CC BY
37HISTORICAL SCIENCES
STUDY OF THE RESETTLEMENT POLICY OF SOVIET POWER IN KAZAKHSTAN IN 1920-1930-
YEARS
Kalyeva A.
2 year master student
Abstract
The article considers the degree of scrutiny of the resettlement policy of Soviet power in Kazakhstan in 1920-1930-years. The author shows the historical and historiographical periods of migration policy. Summarizing the works M.Chokay, S. Saduakasuly, M. Esboluly, T. Shonanuly, T.Ryskulov and others. Sharing the historiography of the resettlement policy into two periods, the author shows the views of local and foreign historians. And also sums up the fact that this problem has not been studied comprehensively.
Keywords: Kazakhstan, resettlement policy of Soviet power, historical and historiographical periods of migration policy.
In recent years, scientific knowledge has been developed in domestic science, and the approach to the new concepts and theories has changed in the acquisition of new knowledge, and humanitarian thought turns into the theory of civilization. The theory of civilization also includes the principle of historic scientific research. The principle of history allows us to determine the type and nature of the public historical process. It also creates favorable conditions for the evolution of society and the views of various social groups. The need to demonstrate that historical principle of history and trends has come to be reflected in history is evident in the development of historical knowledge. At the same time, this principle operates in the past to have a clear understanding of history. It is appropriate for Kazakhstan historians to adhere to the principle of "history - human activity". The principle of "history-human activity" is also an inseparable concept that addresses all political, geographical, national ethnical, universal issues. [1. 20 p]. History is closely linked to the concept of dialectic development. Historical and dialectical principles enable the democratization process of 19201930 in Kazakhstan to be closely linked to the demographic processes, and to a single dynamics. In the history of domestic history, the issues of settlement as world-class historians are discussed in the context of migration processes. The problem of migration is studied in the purely subject boundary between pragmatic concepts of classical theory. Kazakhstani scientists have been studying the systematic and objectively self-identification of the migration processes, such as all the problems of historical demography, in the 20th century, in the direction of multiculturalism and humanistic knowledge [2, 10 p]. Historiography of resettlement policy in Kazakhstan in 1920-1930 can be divided into two stages. Before defining the level of investigation, it is desirable to give a historical description of the period. The peculiarity of the 1920s is in the history.
In the Kazakhstan, which has been part of the Soviet Union, significant changes have been made in the socio-political situation of the state due to the coming of I. Stalin in Kazakhstan. At the time of VI Lenin, the administrative and managerial methods that began with
the policy of "military communism" gradually developed into a totalitarian system. In 1925, the appointment of F. Goloschekin to the post of Executive Secretary of the Kazakh Party Committee of the Stalin in Stalin's epicenter led to the implementation of the Sta-lin-Golosechenskaya events in the region. After Stalin's visit to Siberia in 1928, political intimidation and threats of violence have become a traditional practice. The new economic policy has been suspended as a result of such a stubborn policy. By the end of the 1920s the totalitarian system was formed in the Soviet Union. Gradually, the totalitarian regime, based on managerial and commanding control, deeply penetrated all the society. Historical data and research at that period can be divided into the following stages, without interrupting the chain of events, processes, and succession. Such a proposal was based on the history of the Soviet Union mentioned above.
Stage one 1917 - 1928 Establishment and strengthening of Soviet power in Kazakhstan. During the above mentioned years, the Soviet power was fully established in the region and the first measures of the proletarian dictatorship were carried out.
In 1920 the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) ASSR was established. The first steps in the establishment of a socialist society were made.
They include the transfer of private property infrastructure to the state, changes in land use, performance of the cultural revolution, elimination of exploitation classes, development of industries, etc.
Stage 2, from 1929 to 1937 stalinist-goloschekin management approach in the social and political life of the region. At this stage, there were events such as industrialization, mass collectivization of agriculture, the transfer of nomadic and semi-nomadic farming, political repressions, the adoption of the first constitution of the conquered socialism, the transformation from the autonomous republic to the union republic. At the same time, a number of nationalities resettled on the territory of Kazakhstan were deported [3, 42-43p].
The first of these historiographical stages corresponds to the 1920s. It is noteworthy that one of the issues that complements the methodological bases of
historiography is the formation of historiographical periodicity. Determining the degree of research of any problem requires division into historiographical periods. The termination is based on the publication of historical records of each period, specifications. The historical analysis of historical records affects the depth and value of the study [4.12p].
