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11BIOCHEMISTRY
Al-Dujaili Hussein Ali Khadim Student master at yanka Kupala (Grodno state university) DOI: 10.24412/2520-2480-2020-3486-23-27 SUBJECT:-IMBALANCES IN THE PITUITARY GLAND AND ITS DIRECT EFFECT ON THYROID
HORMONES IN IRAQI FEMALE
Abstract.
50 samples were collected from women patients suffering from hypopituitarism, and the necessary analyzes were performed on them to find out the effect that was on the thyroid hormones and the lack of secretion of their stimulating hormones on the other endocrine glands, including the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, reproductive glands, mammary glands, which affects Its performance.
That many cases of hypopituitarism occur as a result of the presence of genetic factors, and it has no apparent reason, but there are some factors that affect it and cause its inactivity, including: - The presence of tumors in the pituitary gland, causing pressure on the cells that secrete stimulating hormones of the glands Other deaf.
And through the statistical analysis of the existing samples, it was found that there is a positive effect of the disease on thyroid hormones
Introduction
The causes of hypopituitarism can be attributed either to diseases of the hypothalamus that affect the production of nutritional hormones that act on the pituitary gland, or diseases of the pituitary gland itself. The most common cause of hypopituitarism (61%) is pituitary adenomas (both non-secretory and secretory). Pituitary tumors may cause increased production of one hormone with deficiency of other pituitary hormones as in the case of acromegaly (increased growth hormone with insufficiency of the pituitary gland from a large adenoma) Most pituitary tumors are benign and may be secretory or non-secretory. Secondary metastases that arise from, for example, breast, colon and prostate cancer occur less commonly. Hypothalamic and semi-hy-pothalamic tumors such as supranuclear meningiomas, gliomas, and craniopharyngiomas may also be associated with hypopituitarism. Other causes of hypopituita-rism include injury to the pituitary gland following a traumatic or iatrogenic brain injury during surgery or irradiation of the skull [4] .
Hypopituitarism or hypopituitarism included all clinical conditions that lead to partial or complete failure of the pituitary gland and rarely in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland to release hormones. Hypopituitarism may be caused by a dysfunction of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, where the former interferes with the secretion of pituitary hormone (secondary dysfunction) and the latter with secretion of pituitary-secreting hormone (third dysfunction). A number of congenital, acquired, inherited, or sporadic clinical entities may lead to isolated deficiency (IHD) or multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD). It is now known that new mutations are responsible for many patients with congenital hypopituitarism, although their appearance may be delayed. Hence,
Absent or insufficient replacement of pituitary hormones may not be compatible with life, particularly in the context of ACTH deficiency. Furthermore, hypopituitarism itself was associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Patients with a craniopharyngioma in particular have a higher risk compared to patients with other causes of hypopituitarism, with or without growth
hormone replacement [2, 3]. On the other hand, a Swedish study showed that women with hypopituitarism are more likely to have type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, and fractures, compared to men with hypopituitarism [4]. Finally, pituitary stroke (PitAp) or adrenal crisis (AC) are distinctly life-threatening clinical entities.[6 ,5]
These risks have imposed the need for evidence-based evidence for hormonal replacement in adults with hypopituitarism, whether from isolated or complex hormonal insufficiency, and the Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines have recently been issued for the management of hypopituitarism but also for each hormone deficiency targeted either at level Primary or secondary target endocrine axis of the hypothalamus - the pituitary gland [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12] Significantly, many of the new research studies do not focus on hormonal replacement per se, but on drug administration and delivery methods for Achieving better compliance from the patients' point of view, but also closely paralleling the physiological secretion of the deficient hormone, thus improving the quality of life
Although symptoms begin suddenly and dramatically at times, they usually start gradually and may not be detected for a long time. Symptoms vary depending on the hormones in the deficient pituitary gland. In some cases, the production of one of the pituitary hormones is reduced. More precisely, levels of several hormones may decrease at the same time (pituitary insufficiency). Often levels of growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) decrease before levels of TSH and ACTH decrease.
A deficiency of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) leads to an underactive thyroid gland (hypothy-roidism), which leads to symptoms such as mental confusion, intolerance to cold, weight gain, constipation, and dry skin. Most cases of hypothyroidism are caused by a problem with the gland itself and not by low levels of pituitary hormones.
Since the pituitary gland stimulates other glands, any deficiency in the hormones in that gland often results in low levels of hormones that are often produced by the other glands. Therefore, the doctor places the
possibility of an abnormality in the activity of the pituitary gland in the case of deficiency of other hormones in the glands, such as the thyroid or adrenal gland.
The evaluation of the condition begins with measuring the levels of hormones produced by the pituitary gland in the blood (specifically, TSH, milk hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone) At the same time, the levels of hormones produced by the target organs are measured (namely, thyroid hormone and testosterone in men, and estrogen in women).
