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Section 3. Technical science in general
DOI:10.29013/AJT-24-5.6-72-78
STUDY OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF FLOUR PRODUCTION FROM LOCAL VARIETIES OF THE WHEAT AND RYE AND IMPROVEMENT OF ITS BAKING QUALITIES
Baltabaev Ulugbek Narbaevich1, Kurayazov Zaripbay Ramatovich 2, Inogamova Gulnoza1
1 Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology
2 Urgench State University
Cite: Baltabaev U. N., Kurayazov Z. R., Inogamova G. (2024). Study of the Technology of Flour Production From Local Varieties of the Wheat and Rye and Improvement of its Baking Qualitie. Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences 2024, No 3 - 4. https://doi. org/10.29013/AJT-24-5.6-72-78
Abstract
The article discusses the advantages of the production of wheat-rye bakery products by separating large fractions of intermediate grinding. A comparative analysis of experimental and control samples baked using traditional technology is given. Practical recommendations on the use of improvers for bread production are given.
Keywords: technological process, acidity, porosity, baking properties, bread, pastries
Introduction
The technology of producing flour, bread and bakery products belongs to an exceptional place in human nutrition, since these products provide a significant part of the physiological need of the human body for food substances.
High taste advantages and increased nutritional value of rye-wheat bread ensure a fairly high demand for this product and its expanded range.
The usual technology for preparing rye-wheat bread varieties provides for separate processing of rye and wheat grains, followed
by mixing rye and wheat flour at bakeries. Varietal grinding of wheat is characterized by complexity, significant energy and labor costs, and also requires a sufficiently high quality of processed grain (Butkovsky B. A., Merko A. I., Melnikov E. M., 1999; Egor-ov G. A., 2005; Anninkova T. Yu., 2001; Au-erman L. Ya., 1984; Polandova R. D., Guseva L. I., Maslikova N. H., 1984; Kovbasa V. N., Kobylinskaya E. V., Kovalev A. V., etc., 1998).
Due to these advantages, research on improving the technology of production of rye-wheat flour from grain mixtures is relevant and has important theoretical and practical
significance (Butkovsky V. A., 1989; Yakovle-va O. V., 1995; Butkovsky B. A., Merko A. I., Melnikov E. M., 1999; Egorov G. A., 2005; Andreev A. N., 1999; Anninkova T. Yu., 2001).
In this regard, in this work, in addition to studies of certain stages of the technological process of processing rye-wheat mixtures, attention was paid to the problem of interaction of their components.
The rye and wheat standard provides for a restriction of the content of germinated grains to 3% (Kislukhina O.,1997; Ya-kovleva O. V.,1995; Auerman L. Ya., 1984; TU8-18-149-94; Matveeva I. V., Belyavska-ya I. G., 1998).
In terms of grinding capacity, rye and wheat differ from each other due to the peculiarities of structural and mechanical properties. Also, the process of forming varietal rye-wheat flour from grain mixes by qualitative indices and percentage content of components is not studied, which is necessary for production of products with specified composition and properties (But-kovsky V. A.,1989; Kislukhina O., 1997; Butkovsky B. A., Merko A. I., Melnikov E. M., 1999; Egorov G. A., 2005; Kovbasa V. N., Ko-bylinskaya E. V., Kovalev A. V., etc., 1998).
However, the chemical composition of bakery wheat flour is characterized by a low content of essential amino acids, a low content of dietary fiber, which, in turn, requires enrichment of these products with micronutrients.
In this regard, rye grain processing products have an absolute advantage. Rye has worse flour-milling advantages compared to wheat grain, but it is significantly superior to wheat in amino acid composition (Kislukhina O.,1997; Egorov G. A.,2005; Bystro-va A. I., Tokareva G. A.,1997; Matveeva I. V., Belyavskaya I. G.,1998; Poland R. D., Barka-lova I. V., Podobedov A. V., etc. 1997).
To obtain rye flour with high yields and quality that meets the requirements and standards, it is necessary to improve grinding, but there are two problems:
1) rational use of grain mixture or flour;
2) obtaining high-quality finished products, a useful product for human health.
Due to the fact that rye grain has increased autolytic activity, the studies are devoted to the problem of improving the bakery
advantages of rye grain, which are characterized by amylolytic activity.