The resettlement policy of the 1920s and 1930s in domestic historiography has been studied in the context of the colonization of royal Russia and peasant movements. The well-known historian of the republic -O.Kh.Mukhatova analyzed [4]. However, it is noteworthy that there is no single study of resettlement policy at the given time. Therefore, the study of the problem's history and historiography is also actual. One of the most courageous national approaches to the migration policy in Kazakhstan is the national intellectuals, including Mustafa Shokai. Respect for the Nation "The Soviet colonial economy in Turkestan was formed in the direction of forming one-sided and irrelevant source of the organization of life, dependence on the Kazakh steppes to Russia" [4]. At the same time, Mustafa considers the policy of soviet land "recalls the old tsarist old politics. The diaspora of the Russian proletariat has been established, and the national policy of the new form serves the Russian government. "[5] He underlined that the Russian Empire and Bolshevik authorities' resettlement policies in Kazakhstan were for the same purpose. At the beginning of 1920, it was known that the Government of the Republic and the Executive Committee of the All-Union Discussion on Residents in Kazakhstan. On April 11, 1925, the Kazakh ASSR government and provincial party committee concluded that "after August 31, 1922, those who came to Kazakhstan were not allowed to settle down, and that they should be allowed to return to their former places or pay for the land as a lessee." Under the pressure of F. Golo-schekin, the Government of Kazakhstan issued a resolution "Residents in September 1925 have the right to settle in the region" [6]. At that time, Saduakasuly, the national intelligence, was openly objecting to the policy of party leaders and criticizing it. This policy has a negative impact on the economy and life of the Kazakhs. In this regard S. Saiduakasuly's article "Bolshevik Kazakhstan" published an article titled "On nationalism and nationalism". A citizen, who personally raised the interests of the nation, explained the causes of the conflict between the Government of the Republic and the Executive Committee of the All-Union Committee on issues of land and about the resettlement in Kazakhstan [7].
One of the nation's intellectuals, M.Esboluly, wrote that the policy of resettlement policy of the period following the Russian Empire was continuing by Soviet authorities. The Kazakh citizen, who is not indifferent to the Turkic-speaking heritage, linked directly to the increase in the number of outbound migrants in the land of Turkestan. According to the author, the author noted that during the colonization of Turkestan, the number of other people involved in the migration movement has increased. The total number of migrant workers proving that they are 15 times larger than the local population [2. 10p]. Commenting on the issue,
the well-known Kazakh scientist Telzhan Shonanuly, who was the victim of innocent punishment in 1937, paid attention to the 1920s. T. Shananuly was first published in 1923 and published in 1926 in Tashkent, entitled "History of Kazakh Land Problems", for the first time revealing the stages of colonization and resettlement. The scientist writes his thoughts openly: "The Kazakhs have entered Russian in 1732. From that time on, the tsarist government had to divide the Kazakh land into a herd and divide the history of the Kazakh steppes into two epochs: 1) from the Russian reign to the beginning of the 80s of the XIX century. This is the epoch of the land seizure in favor of Russian troops; 2) From the late 80's to the 90's, the era of land acquisition in favor of black sages before the fall of Nicolaus " [8, 13p]. G. Tugzhanov, S. Asfendiyarov, SP Shvetsov, T. Shonanov, P.P.Galuzo, E.Fedorov, T.Ryskulov were published in valuable works in connection with the policy of settlement in the 20-30s of the Soviet era [9]. Their works have been repulsed by the colonialist concepts of colonial patrons, and for the first time in the Bolshevik dictatorship, the true image of the settling was exposed and opened to a wider and deeper study of the problem. However, the views of the scientist-historian, public figures have caused a variety of controversy in the historical community. The authors called the resettlement "peasant colony". The idea of the king is to unite the royal authorities in Kazakhstan, so that the more peoples extend to Kazakhstan, thereby getting rid of the earth crisis, the aggravation of the agrarian controversy in Russia, and that the Kazakh lands have been violently seized. Another common point of view of the researchers is that they reflect the consequences of their resettlement policy negatively. For example, T. Rysku-lov said that "40 million hectares of useful land were taken out across the country in 1916 and plundering of nomadic people continued," T. Shonanovich proves that 30 million desyatina (measurement of Russian land area of 1.09 hectares) has been colonized the land [10,39b]. There is a gap between the two authors' research. Nevertheless, Ryskulov's number is close to reality. In recent studies, this figure is more than 45 million desyatina (measurement of Russian land area of 1.09 hectares). P.Sh.Shvetsov clarified that "the policy of resettlement has undermined the Kazakh economy and undermined the welfare of the people" [11,109p]. Having developed this idea, the current situation in the economy of the twentieth century, S.Saduakasov noted, "As a result of this policy, one of the favorable sowing areas of Kazakhstan has gradually moved to the hands of Russian peasants, and Kazakhs have been deported to sand and desert. Thus, the Kazakh steppe has become like the lungs of a person suffering from a chronic illness, "writes [7,86p]. According to T.Shananuly's opinion, the "Kazakh land" turned into an easily navigable region, and the Kazakhs were deprived of land and 500 homes were moved to China. "[8] S. Asfendiyarov also showed that the most fertile land of Kazakhstan was looted, and such a conclusion can be seen from PG Ga-luzo's work. It is worth noting that T. Ryskulov in his works showed that "due to the resettlement policy, especially in the period 1902-03, the population of Kazakhstan reduced by 8-9%" [10]. Thus, for the first
time, the researchers wrote that peasant colonization had a negative impact on the demographic situation. To make such a daring statement, T. Ryskulov and T. Shonanuly was a victim of innocent punishment.
