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УДК 631
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СТРАТЕГИИ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ И ЗАЩИТЫ ОТ ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА КИТАЯ, ОСНОВАННОЕ НА АМЕРИКАНСКОМ И ЯПОНСКОМ ОПЫТЕ
Гао Цян, преподаватель, Тайшанский государственный институт, КНР Чжао Фэй, преподаватель кафедры Учета, статистики и аудита, Тайшанский государственный институт, КНР
Политика контроля и управления, технологические методы Америки, Японии и других развитых стран в отношении загрязнения сельского хозяйства привели к определенным успехам. Чтобы взять под контроль основные источники загрязнения и решить насущные проблемы загрязнения в сельском хозяйстве Китая, необходимо на основе опыта и практики Америки и Японии и с учетом фактической ситуации разработать соответствующие правовые положения, создать технологическую систему профилактики и защиты от загрязнения сельского хозяйства.
Ключевые слова: источники загрязнения сельского хозяйства, модель развития сельского хозяйства, опыт и практика, стратегия профилактики и защиты.
STUDY ON POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL STRATEGIES OF AGRICULTURAL NON-POINT SOURCE IN CHINA BASED ON US-JAPAN EXPERIENCE AND ENLIGHTENMENT FOR THE PREVENTION
Gao Qiang, lecturer, Taishan State University, China Zhao Fei, lecturer of the Accounting, statistics and auditing chair, Taishan State University, China
In United States, Japan and other developed countries in the agricultural nonpoint source pollution control and governance key policy and technical measures have achieved some success, compared to Chinese agricultural nonpoint source pollution and problems of the major causes and actively learning from the developed countries succeed agricultural nonpoint source pollution control practices and experiences, based on the actual situation, from the establishment of a sound related policies and regulations, we strengthen the agricultural non-point source pollution control technology system and other aspects of the control and treatment of agricultural nonpoint source pollution countermeasures.
Keywords: agricultural nonpoint source pollution; agricultural development model; experience and enlightenment; prevention strategies
1. Meaning of Agricultural nonpoint source pollution and Formation Mechanism
Point source pollution can be called non-point source pollution, agricultural non-point source pollution, also known as the agricultural non-point source pollution (No-point source pollution from agriculture), also known as agricultural diffuse pollution, refers to during the agricultural production activities, the nitrogen hormone and phosphorus and other nutrients, pesticides and other organic contaminants through farmland and farmland runoff water leakage caused environmental pollution, including chemical fertilizers, pesticides, pollution, livestock pollution. Agricultural nonpoint source is due to the disturbance caused by the soil in farmland soil particles, nitrogen and phosphorus, pesticides and other organic or inorganic polluting substances in the process of rainfall or irrigation, with farmland runoff, agricultural drainage and underground seepage and other channels into the water body, or because water pollution is caused by any livestock industry sewage directly. Essentially, agricultural non-point source pollution comes from agricultural chemicals in the soil, so its generation, migration and transformation of pollutants from the soil is essentially a circle to other spheres especially hydrosphere diffusion process. From a technical point of view, agricultural nonpoint source pollution is due to the large number of agricultural chemical inputs, the consequences of increased non-point source pollutants loss potential; from a management perspective, agricultural nonpoint source pollution results from agricultural related facilities imperfect, the consequences of non-point source pollution is caused by the actual loss. Since agricultural nonpoint source pollution on agricultural ecological environment is an enduring progression, such as air pollution, soil pollution, reduced land productivity, groundwater pollution, hazards to humans, so especially in developed countries agricultural nonpoint source pollution protection and governance are more concerned about.