An effective means of improving the bakery properties of flour, regulating the technological process and improving the quality of bread is the use of complex additives - improvers (Kislukhina O., 1997; Egorov G. A., 2005; Bystrova A. I., Tokareva G. A., 1997; Vorobyova I. S., 2002; TU8-18-149-94; Dremucheva G., Karchevskaya O., Polando-va R., 2000; Matveeva I. V., Belyavskaya I. G., 1998; Polandova R. D., Guseva L. I., Masliko-va N. H., 1984; Nechaev A. P., Dubtsova G. N., Dubtsov G. G., Bakulina O. N., 1990; Poland R. D., Barkalova I. V., Podobedov A. V., etc. 1997; Kovbasa V. N., Kobylinskaya E. V., Kovalev A. V., etc., 1998)
Currently, both in our country and abroad, the use of multi-component enhancers, the composition of which is specially selected taking into account the alleged focus of their action, has become the most widespread.
In this regard, research aimed at the development of bakery improvers from domestic, affordable and inexpensive raw materials is of particular relevance, since bread is a commodity of everyday demand and the increase in its cost will primarily affect the meager budget of socially unprotected segments of the population (Yakovle-va O. V., Egorov G. A., 2005, Bystrova A. I., Tokareva G. A., 1997; 1995; TU8-18-149-94; Nechaev A. P., Dubtsova G. N., Dubtsov G. G., Bakulina O. N., 1990; Poland R. D., Barkalova I. V., Podobedov A. V., etc. 1997).
Aims and functions of scientific research.
- to development of technology for production of wheat-rye varieties of flour;
- to study of composite mixtures as improvers of wheat-rye bread varieties.
a study of the efficiency of using enzymes for wheat and rye flour;
- to make compositions of baking improvers for bread produced from wheat flour with "strong" or "weak" gluten;
- to determine the nutritional value of finished products and developed improvers;
- to conduct a comparative assessment of the effect of bakery improvers on the quality of bread and its preservation;
- to develop and approve technical documentation.
Methods of the study:
Technical analysis of grain and flour was carried out in accordance with GST 1083964 " Grain. Test methods. "Nature was determined according to GST 10840-64; vitreous content - GST 10987-76; weight of 1000 grains - GST 10842-89; quantity and quality of gluten - GST 13586.1-68; ash content -GST 10847-74; content of weeds, grain impurities, fine grains and coarseness
- GST 13586.2-81; germination energy - GST 10968-88; acidity - GST 10844-74; humidity - GST 13586.5-85; protein - GST 10846-74; fall number - by the Hagberg-Per-ten method according to GST 27676-88. Au-tolytic activity of grain was determined by exspress baking. An organoleptic assessment of the appearance and state of the crumb of baked finished products was carried out.
Flour was analyzed for the following parameters: humidity determined according to GST 9404-88; ash content - GST 1084774; acidity - GST 27493-87; size - GST 27560-87; whiteness - on RZ-BPL device as per GST 26361-84; number of fall - GST 27676-88.
Porosity determination procedure (as per GST 5669-96):
P = 100 • (V - m/p)/V, where
P - porosity,%;
V - total volume of bread cuts, cm3;
m - mass of notches, g;
p - is the density of the non-porous mass of the crumb.
Determination of bread acidity (according to GST 5670-96):
Acidity of pulp X (deg) is calculated with accuracy to 0.5 deg. by the formula:
X = 2V • K, where
X - acidity, deg;
V - volume of sodium hydroxide solution with molar concentration 0.1; mol/dm3 used for titration of the test solution, cm3;
K - correction factor of the solution used sodium hydroxide to a 0.1 mol/dm3 solution.
Experimental part
This detail provides experimental learning of the baking properties and quality indicators of flour and bread made from wheat and rye.
Table 1. Recipe of raw materials and baking process parameters
Description of raw materials and process parameters
Quantities of raw materials and bread preparation
parameters
control Dough
1 sample Dough
2 sample Dough
3 sample Dough
First grade wheat flour, kg 100 Rye flour, kg -
Fariman yeast, kg Table salt, kg Water
Humidity,% 48
Initial temperature,0 C Fermentation duration Baking time, min Baking oven temperature, ° C
95 90
5 10
1
1.5
by calculation 47 46
26-30 25-30 20-25 220-240
80
20
46
Bread baking was carried out in a laboratory electric oven of the company "MF GR Company" at a temperature of 230-240 °C for 35-40 minutes. The baked bread was stored in a laboratory cabinet. The analysis was carried out 12-18 h after baking.
