to establish early diagnosis differentiating between schizophrenia and IPD if it is possible at the moment of the first clinical presentation.

On the other hand, in a study conducted in China, which followed individuals presenting for IPD, persistent psychotic symptoms were more common in those with a positive family history of mental illness, an earlier age of onset of illicit drug use and a longer history of illicit drug use (20). In addition, both the nature of the abused substance and the severity of substance use were found to influence the progression to schizophrenia (18).

We want to stress, nevertheless, that the absence of such factors does not rule out the diagnosis of primary psychotic disorders, and we definitely count on scarce evidence to allow for accurate diagnosis and prognosis, importantly about the prediction of the risk of transition to schizophrenia. Why is it so important to make this prediction? Schizophrenia is a debilitating diagnosis severely affecting the quality of life of millions of people worldwide (21), and associated with high morbidity and early mortality (22). Delays in the start of effective treatments can have unfortunate, irreversible consequences, in part associated with an increased risk for progressive brain damage that could make prognosis bleak (23).

As a final reflection, and inviting colleagues to add to the discussion, one wonders whether every first episode psychosis with the involvement of substances should be treated as a primary psychosis.

LETTER IN EDITION

Литература

1. Beckmann D., Lowman K.L., Nargiso J., et al. Substance-induced Psychosis in Youth // Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2020. Vol. 29, №1. P. 131-143. doi:10.1016/j.chc. 2019.08.006

2. Fiorentini A., Volonteri L.S., Dragogna F., et al. Substance-induced psychoses: a critical review of the literature // Current Drug Abuse Reviews. 2011. Vol. 4, №4. P. 228-240. doi:10.2174/18744737111 04040228

3. Smith M.J., Thirthalli J., Abdallah A.B., et al. Prevalence of Psychotic Symptoms in Substance Users: A Comparison across Substances // Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2009. Vol. 50, №3. P. 245250. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.07.009

4. Biedermann F., Fleischhacker W.W. Psychotic disorders in DSM-5 and ICD-11 // CNS Spectrums. 2016. Vol. 21, №4. P. 349-354. doi:10.1017/S10 92852916000316

5. Kraan T., Velthorst E., Koenders L., et al. Cannabis use and transition to psychosis in individuals at ultrahigh risk: review and meta-analysis // Psychological Medicine. 2016. Vol. 46, №4. P. 673-681. doi:10.1017/S0033291715002329

6. Федотов И.А., Кватрон Д., Шустов Д.И. Индуцированные наркотическими веществами психозы и шизофрения: точки соприкосновения // Российский медико-биологический вестник имени академика И.П. Павлова. 2020. Т. 28, №4. С. 593-604. doi:10.23888/PAVL0VJ2020284593-604

7. Ham S., Kim T.K., Chung S., et al. Drug Abuse and Psychosis: New Insights into Drug-induced Psychosis // Experimental Neurobiology. 2017. Vol. 26, №1. P. 11-24. doi:10.5607/en.2017.26.1.11

8. Dragogna F., Mauri M.C., Marotta G., et al. Brain Metabolism in Substance-Induced Psychosis and Schizophrenia: A Preliminary PET Study // Neuropsychobiology. 2014. Vol. 70, №4. P. 195202. doi:10.1159/000366485

9. Fischer M. Psychoses in the offspring of schizophrenic monozygotic twins and their normal co-twins // The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1971. Vol. 118, №542. P. 43-52. doi:10.1192/bjp.118.542.43

10. Ziedonis D.M., Fisher W. Assessment and Treatment of Comorbid Substance Abuse in Individuals with Schizophrenia // Psychiatric Annals. 1994. Vol. 24, №9. P. 477-483. doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19940901-10

11. Jatchavala C., Vittayanont A. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Patients with Substance-Related Disorders in the Restive A // Songklanagarind Medical Journal. 2017. Vol. 35, №2. P. 121-132. doi:10.31584/smj.2017.35.2.694

12. Fowles D.C. Schizophrenia: diathesis-stress revisited // Annual Review of Psychology. 1992. Vol. 43. P. 303336. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.43.020192.001511

13. Mueser K.T., Yarnold P.R., Levinson D.F., et al. Prevalence of substance abuse in schizophrenia:

demographic and clinical correlates // Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1990. Vol. 16, №1. P. 31-56. doi:10.1093/schbul/16.1.31

14. Green A.I., Zimmet S.V., Strous R.D., et al. Clozapine for comorbid substance use disorder and schizophrenia: do patients with schizophrenia have a reward-deficiency syndrome that can be ameliorated by clozapine? // Harvard Review Psychiatry. 1999. Vol. 6, №6. P. 287-296. doi:10.3109/1067 3229909017206

15. Mueser K.T., Drake R.E., Wallach M.A. Dual diagnosis: A review of etiological theories // Addictive Behaviors. 1998. Vol. 23, №6. P. 717-734.