2. Prevention and control experience of US-Japan agricultural nonpoint source pollution
(1) Control measures of U.S. agricultural nonpoint source pollution
After 10 years' effective governance, agricultural nonpoint source pollution area than in 1990 decreased by 65% in USA. Their main measures are: First, policy measures. U.S. In agricultural pollution control there is a systematic legal framework, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency implemented a non-point source pollution management program, Rural Clean Water Program
was implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture, National irrigation water schemes, agricultural soil and water conservation programs, etc. In addition, there is reference developed in other countries such as the Clean Water Act, the maximum daily load plan, implementation plan and other pesticides, and actively encourage farmers to control agricultural pollution initiative, which have played a significant role to reduce non-point source pollution. In 1972 the "Clean Water Act" of the United States, is the first time point source pollution into national law, and put forward the famous "maximum daily load plan," 1977's "Clean Water Act" further emphasizes non-point source pollution on controlling the importance of the amendments proposed in its "Rural Clean Water Program" provides for agricultural nonpoint source pollution control measures taken voluntarily, the Government will share part of the cost, voluntarily take other measures, the government granted tax relief. In 1974, the U.S. Congress enacted the "Safe Drinking Water Act", the purpose is to protect the public water supply system, quality of drinking water safety. In 1986, 1996, USA made an important additional correction, in which a number of terms that relate point source pollution problems. Congress 1987 promulgated the "Water Law" which clearly requires states by the system identify sources of pollution and take the relevant management measures to reduce non-point source pollution. In 1989 President Bush issued a "presidential water moved Act," is designed to protect groundwater and surface water pollution from fertilizers and pesticides. For the control of production, distribution and use of U.S. chemicals and pesticides, in 1947 USA formulated the "Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act" (referred to as "Federal Pesticide Law"), provides for the types of pesticides, nature, characteristics and use. The method of pesticides there are strict requirements of various data, including pesticides, pesticide composition, production process, impurity content. Its composition requires chemical composition, residues of pesticides and human health-related environmental allowable value. In 1976 USA formulated the "Toxic Substances Control Act." The Act covers the management of toxic chemicals. In addition to these laws, the United States, "Agriculture and Rural Development Act," "Federal Land Policy and Management Act" and other laws in both have the specific terms and provisions about the agricultural non-point source pollution. In addition, the rural non-point source pollution control legislation, some U.S. states have been walking in front of the state, such as Pennsylvania and other government has formulated to
prevent agricultural nonpoint source pollution regulations. The U.S. government is working to discuss the development of an agricultural nonpoint source pollution control laws, programs around the country in 10 years to solve this problem. Second, technical measures. Simple, inexpensive alternative technologies are agricultural nonpoint source pollution control key. U.S. agricultural nonpoint source pollution control, for farmers with little or no subsidy is to encourage farmers to voluntarily adopt environmentally friendly alternative technologies. U.S. goals for each point source pollution (such as farmland or city) best management practices are engineering and non-engineering type 2 types. Engineering measures concern wetland type, vegetation and grass filter strips, riparian buffer strips, rain accumulation tank and settling ponds; non-engineering-type measures concern tillage - less tillage, integrated management of hazardous substances, such as bio-waste recycling. Ministry of Agriculture set up special funds to support farmers to develop ecological agriculture in order to reduce non-point source pollution, and Soil Conservation Service provides technical guidance to help local governments control soil erosion, Interior and Environmental Protection Agency was different sizes, levels of water resources planning and non-point source control provider intelligence and information. Third, the other measures to govern. United States launched a bio-agriculture, organic agriculture, regenerative agriculture, green agriculture and other operating modes, in law, technology and other aspects of effective control of agricultural production, the delivery of highly toxic pesticides. Congress also passed the Clean Water Act, water pollution will be included in the national budget, the Federal Government set aside a special fund about $ 2 billion from annual budget for water pollution projects to control and start. In recent years, the focus of watershed management for the non-point source pollution is monitoring and management. In 2003 U.S. President George W. Bush's proposal to Congress, the national 20 key watershed management increased by 7% of the budget is used to strengthen the watershed nonpoint source pollution control and related research. In the governance action plan, the federal government established a $ 50 billion Clean Water Fund, primarily as a "seed fund" to attract local government co-investment for farmers, businesses or local interest-free or low-interest loans through the way-point source pollution treatment.
(2) Policies and measures of Japanese agricultural nonpoint source pollution
In the 1960s, agricultural pollution began to increase in Japan, Japanese government attaches great importance to begin to implement reforms introduced in Japan which was the world's most stringent environmental standards for polluting industries to form a strong binding and form of environmental infrastructure a powerful impetus. Japan's environmental industry has gone from "pollution prevention type", "resource-saving" to "resource recycling-type" changes. Such as Japan's Lake Biwa, Shiga Prefecture 1400 million is water, it is also to Kyoto, Osaka and Hyogo province an important supply of ground water, from 1950 onwards, with the rapid economic growth after the war, discharged into the lake body a substantial increase in pollutants, deteriorating water quality, pollution extremely seriously. From the beginning of the 1970s, Lake Biwa, Japan implemented a strict pollutant emission standards and environmental impact assessment standards, and health-related indicators increased by 10 times. Through a variety of effective sewage control agricultural pollution abatement and other measures to effectively make agricultural environment and water environment improve.
From the 1960s, Japanese in rural environmental protection and legislation, the implement policy support, legislation supporting. Which includes environmentally friendly policies to support farmers in construction, subsidies and interest-free loans to support the implementation of the hardware as well as tax breaks and other incentives; legislative package includes the agricultural laws and regulations of "food, agriculture, rural Basic Law", "Sustainable Agriculture Law" "Compost Quality Management Law," "Food Waste Recycling Law". From the General Law to the specific individual regulations, from the agricultural production inputs to the food processing and catering industries supporting all aspects of laws and regulations, laws and regulations minimize " blind spot. " Since 2001, Japanese government also unveiled over "Pesticide Control Law", "Soil Pollution Prevention Law" and other laws and regulations, major urban suburban and rural areas have begun to carry out organic agricultural activities. In addition, Japan implements environmentally friendly construction, the implementation of hardware support subsidies and interest-free loans and tax breaks and other incentives.