Material and method T3, T4
The group offers two standard curve ranges. For serum and plasma samples, we recommend using 10 L of standards or samples. The test concentration range for T4 will be from 50 ng / mL to 0.781 ng / mL. For urine samples, we recommend using a 100 L alternative of standards or T4 samples concentrations ranging from 4 ng / ml to 0.0625 ng / ml
A T4 stock solution is provided to create standard examination curves and all samples should be read from the standard curve.
Standards or diluted samples are pipetted into a clear microtiter plate coated with antibody to capture mouse antibodies Peroxidase T4 superposition is added to standards and samples in wells. The binding reaction begins with adding a monoclonal antibody to T4 for each well. After an hour of incubation, the plate is washed and the substrate added. The substrate interacts with the associated T4-peroxidase bond. After a short incubation period, the reaction is stopped and the resulting color intensity is detected in a microtiter plate reader capable of measuring 450nm wavelength. The concentration of T4 in the sample, after appropriate correction to dilute the sample, is calculated using a program available with most plate readers
The thyroid hormone group (T4) is designed to measure the amount of T4 present in serum and plasma (EDTA and Heparin), urine, dehydrated fecal samples, and tissue culture. This group measures totalT4 in serum, plasma and stool samples extracted. T4 is the independent speciesThyroid hormone is the main thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland primarily responsible for regulating metabolism. Iodine is necessary for the production of T3 and T4. Iodine deficiency leads to decreased production of T3 and T4, enlarges thyroid tissue and causing disease known as goiter. The main form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroid hormone (T4), which has a longer life than T3. The ratio of T4 to T3 emitted in the blood is approximately 20 to 1. T4 is converted to the active T3 (three to four times stronger than T4) intracellularly by diodines (5'-iodinase).
These are further treated by de-carboxyl removal and deiodination to produce iodothyronine (T1a) and thirunamine (T0a). All three forms of diphase are enzymes containing selenium, so dietary selenium is necessary for T3 production. Hypothyroidism is a condition that results from a lack of thyroid hormone production from the thyroid gland either because the gland is not normally active or because radioactive iodine treatment or hyperactive gland surgery has led to hyperac-
tivity. Thyroid hormone is taken to replace the deficiency in such cases and thus to restore normal metabolic activity. Thyroid hormone production is regulated by modifying the thyroid hormone (TSH) to produce thyroid hormone (thyroid hormone (T4) by the thyroid gland and regulating the production of active triiodo-thyronine in peripheral tissues by metabolic events that affect the enzyme TSH:-
The TSH ELISA test depends on the rule of a strong stage chemical connected immunosorbent measure. The test framework uses a one of a kind monoclonal immunizer coordinated against an unmistakable an-tigenic determinant on the unblemished TSH atom monoclonal enemy of TSH counter acting agent is utilized for strong stage immobilization (on the microtiter wells). A goat hostile to TSH counter acting agent is in the immune response catalyst (horseradish peroxidase) conjugate arrangement. The test is permitted to respond at the same time with the two antibodies, bringing about the TSH atoms being sandwiched between the strong stage and chemical connected antibodies. Following an hour long brooding at room temperature, the wells are washed with water to evacuate unbound named antibodies An answer of TMB Reagent is included and hatched for 20 minutes, bringing about the advancement of a blue shading The shading advancement is halted with the expansion of Stop Arrangement, changing the shading to yellow.
The grouping of TSH is legitimately corresponding to the shading power of the test Absorbance is estimated spectrophotometrically at 450 nm Result
Hypothyroidism, caused by a pituitary disorder, low levels of thyroid hormone and disproportionately low or normal levels of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) that the pituitary gland produces. In contrast, a person with hypothyroidism caused by a defect in the gland itself has low levels of thyroid hormone and elevated levels of thyroid stimulating hormone. Doctors sometimes inject a synthetic version of the thyroid-stimulating hormone-releasing hormone, which is the hormone that stimulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone and milk hormone from the front of the pituitary gland. The body's reaction to these injections may help doctors determine whether the pituitary gland or another gland is the cause of the hormone deficiency
Treatment of hypopituitarism The treatment of hypopituitarism is by taking hormonal replacement drugs that help regulate its functions and produce its own hormones, including:
Corticosteroids: These are drugs that replace adrenal hormones that are affected by hypopituitarism.
Levothyroxine: It is a hormonal drug to treat the deficiency of thyroid stimulating hormone, which leads to hypothyroidism if its levels are low.
Sex hormone drugs: whether testosterone for men or estrogen and progesterone hormones for women.
may also prescribe other medications to increase fertility in men and women.
Growth hormone drugs: These drugs help treat growth hormone deficiency caused by hypopituitarism, and thus stimulate body and muscle growth.