16. Khokhar J.Y., Dwiel L.L., Henricks A.M., et al. The link between schizophrenia and substance use disorder: a unifying hypothesis // Schizophrenia Research. 2018. Vol. 194. P. 78-85. doi:10.1016/ j.schres.2017.04.016

17. Guloksuz S., van Os J. The slow death of the concept of schizophrenia and the painful birth of the psychosis spectrum // Psychological Medicine. 2018. Vol. 48, №2. P. 229-244. doi:10.1017/S00332 91717001775

18. Kendler K.S., Ohlsson H., Sundquist J., et al. Prediction of Onset of Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder and Its Progression to Schizophrenia in a Swedish National Sample // American Journal of Psychiatry. 2019. Vol. 176, №9. P. 711-719. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18101217

19. Starzer M.S.K., Nordentoft M., Hjorthaj C. Rates and Predictors of Conversion to Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder Following Substance-Induced Psychosis // American Journal of Psychiatry. 2018. Vol. 175, №4. P. 343-350. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp. 2017.17020223

20. Deng X., Huang Z., Li X., et al. Long-term follow-up of patients treated for psychotic symptoms that persist after stopping illicit drug use // Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry. 2012. Vol. 24, №5. P. 271278. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2012.05.004

21. Solanki R.K., Singh P., Midha A., et al. Schizophrenia: Impact on quality of life // Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2008. Vol. 50, №3. P. 181-186. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.43632

22. Auquier P., Lançon C., Rouillon F., et al. Mortality in schizophrenia // Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2006. Vol. 15, №12. P. 873-879. doi:10.1002/pds.1325

23. McEvoy J.P. The importance of early treatment of schizophrenia // Behavioral Healthcare. 2007. Vol. 27, №4. P. 40-43.

References

1. Beckmann D, Lowman KL, Nargiso J, et al. Substance-induced Psychosis in Youth. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2020; 29(1):131-43. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2019.08.006

2. Fiorentini A, Volonteri LS, Dragogna F, et al. Substance-induced psychoses: a critical review of the literature. Current Drug Abuse Reviews. 2011;4(4):

228-40. doi:10.2174/1874473711104040228

3. Smith MJ, Thirthalli J, Abdallah AB, et al. Prevalence of Psychotic Symptoms in Substance Users: A Comparison across Substances. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2009;50(3):245-50. doi:10.1016/j.comp psych.2008.07.009

4. Biedermann F, Fleischhacker WW. Psychotic disorders in DSM-5 and ICD-11. CNS Spectrums. 2016; 21(4):349-54. doi:10.1017/S1092852916000316

5. Kraan T, Velthorst E, Koenders L, et al. Cannabis use and transition to psychosis in individuals at ultrahigh risk: review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine. 2016;46(4):673-81. doi:10.1017/S00332 91715002329

6. Fedotov IA, Quattrone D, Shustov DI. Substance-induced psychosis and schizophrenia: the interaction point. I.P. Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald. 2020;28(4):593-604. (In Russ). doi:10.23888/ PAVL0VJ2020284593 -604

7. Ham S, Kim TK, Chung S, et al. Drug Abuse and Psychosis: New Insights into Drug-induced Psychosis. Experimental Neurobiology. 2017;26(1):11-24. doi:10.5607/en.2017.26.1.11

8. Dragogna F, Mauri MC, Marotta G, et al. Brain Metabolism in Substance-Induced Psychosis and Schizophrenia: A Preliminary PET Study. Neuro-psychobiology. 2014;70(4):195-202. doi:10.1159/ 000366485

9. Fischer M. Psychoses in the offspring of schizophrenic monozygotic twins and their normal co-twins. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1971;118 (542):43-52. doi:10.1192/bjp. 118.542.43

10. Ziedonis DM, Fisher W. Assessment and Treatment of Comorbid Substance Abuse in Individuals with Schizophrenia. Psychiatric Annals. 1994;24(9):477-83. doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19940901-10

11. Jatchavala C, Vittayanont A. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Patients with Substance-Related Disorders in the Restive A. Songklanagarind Medical Journal. 2017;35(2):121-32. doi:10.31584/smj.2017.35.2.694

12. Fowles DC. Schizophrenia: diathesis-stress revisited. Annual Review of Psychology. 1992;43:303-36. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.43.020192.001511

13. Mueser KT, Yarnold PR, Levinson DF, et al. Preva-

LETTER IN EDITION

lence of substance abuse in schizophrenia: demographic and clinical correlates. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1990;16(1):31-56. doi:10.1093/schbul/16.1.31

14. Green AI, Zimmet SV, Strous RD, et al. Clozapine for comorbid substance use disorder and schizophrenia: do patients with schizophrenia have a reward-deficiency syndrome that can be ameliorated by clozapine? Harvard Review Psychiatry. 1999; 6(6):287-96. doi:10.3109/10673229909017206

15. Mueser KT, Drake RE, Wallach MA. Dual diagnosis: A review of etiological theories. Addictive Behaviors. 1998;23(6):717-34.