As can be seen from table No. 2, the quality indicators of flour produced from wheat and rye grain utilise enzymes showed the best indicators on samples 3.
Table 2. Quality indicators of obtained flour from wheat and rye grain (with addition of 0,5,10,20% of flour and 0,03 g of enzyme Alfa2 and LOU)
Indicators 1 sample control grade 1 2 sample 5% 3 sample 10% 4 sample 20%
Humidity 14.8 15 14.5 14.8
Amount of raw gluten 34 32.4 30 28
Raw gluten quality (IDS) 73 76 80 78
Description of raw glu- Homogeneous, non-tradition- unreported, non-tradition-
ten (manual method) crumbles a little al, crumbles, uncoopera- al, crumbles,
sticky sticky tive, sticky sticky
Number of falls per PChP-3 325 260 236 224
Ash content,% 0.77 0.86 1.10 1.21
Whiteness, unit of the device 48 46 46 44
Damaged starch index: 23.2 7.80
Table 3. Quality indices of wheat and rye flour by alveograph
Temperature Parameters Results are standard Temperature Parameters Results are standard
Water: 19,7 oC Air humidity: P: 158 mmH2O Water: 19,8 oC Air humidity: P: 118 mm-
Kneader: 24.2 53% Humidity: L: 55mm Kneader: 23.8oC 64% Humidity: H2O
oC 15.6 Hydra- G: 16,5 Spacer chamber: 14.5 Hydra- L:233mm
Spacer cham- tion: 50% W: 341 10-4J 25,2 oC tion: 50% G: 12.8
ber: 25,2 oC Basic humidity: P/L: 2,87 Alveograph Basic humidity: W: 163 10-4J
Alveograph B15%H2O Ie: 54,8% compartment: B15%H2O P/L: 3,58
compartment: Quantity of wa- 20,6 oC Quantity of wa- Ie: 0%
20,7 oC ter: 122.35ml ter: 127.21ml
Mass of flour: Mass of flour:
250g 250g
The Austrian Journal of Technical Section 3. Technical science in general
and Natural Sciences, No 5 - 6
Figure 3. Qualitative indices of porosity and acidity of bread from wheat and rye flour
Table 4. Organoleptic, physicochemical and technological properties of products
Organoleptic qualities Properties of indicators 1 rade 1-grade Wheat-rye g flour mixture
Color White and cream Dark brown light
Taste Non-cooked flavors, without hot
Smell Characteristic of the taste of wheat grains and rye
Mineral mixtures Absent
Consistence Same with dark shades
Screening No. 38: 5 / 60 2 / 70
Table 5. Physical and chemical qualities and technological properties
Quantities
Indicators From Wheat and Wheat and rye Wheat and
1-grade rye flour mix- flour mixture rye flour mix-
wheat flour ture (5%) (10%) ture (20%)
Humidity,% 14.6 14.9 14.92 14.89
Density, pn, kg/m3 704 706 708 707
Natural angle of incli- 38 35 36 33
nation
Floatability well good Very good Satisfactorily speckled
Water pollution rate,% 62.0 60.2 58.1 57.8
Specific volume 2.4 2.5 2.76 2.71
Prowl 67 68 72 71
Table 6. Indicators of bread quality and study of the effect of flour on baked goods
Flour indicators Bread Control Bread (5%) Bread (10%) Bread (20%)
Humidity,% 48.4 46.4 44.2 45.1
Gaseous force, ml 1510 1480 1530 1490
Weight of bread, g 540 545 560 550
Crude gluten composition,% 26.6 28.0 24.4 21.5
Gluten elasticity, IDK-2 74 76 74 72
Prowl 66 68 72 74
Acidity, deg 6.2 5.8 5.4 5.6
Conclusions:
- Improvement and investigation of the possibility of separation of coarse fractions of intermediate wheat and rye grain grinding products by Q-factor.
- Comparative analysis of bread quality showed that physicochemical and organolep-tic indices of test and control samples were
beaten by close ones according to different criteria. In appearance, ground, specific volume, acidity, the test samples were better than the control.
- recommendations on application of improvers for bread production depending on its formulation and baking properties of used wheat and rye flour are given.
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submitted 15.05.2024;
accepted for publication 29.05.2024;
published 30.07.2024
© Baltabaev U. N., Kurayazov Z. R., Inogamova G. Contact: [email protected]