Japan against the growing problem of agricultural pollution, built the introduction of environmentally friendly agricultural development mode. This mode requires reducing farm outside such as fertilizers, pesticides and other invested to protect the environment, preventing land from salinization, maintaining gradually soil fertility. While Japan fosters the use of modern biotechnology for water, salina, desert and ecologically sensitive areas cultivated crop varieties, expansion of arable land, to make up for shortage of arable land. Since the 1990s, the Japanese wetland sewage treatment which gets fast development, has been applied to rural sewage, livestock and poultry manure, landfill leachate other aspects of governance.
Japanese Ministry of Agriculture from farmland water conservancy construction to forest green, from agricultural production inputs necessary for the quality and safety of agricultural products and food waste recycling, etc., implement a management-based, other departments to cooperate, clear responsibilities and rights, effective management. Japan in the early 1970s established the National Organic Agriculture Research Council, proposed "to prevent environmental destruction, to maintain soil fertility nurturing" slogan, to mobilize farmers to produce more and better health, green agricultural products.
3. Inspiration of US-Japan agricultural nonpoint source pollution prevention
Experience of developed countries shows that in agricultural nonpoint source pollution controls it is necessary to attach importance to the role of technology, but also pay attention to play the role of the soft environment. Also, because of differences in national circumstances and conditions they can not be directly copied on China's practice. In US-Japan control agricultural non-point source pollution on China's revelation mainly there are the following two aspects.
(1)Establish and improve relevant policies and regulations
Gradually to improve the laws and regulations it is the U.S., Japan agricultural nonpoint source pollution important basis. China's current environmental legal system is mainly for industrial and municipal point sources of pollution build, agricultural pollution and rural environmental protection systems still lack the legal and policy framework system and it is not commensurate with the status of agriculture as the foundation. In agricultural nonpoint source pollution aggravating circumstances, China should improve environmental legal system, emphasis on agricultural pollution legislation.
In environmental legislation, China should be vigorously advanced foreign countries in the agricultural non-point source pollution control aspects of successful practices to develop a strong legal system, including the establishment of provincial or national cleaner production technical specifications, the development of new fertilizers and pesticide management laws and regulations, to encourage to reduce production and use of non-point source pollution of fertilizer and organic fertilizer, including the development of fertilizer and organic fertilizer excellent quality standards and the establishment of agricultural farming technology system, etc.; build China organic waste discharge regulations, effectively control the town sewage and livestock manure emissions. Meanwhile, in the province's agricultural development planning at all levels of government It is to introduce agri-environmental evaluation system and the concepts and methods of recycling economy. To accelerate agricultural non-point source pollution control system construction, research aimed at developing agricultural nonpoint source pollution prevention and control of agricultural inputs such as pollution prevention management practices departmental regulations. Local governments should from local realities, set up the development of local agricultural environmental protection laws, regulations and standards, and strengthen law enforcement.
Although China in the "Agriculture Law", "Environmental Protection Law", "Water Pollution Prevention Law" and other laws related to agricultural pollution prevention, but the basic requirements are incidental, more is needed to add some provisions in the legislation, only raised the requirements specification thematic content, and the content was lacking for further specific provisions. Should draw on the useful experience of foreign countries, refine or modify the relevant laws related to agricultural pollution prevention provisions of the legislation, or otherwise supporting the development of laws and regulations to enhance the operability. Therefore, we should clear pollution prevention department of agriculture, the agricultural sector should be clear legislation for agricultural non-point source pollution control authorities, agricultural pollution prevention bears the legal responsibility of its obligation to cooperate with other departments to perform their duties.
