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УДК: 08.00.01
Bakieva I.A.
Ganiev O.
SafarovB.
Karimov M.
TFI, Uzbekistan
SUBJECTS OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS
Annotation: This article discusses the subjects of economic relations and its role in the development
Key words: Macroeconomics, process, sector, competition, resource, subject, relationship
The economic system is a system of relations between the subjects about the objects in the production of material goods from resources to meet the needs within the framework of the organizational-legal mechanism, which includes property relations, management relations and distribution relations.
The subjects of the economic system are the economic units directly involved in the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods. It is customary to single out three main subjects of the economic system, each of which is called upon to perform certain functions.
The development of mankind has always been accompanied by the complication and specialization of economic relations. All of their totality is the economic system of the state. The economic activity of a country includes the creation, distribution, sale and delivery to the buyer of the economic benefit represented by the products or services. Economic relations arise at the time of making any stages of this cycle. In this case, the subjects of transactions are called economic agents. As a rule, they simultaneously enter into many relationships with other agents. If they enter into economic relations constantly, then these relations can be called stable. In a market economy that is typical at this stage for most countries of the world, agents interact on a contractual basis, with each of the participants in the transaction seeking to obtain benefits. Classical economic theory considers the economic agent as the carrier of the idea of obtaining benefits or economic egoism. It has similarities with the psychological understanding of this term, however, has a material basis. That is, the seller and the buyer at the conclusion of the transaction each acts in its own interests. The seller wants to realize the benefit at the highest possible price, and the buyer seeks to obtain the benefit, determining its value in terms of marginal utility for itself.
It turns out that a market economy is a collection of interests of all participants in economic relations. To manage such an economic system, it is necessary to find effective ways to influence the motives of economic agents. In a market economy, the manifestation of economic egoism is expressed in the freedom of choice, entrepreneurship, and private property. At the same time, it has a downside, affecting the uneven distribution of income received, an increase in social stratification, as a result, an increase in tension in society.
The entire set of economic relations is usually classified with respect to their role in society into the following categories: production or socio-economic; technical and economic; organizational - economic.
In economic theory, it is customary to consider the action of an economic system from a microeconomic and macroeconomic position. The microeconomic subsystem is represented by participants who themselves carry out economic activities, as well as make decisions, buy and spend resources. In addition, from their activities they get the economic result, presented in the form of income, created good, or utility.
Such a participant is responsible for his activities, acts within the framework of ethics and social norms, his well-being depends on the rationality and effectiveness of his decisions. In addition, each of them makes a choice in the context of limited resources. That is, resources can be used to produce other goods, or the consumer can buy another product or service. The participants of the microeconomic subsystem are: Households, which include families. They can be represented by one person who is running his farm, planning income and expenses. Such participants independently make decisions, strive to meet their own needs to the maximum. In doing so, they are the owners of the labor force that can be provided to the employer. Households provide reproduction of human capital. Any economic entities that provide services or create economic benefits. They operate independently, carry out operations on investment and capital accumulation. The ultimate goal of these participants is to make a profit. Usually they specialize in the production of any one commodity or group of commodities, which are subsequently sold on the market, receiving income and investing it in reproduction. The state is an economic agent whose main task is to regulate economic processes in society. The main functions of the state are the purchase of resources, as well as enterprises and sales intermediaries, tax collection, the implementation of measures to comply with the law by all participants in economic relations.
Agents of economic relations carry out their relationships according to the movement of economic good along the chain of its creation, distribution, exchange and consumption. Such a movement is an economic cycle, which is accompanied by the reciprocal receipt of money and income. That is, households require that they meet their needs, while providing other participants with factors of production. The real economy needs factors and creates demand for them, while offering created goods and services. The household is the main provider of economic resources. It is also a consumer, providing revenue to participants in the manufacturing sector. At the same time providing their resources to enterprises, households receive in return cash income. If we consider the interaction of enterprises and households with the state, they pay taxes in favor of the latter. At the same time, the state protects the interests of its citizens and producers, conducts transfer payments and issues subsidies for business support. At the same time, the state itself acts as a major consumer of resources and economic benefits in order to ensure budget forms of economic activity and the social needs of society and the army. Economic theory considers the ideal model of interaction of all participants. However, in reality,
certain distortions occur due to the action of the motive of satisfying one's own interests and needs. Any participant in economic relations is seeking profit, profit, or marginal utility. So they have an impact on each other's activities, which ultimately leads to self-regulation of the economic system of society.
To the subjects of marketing activities include:
• manufacturer of goods or service organization, i.e. enterprises that provide transportation, storage, information-analytical, logistic and other services;
• final consumer, that is, enterprises that purchase goods for personal non -commercial consumption;
• intermediate consumer - organizations or enterprises that acquire mainly raw materials for use in their activities (processing enterprises);
• wholesale trade - enterprises that purchase goods for resale to retail trade or consumer organizations;
• retail trade - enterprises that sell goods to end users.
Each subject of marketing activity has its own functions and tasks in the implementation of marketing activities. At the same time, no single entity is able to fulfill all marketing functions, since it does not have sufficient financial resources for this.
In addition, when organizing marketing activities, it is necessary to consider that each industry has its own characteristics. With this in mind, there are six main branches of marketing activity:
1. Industrial marketing (industrial, construction, agricultural, etc.). Its main objectives are: search for a market; assessment of its capacity; substantiation of the production and investment program; new product development; assessment of the competitiveness of goods and services, etc.
2. Sales and marketing. The main objectives of this type are: the formation of channels of distribution; organization of sales and sales of goods; movement and warehousing of goods (logistics); study and forecasting consumer demand; Creation of a trading and after-sales service system.
3. Marketing services. It combines the goals of production and sales marketing. A feature of this type of marketing activity is the immateriality of services, i.e. the inability of services to storage, etc.
4. Marketing an intellectual product. The subject of this type of marketing is an information product and information technology, that is, this type of marketing uses special forms of its implementation and service.
5. Inter national marketing. The subject of this type of marketing is the international market and foreign economic activity.
6. Marketing financial product and insurance business. The subject of this type of marketing are securities, various forms of exchange and financial activities.
In addition, there is marketing of some specific markets, in particular the labor market and the education market, the sphere of political and socio-economic relations, art, culture, etc.
As well as in the economy (microeconomics, macroeconomics and international economy), in marketing there are three levels:
• micromarketing, i.e. marketing activity of a separate enterprise. At this level, internal marketing (organization of the activities of the personnel of its own marketing service) and external marketing (bringing goods to consumers, organizing communication with customers and resellers, studying the market) are distinguished;
• macromarketing, i.e. marketing activities at the level of the national economy. At this level, the participation of government agencies, industry and regional structures in the management, regulatory and market research activities is considered;
• global (international marketing), i.e. marketing activities in the world market in the organization of foreign trade activities. At this level, a special form is singled out - mega-marketing, that is, the activity of transnational companies to penetrate the market of any country.
The modern concept of marketing identifies nine main elements of the formation and satisfaction of demand, which are interrelated: need, need, demand, product, exchange, transaction, market, marketing and marketing management (demand).
Literature:
1. The problems of economic management. Abstract collection. Issue 21-22.-M., 1994
2. Market economy: Dictionary / Ed. G.Y. Kiperman. M .: Republic, 1993
3. Smirnov S., Isaev N. Social policy: a new course // Questions of economy. 1999
4. Sokolinsky V.M. State and economy. M .: Finance and Statistics, 1997
5. Social problems of entering the market economy. Abstracts of the VI Volga Sociological Readings, September 26-28, 1991 Penza, 1991
