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УДК 373.1.02 : 372.8
STYLISTIC DEVICES AS MEANS OF ENHANCING THE PRAGMATIC EFFECT OF PUBLIC SPEAKING (on the material of pre-election speeches of Donald Trump)
Ацдатпа
Б^л макалада Дональд Трамптын, сайлау сез-дершщ материалындагы прагматикалык эсерш арттыру к¥Ралы ретiнде стилистикалык эдiстердi сипаттайды. Мэтiндi талдау кезiнде метафора, эпитет, метонимия жэне синтаксистш эдютер: риторикалык с^рак, параллелизм, кайталану жэне морфологиялык: 1 жактагы есiмдiк жэне салыстырмалы шырайдагы сын есiмдер макси-малды прагматикалык эсерге кол жетазуге мYм-кiндiк беретiн лексикалык стилистикалык эдь стерi аныкталды.
Аннотация
В данной статье описываются стилистические приемы как средство усиления прагматического эффекта публичной речи на материале предвыборных речей Дональда Трампа. В ходе анализа речей было выявлено, что такие лексические стилистические приемы, как метафора, эпитет, метонимия, и синтаксические приемы, как риторический вопрос, параллелизм, повторение, и морфологические, как местоимения 1 лица, наречия и прилагательные в сравнительной степени способствовали достижению максимального прагматического эффекта.
Annotation
This article describes the stylistic techniques as a means of enhancing the pragmatic effect of public speech on the material of the election speeches of Donald Trump. While analyzing the speeches, it was revealed that such lexical stylistic methods as metaphor, epithet, metonymy, and syntactic methods as asrhetorical question, parallelism, repetition, and morphological as a place name 1, adverbs and adjectives in a comparative degree contributed to achieving the maximum pragmatic effect.
A.E. Ukanova,
student, KSPU named after U. Sultangazin, Kostanay
M.I. Kudritskaya,
scientific adviser,
candidate of pedagogical sciences, associated professor, foreign languages department, philology faculty, KSPU named after U. Sultangazin, Kostanay
Нег1зг1 свздер: стилистика-лыц тэсыдер^, Дональд Трамп, сайлау алдындагы свйлеу
Ключевые слова: стилистические приемы, Дональд Трамп, предвыборные речи
Keywords: stylistic devices, Donald Trump, pre-election speeches
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Language skills play a key role in public speaking. The ultimate goal of any speaker or author of the article, his communicative intention is to convince the addressee of his rightness, to encourage him to any action. It is obvious that the achievement of this goal is feasible to a large extent through the use of emotionally-rich speech, which, of course, has the greatest impact on the audience [1].
Rhetoric is a theory of oratory. It is no secret to anyone that any public speech will not be successful without a rhetorical aspect, that's why these two words are closely interrelated. Going back into history, it seems appropriate to note that the homeland of oratory is ancient Greece which arose in the 5th century BC in Athens and spread to Rome in the first century BC [2]. The ancient Greeks valued in public speeches the idea, the sequence of presentation of the material. For them the thought that the speaker wanted to convey was important. That is how Aristotle understood rhetoric - the theorist of oratory. Therefore, ancient thinkers considered rhetoric as a science. Aristotle created the theory of building public speaking, developed forms and methods of communicating thoughts to the audience. The philosopher argued that good speech is one that ends with catharsis: it should convince, evoke sympathy, s agreement [3].
< Over time, the understanding of the o essence of rhetoric has changed. In ancient Oh Rome oratory was considered as art, o something akin to acting. In the speeches s it was not content that was welcomed, but
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§ form — color, temperament of the speech, § particular style and form of presentation
w of thought. The speech was supposed to be
s replete with lush, ornate statements, quotes,
K examples. A special syllable and rhythm of
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o pronouncing phrases were appreciated[1]. H In modern understanding, rhetoric is a combination of science and art. The scientific
fundamentals of public speaking need to be known in order to construct a speech into a correct composition. The theory of rhetorical mastery teaches how to formulate the main idea, how to break it up into brief theses; how to arrange parts of the presentation, in what sequence; what kind of examples to use; what type of words, phrases to pick up, how to construct sentences grammatically correctly[4].
It is a recognized fact that speech effects should be considered in line with the pragmatists. As we know, pragmatics considers those linguistic means and patterns of speech that are used to influence thoughts, feelings, as a consequence, behavior of communication partners. For linguistic pragmatics, considering speech communication as one of the forms of purposeful activity, it is natural to seek to identify the mechanisms that ensure the success of speech influence, that is, the achievement of certain goals by the speaker. It is known that public speech may be aimed at the transfer of new information. However, transmission of speech messages is never the ultimate goal of public speech, it is the ultimate goal of public speech, it's only a means to achieve other goals, the ultimate of which is the goal of managing the activities, thinking of a listener. This is a pragmatic aspect of speech[5]. Pragmatics is a field of research in semiotics and linguistics, which studies functioning of linguistic signs in speech. Researchers in the field of linguistic pragmatists are such scientists as N.D. Arutyunova, D. Vanderveken, H.P. Grice, T.A. van Dyck, V.I. Zabotkina, I.M. Kobozeva, S. Levinson, E.V. Paducheva, G.G. Pocheptsov, I.P. Susov, Yu.S.R.C. Stolneyker, D.Heims, and etc.