(2)Strengthen the agricultural non-point source pollution control extensive use of various media, channels, strengthen the management
technology system of agricultural non-point source pollution of publicity and education,
Combined with monitoring and surveys, we need to improve the universal knowledge of pollution prevention, elimination of grassroots
agricultural environmental safety assessment system. In high-risk cities, cadres, agricultural extension workers and the masses vague
counties and towns of agricultural nonpoint source pollution we need understanding of existence, so that farmers understand the status of
to establish monitoring stations, monitoring of soil, rivers, lakes and agricultural nonpoint source pollution, pathways and serious harm,
groundwater aquifers in the fertilizer, organic fertilizer and pesticide enhance pollution prevention consciousness and initiative. Second,
content, assess their impact on the environment and human health to strengthen technical training, there are plans to carry out different
impacts; for all level of government development plans to introduce levels of technical training for farmers and information training to
agri-environmental evaluation index system for reference. At the same enable them to quickly grasp agricultural nonpoint source pollution
time, to carry out high-risk areas of pollution point source pollution prevention knowledge and skills to carry out prevention and control
Survey, to provide comprehensive and reliable information. work to provide adequate technical support. Third, to strengthen
We need to Construct mature fertilizing and spraying technology farmers' professional technical organization system construction, the
system, including the identification of major crops in different regions development of agricultural planting specialized households, improve
fertilizer division, using balanced fertilization, integrated water and farming efficiency, promotion of agricultural technology promotion
fertilizer deep placement and management measures; appropriate use and application. of long-acting slow-release fertilizer, to encourage the use of organic fertilizer and improved fertilizer use Methods; using no-till and other farmland protection technology (buffer zones and ecological ditches), References:
to reduce the soil erosion caused by phosphate and pesticide losses. 1. Hong Dayong, Ma Fangxin Binary reproduction of social
We need to carry out non-point source pollution control system of structure - point source pollution in rural China Sociological Analysis
best practices research and demonstration, such as ecological ditches, [J]. Sociological Research, 2004, (4) :1-7.
wetlands, ecological buffer zone and other technologies, especially for 2. Liu Hongyuan, Liu Xianfeng. Agricultural nonpoint source
rural and agricultural development of eco-pollutant control technology, pollution Status and Prospects [J]. Agricultural Sciences, 2008 (19)
absorb experience of organic agriculture, ecological agriculture, green :25-26
agriculture from foreign advanced countries. 3. Li Yuan, Wang Xiaoxia our country agricultural nonpoint source
Strengthen anti-pollution technology training and promotion pollution Environmental Management: Public Policy Prospects [J].
system. Agricultural nonpoint source pollution has a wide distribution, Environmental Protection, 2005 (11) :23-26.
emissions from large, involving thousands ofhouseholds, to governance 4. Wei-Li, Ji Hongjie, KolbeH, Xu Aiguo, China estimated that
agricultural nonpoint source pollution must rely on the majority of agricultural nonpoint source pollution situation and control measures a!.
rural grassroots cadres and the broad participation of the masses. European countries and agricultural nonpoint source pollution control
First, the agricultural sector at all levels should play a functional role, [J]. Chinese Agricultural Sciences, 2004,37 (7) :1018-1025.
УДК 339.543
ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ ТАМОЖЕННОЙ И НАЛОГОВОЙ СЛУЖБ ПРИ ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИИ ТАМОЖЕННОГО КОНТРОЛЯ
Липатова Н.Г.,
Бормотова Е.Г., начальник отдела информационных таможенных технологий Главного управления информационных технологий Федеральной таможенной службы, полковник таможенной службы
В статье рассматривается модель взаимодействия федеральной таможенной службы и федеральной налоговой службы при осуществлении таможенного контроля, рассмотрена также информация взаимообмена.
Ключевые слова: ФТС, ФНС, таможенный контроль.
INTERACTION OF CUSTOMS AND TAX SERVICES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
CUSTOMS CONTROL
Lipatova N.,
Bormotova E., Chief of Information Technology of Customs General Administration of Information Technology of the Federal Customs Service,
Customs Colonel
The article discusses the interaction model of the Federal Customs Service and the Federal Tax Service in the implementation of customs control, as information exchange is also considered.
Keywords: Federal Customs Service, Federal Tax Service, customs control.
Информационное взаимодействие между налоговой и таможен- этого постоянно актуализируются тексты Соглашения между ФТС
ной службами на федеральном уровне имеет более чем 10-летнюю России и ФНС России и технических условий информационного
историю. Фактически интенсивный информационный обмен был взаимодействия, в которых описаны состав, структура и форматы
начат в 2000-м году на основе подписанной в это время, версии со- передаваемых сведений, а также регламент информационного обме-
ответствующего Соглашения между двумя ведомствами1. Уровень на и способы обеспечения информационной безопасности3.
автоматизации информационного обмена постоянно совершен- Модель существующего взаимодействия ФТС России и ФНС
ствуется, расширяется состав сведений исходя из необходимости России приведена на рис. 1.
решения новых задач, поставленных перед обеими службами2. Для На рисунке 1 обозначение: (1) - первый контур взаимодействия:
1 Соглашение о сотрудничестве Федеральной налоговой службы и Федеральной таможенной службы от 21 января 2010 года № 01-69/1/ ММ-27-2/1
2 Приказ ФТС России от 30.09.2011 № 1981 «Об утверждении регламента организации работ по соглашениям о взаимодействии (информационном взаимодействии) ФТС России с федеральными органами исполнительной власти и иными организациями».
3 Приказ ФТС России от 07.09.2012 № 1790 «Об утверждении Единого реестра Соглашений (договоров, меморандумов, технологических карт) о взаимодействии (информационном взаимодействии) ФТС России с федеральными органами исполнительной власти и иными организациями»