16. Khokhar JY, Dwiel LL, Henricks AM, et al. The link between schizophrenia and substance use disorder: a unifying hypothesis. Schizophrenia Research. 2018;194:78-85. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.016

17. Guloksuz S, van Os J. The slow death of the concept of schizophrenia and the painful birth of the psychosis spectrum. Psychological Medicine. 2018; 48(2):229-44. doi:10.1017/S0033291717001775

18. Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, et al. Prediction of Onset of Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder and Its Progression to Schizophrenia in a Swedish National Sample. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2019;176(9):711-9. doi:10.1176/appi. ajp.2019.18101217

19. Starzer MSK, Nordentoft M, Hjorthaj C. Rates and Predictors of Conversion to Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder Following Substance-Induced Psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2018;175(4):343-50. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17020223

20. Deng X, Huang Z, Li X, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients treated for psychotic symptoms that persist after stopping illicit drug use. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry. 2012;24(5):271-8. doi:10.3969/j.issn. 1002-0829.2012.05.004

21. Solanki RK, Singh P, Midha A, et al. Schizophrenia: Impact on quality of life. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2008;50(3):181-6. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.43632

22. Auquier P, Lançon C, Rouillon F, et al. Mortality in schizophrenia. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2006;15(12):873-9. doi:10.1002/pds.1325

23. McEvoy JP. The importance of early treatment of schizophrenia. Behavioral Healthcare. 2007;27(4):40-3.

Информация об авторах [Authors Info]

*Шерро Мишель - аспирант-ординатор кафедры психиатрии медицинского факультета, Американский университет Бейрута, Бейрут, Ливан. [Michelle Cherro - MD, Post-Graduate Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.]

ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4526-2595. E-mail: [email protected]

Ятчавала Чоннакарн - кафедра психиатрии медицинского факультета, Университет принца Сонгкла, Сонгкла, Хатъйяй, Таиланд. [Chonnakarn Jatchavala - MD, M.Sc., Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Hat Yai, Thailand.] ORCID ID: 0000-0001-9765-2184.

Хандуле Джибраил И.М. - ординатор кафедры психиатрии Больницы Святого Павла Медицинского Колледжа Миллениума, Аддис-Абеба, Эфиопия. [DJibril I.M. Handuleh - MD, Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.]

ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2662-1078.

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Рансинг Рамдас - доцент кафедры психиатрии, Валавалкарский медицинский колледж, Савард, Махараштра, Индия. [Ramdas Ransing -MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, BKL Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Maharashtra, India.] ORCID ID: 0000-0002-5040-5570.

Шайеб Шейх - психиатр, отделение психиатрии, Мемориальная больница имени Джавахарлала Неру, Райнавари, Кашмир, Индия. [Sheikh Shoib - MD, Psychiatrist, Department of Psychiatry, Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Hospital, Rainawari, Kashmir, India.] ORCID ID: 0000-0002-3739-706X.

Ори Доротти - детский и подростковый психиатр, отделение психического здоровья, Национальный педиатрический институт имени Хейма Пала, Будапешт, Венгрия. [Dorottya Ori - MD, Child and adolescent psychiatrist, Department of Mental Health, Heim Pal National Pediatric Institute, Budapest, Hungary.] ORCID ID: 0000-0003-0878-165X.

Оджеахере Маргарет Исиома - психиатр, отделение психиатрии, Учебная больница университета Джоса, Джос, Плато, Нигерия. [Margaret Isioma Ojeahere - MD, Psychiatrists, Department of Psychiatry, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.] ORCID ID: 0000-0002-0593-2400.

Солер-Видаль Джоан - научный сотрудник, Исследовательский фонд FIDMAG, Барселона, Испания. [Joan Soler-Vidal - MD, Researcher, FIDMAG Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.] ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9809-8477.

Перейра-Санчес Виктор - клинический преподаватель кафедры детской и подростковой психиатрии, Медицинская школа Гроссмана Нью-Йоркского университета, Нью-Йорк, США. [Victor Pereira-Sanchez - MD, Clinical Instructor, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA.] ORCID ID: 0000-0002-2576-1549.

Цитировать: Шерро М., Ятчавала Ч., Хандуле Д.Л.М., Рансинг Р., Шайеб Ш., Ори Д., Оджеахере М.И., Солер-Видаль Д., Перейра-Санчес В. Индуцированные психоактивными веществами или ассоциированные с ними первичные психозы? Продолжение дискуссии. Ответ И.А. Федотову и соавторам // Российский медико-биологический вестник имени академика И.П. Павлова. 2021. Т. 29, №1. С. 171176. doi:10.23888/PAVLOVJ2021291171-176

To cite this article: Cherro M, Jatchavala C, Handuleh JIM., Ransing R, Shoib Sh, Ori D, Ojeahere MI, Soler-Vidal J, Pereira-Sanchez V. Substance-induced or substance-associated primary psychoses? Continuing the discussion. A response to I.A. Fedotov, et al. I.P. Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald. 2021;29(1):171-6. doi:10.23888/PAVLOVJ 2021291171-176

Поступила/Received: 25.12.2020 Принята в печать/Accepted: 01.03.2021