As synonymous with the concept of "pragmatics" in linguistics, the concepts of "pragmalinguistics" and "linguistic pragmatics" are also used. Behind these
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definitions lies the field of linguistic research, the object of which is the relationship between linguistic units and the conditions of their use in a certain communicative and pragmatic context in which the addresser and the addressee of the message interact. To characterize this relationship, the spatial-temporal context is of great importance, within which speech interaction takes place, as well as the goals and expectations of communicants. V. Dressler believes that a pragmatist of a text should have an extra-linguistic status, and writes that "pragmatics does not belong to linguistics at all". However, the author notes the pragmatic meaning of individual linguistic elements. In addition, he notes the relationship of linguistic features and extralinguistic conditions[6].
Thus, by enhancing the pragmatic effect of a text, we will mean increasing the impact of the content of the text on the perceiver through linguistic and extralinguistic means. In this case, stylistic devices will act as such means.
The main stylistic means that are common in political discourse and reinforce the pragmatic impact of the text include metaphor, epithet, hyperbole, repetition, anaphora, antithesis, rhetorical questions, polysendethon and etc.
A textual analysis of Donald Trump's pre-election speeches for 2016 allowed to determine the dominant language means reflecting his style. These tools can be divided into 3 categories: lexical, syntactic and morphological.
The lexical features in D.Trump's speech are represented by the wide use of such a stylistic device as metaphor ("open your heart", "to dissipate over the horizon, flush with cash", "rusted out factories"), epithets ("righteous people and a righteous public", "gracious aid", "struggling families"), hyperboles ("We stand at the birth of a new
millennium, ready to unlock the mysteries of space, to free the earth from the miseries of disease and to harness the energies, industries and technologies of tomorrow", "You came by the tens of millions to become part of a historic movement the likes of which the world has never seen before").
The syntactical features of Donald Trump's speeches are in the simple syntactic organization of sentences. Basically, the President's Speech is organized with simple sentences that provide understanding of the information addressed. Also, in the inaugural speech of the American leader, frequency of changing a traditional word -order in the sentences is noted ("Now arrives the hour of action", "I will end the special interest monopoly in Washington").
Also, in Trump's pre-election speeches can be found such syntactical stylistic devices as repetition ("From this day forward, it's going to be only America first — America first. One by one, the factories shuttered and left our shores with not even a thought about the millions and millions of American workers that were left behind"), parallelism ("We will bring back our jobs. We will bring back our borders. We will bring back our wealth, and we will bring back our dreams. We will build new roads and highways and bridges and airports and tunnels and railways all across our wonderful nation. We will get our people off of welfare and back to work rebuilding our country with American hands and American labor. We will follow two simple rules - buy American and hire American") and polysendethon ("And the crime, and the gangs, and the drugs that have stolen too many lives and robbed our country of so much unrealized potential"). These stylistic devices enhance the expressiveness of speech, give Trump's speech emotional and visual impressionability.
The morphological features of Donald Trump's speeches consist of frequent uses of a
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personal pronoun "We" instead of "I". Trump often uses personal pronouns to express his love for the motherland. Also, Donald Trump, using this technique, by including himself among the people, aimed at creating a confidence tone of conversation with an audience. In the second context, where the presence of this stylistic device is noted, the formation of a powerful emotionally charged conceptual image of the unity of the nation, called to convey to the recipient information about equality and fraternity, which is a means of manipulation and the formation of public opinion. Donald Trump abundantly uses the auxiliary verb of the future tense "will" in his speeches, it allows the speaker to manipulate the opinions of people through their faith in a bright future. For example: "We will bring back our jobs. We will bring back our borders. We will bring back our wealth, and we will bring back our dreams. We will build new roads and highways and bridges and airports and tunnels and railways all across our wonderful nation. We will get our people of welfare and back to work rebuilding our country with American hands and American labor. We will follow two simple rules - buy American and hire American."
Enhancing the pragmatic impact in Donald Trump's pre-election speeches is achieved by attracting the attention of listeners to s the necessary information by repeating the < same phrase many times, carefully selecting o vocabulary and linguistic and stylistic Oh means, and also appealing to the feelings and o emotions of the audience. Such an appeal s appears in the speeches of D.Trump as the § main argument and is formed by selecting § a specific, often stylistically colored, w vocabulary and including in the message text s information reflecting the system of values s of the audience - religious, national-cultural
o and social.
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H Thus, Donald Trump appears in the eyes
of the audience as a competent person, wise, eloquent, capable of evoking emotions in the public and attracting their attention. Textual analysis of the language personality of Donald Trump allows us to conclude that the public speeches of the American politician are built on the convergence of stylistic techniques (lexical, syntactic and morphological), which allow to appeal to both the consciousness and the emotional sphere of the audience, thereby enhancing the pragmatic effect of speeches. Lexical means of forming Trump's style are metaphors, epithets and hyperboles. Syntactic means of organizing the president's public speeches are repetitions, parallelism, and polysendeton.
REFERENCES
1.Medvedev I., Mironov L.Yu. Public speaking. 2014
2.A. Craig Baird Oratory RHETORIC. 2009
3.Dovzhenko Natalia Rhetoric as science and art. 2013
4.Emma Pomfret The Art of Public Speaking. 2008
5.Dyakova M.L. Pragmatic orientation of the texts of public speeches. 1993
6.Demyankov V.Z. Pragmatic foundations of the interpretation of statements. 2002
7.Galperin I.R. English Stylistics. Moscow, 1961. 350 p.
8.https: //www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/ us/politics/trump-speech-transcript.html (last accessed date - January, 21st , 2019)
9.https://www.politico.com/ story/2016/06/transcript-trump-speech-on-the-stakes-of-the-election-224654 (last accessed date - January, 21st , 2019)
10.https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ world/americas/donald-trump-speech-ohio-thank-you-tour-campaign-video-a7451936. html (last accessed date - January, 21st, 2019)