Some cases require taking these medications temporarily, as the body responds to them, and that is when
the pituitary gland begins producing hormones normally.
Analyzes were performed on men and women shown as table 1 and 2
Result of patient for female
Table1
Statistics
T3 T4 TSH
N Valid 50 50 50
Missing 0 0 0
Mean 1.9240 104.1600 2.2080
Median 1.8000 105.0000 .5000
Mode 1.10 145.00 .10a
Std. Deviation .70668 32.33507 2.77983
Variance .499 1045.557 7.727
Range 1.80 105.00 7.70
Minimum 1.10 47.00 .10
Maximum 2.90 152.00 7.80
Sum 48.10 2604.00 55.20
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown
Table 2
Explain correlation of patient for female
Correlations
T3 T4 TSH
Pearson Correlation 1 005 394
T3 Sig. (2-tailed) 979 051
N 50 50 50
Pearson Correlation 005 1 -.357
T4 Sig. (2-tailed) 979 080
N 25 25 25
Pearson Correlation 394 -.357 1
TSH Sig. (2-tailed) 051 080
N 50 50 50
Table 3
Explains results of control
Statistics
T3C T4C TSHC
N Valid 35 35 35
Missing 2 2 2
Mean 1.8000 87.7826 2.18913
Median 1.7000 89.0000 1.3000
Mode 1.80 89.00 1.20
Std. Deviation .38612 14.20293 3.32387
Variance .149 201.723 11.048
Range 1.30 51.00 12.80
Minimum 1.00 58.00 .20
Maximum 2.30 109.00 13.00
Sum 39.10 2042.00 52.70
Table 4
Compare between control and patient
Correlations
T3 T4 TSH T3C T4C TSHC
T3 Pearson Correlation 1 .005 .394 -.105 .083 -.333
Sig. (2-tailed) .979 .051 .634 .708 .121
N 25 25 25 23 23 23
T4 Pearson Correlation .005 1 -.357 -.039 -.194 .146
Sig. (2-tailed) .979 .080 .859 .376 .508
N 25 25 25 23 23 23
TSH Pearson Correlation .394 -.357 1 .280 .205 -.010
Sig. (2-tailed) .051 .080 .196 .349 .963
N 25 25 25 23 23 23
T3C Pearson Correlation -.105 -.039 .280 1 .579** .467*
Sig. (2-tailed) .634 .859 .196 .004 .025
N 23 23 23 23 23 23
T4C Pearson Correlation .083 -.194 .205 .579** 1 .385
Sig. (2-tailed) .708 .376 .349 .004 .070
N 23 23 23 23 23 23
TSHC Pearson Correlation -.333 .146 -.010 .467* .385 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .121 .508 .963 .025 .070
N 23 23 23 23 23 23
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Table 5
Explain test of ANOVA for parameter
ANOVA Table
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
T3 * T3C Between Groups (Combined) 6.827 13 525 1.240 381
Linearity 117 1 117 277 612
Deviation from Linearity 6.709 12 559 1.320 344
Within Groups 3.812 9 424
Total 10.638 22
T4 * T3C Between Groups (Combined) 13555.978 13 1042.768 1.028 497
Linearity 34.905 1 34.905 034 857
Deviation from Linearity 13521.073 12 1126.756 1.111 446
Within Groups 9125.500 9 1013.944
Total 22681.478 22
TSH * T3C Between Groups (Combined) 86.262 13 6.636 624 787
Linearity 14.222 1 14.222 1.338 277
Deviation from Linearity 72.039 12 6.003 565 824
Within Groups 95.677 9 10.631
Total 181.938 22
G-
5
4
T
° -1- -1- -1- -1- -1- -1- -1- -1- -1- -1- -1- -1-
1.10 1.30 1.60 1.70 1 .80 1.90 2.30 2.50 2.30 2.70 2.30 2.90
Figure 1. Explain T3 count
T3control
T3
2,5
1,5
SD
I mean
T3 0,7 1,924
0,5
T3control 0,38 1,82
2
1
0
SD mean Линейная (mean)
Figure 2. Explain the effect of parameters of T3
Conclusion:-
Hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid gland) is a condition in which your thyroid gland does not produce enough of some important hormones.
Hypothyroidism may not cause noticeable symptoms in the early stages. Over time, hypothyroidism can cause a number of health problems, such as obesity, joint pain, infertility and heart disease.
Although hypothyroidism is a chronic disease, it can be controlled completely in almost all people with it, as hypothyroidism is treated with thyroid hormone alternatives, such as the synthetic thyroid hormone, through which the deficiency in thyroid hormone levels can be compensated, thus restoring the hormone levels. Thyroxine and TSH return to their normal levels, which ultimately leads to the body's restoration of its ability to carry out various functions as required.
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