The second phase of the resettlement policy historiography covers the years of independence. At this stage M. Kozybayev, T. Omarbekov, Koygeldiyev, S. Aimbetov, L. Kozhakeeva, M.H. Asylbekov, A.S. Galiev, N.V. Alekseenko, M.B. Tatimov, K.S. Aldaju-manov, G.M. Mendikulova's works were published. T. Omarbekov and M. Koigeldiev are one of those who have studied the problem more closely. The authors wrote in the joint article "Kazakhstan: in the Nine roads crossroads" [12] that the tsarist Russia's resettlement policy continued during the soviet rule and turned the region into an open space for immigrants. S. Aimbetov [13], M.Kh. Asylbekov and A.B. Galiev [14], N.V. Alekseenko [15], M.B. Tatimov's [16] researchs shows demographic consequences of resettlement policy; Mendikulova's research [17] describes the Kazakhs' relocation to foreign countries, and the history of the diaspora that has been caused by their consequences. K.S. Aldajumanov in his work [18] considers Kazakhstan immigrated to the political upheaval in the 1930s. Russian historian V.N. Zemskov described the relocation in Kazakhstan by studying the history of the 20th and 30th years of the Soviet Union. According to the researcher, in the 1930's and 1931, more than fifty thousand families moved to Kazakhstan from the Volga region, the central regions of the Russian Federation, Nizhniy Novgorod, and the Caucasus. [2.12,].
The history of resettlement in Kazakhstan also has a significant place in foreign historiography. Foreigners, especially Western researchers, focus on colonization and migration, focusing on the history of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. The data about it can be found in the works of historian KRNesipbaeva, M. Maumulin [19]. Western authors have unanimous opinion that "the resettlement policy has led to the national contradictions: the uprising in 1916, its consequences through collectivization of the sixties, and the expansion of the 50s." [4,42p].
Thus, the history of the settlement policy of Kazakhstan in the 1920s and 1930s has not been studied extensively. It has been argued that the policy of urbanization is not an independent study. Therefore, we believe that the issue should be considered within the framework of new data and scientific research principles, in the context of national interests, in a genuine, comprehensive and profound manner. Studying the history of the Bolsheviks' empowerment of representatives of other nationalities on the Kazakh land The history of domestic science and the future of the independent state is essential for its existence as the Eternal Country.
REFERENCES:
1. Omarbekov T., Omarbekov Sh. National Approach to History and Historiography of Kazakhstan. -Almaty: Kazakh University, 2004.
2. Yensenov K.A. Migration processes in Kazakhstan and its study (1926-1959). The dissertation author 's abstract prepared for the degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences. - Almaty, 2007. - 26h.
3. Arynov Zh.M. Methodological-theoretical problems of division of the history of Kazakhstan (end of the XIX century and the beginning of XXI century).
- Almaty, 2014.
4. Mukatova O. Historiography of Kazakhstan in
XVIII - XX centuries. - Almaty: Science, 2003.
5. Shokai M. Turkestan is a hog. - Almaty, 1993.
6. Omarbekov T. Goloschekin in Kazakhstan // Leninshsh young. August 5, 1990.
7. Saduakasuly. Custom. Two volumes. Activity 2 - Almaty: Joint Kazakh-Mongolian Atkhan enterprise, 1993. -256g.
8. Shonanuly T. The destiny of the planet is the destiny of the country. - Almaty: Category, 1995.
9. Ryskulov T. The Revolution of 1916 and the rule of the colonial rule on colonization // Truth, 1996, №3. -B.37-41; Asfendiyarov S. History of Kazakhstan.
- Almaty, 1993; Galuzo P.G. Turkestan colony. (The essay story of Turquoise from the conception of the Russian revolution to the revolution of 1917). - M: Search. Com. Un-tr tr, 1929. - 164s.; Ryskulov T. "The Kazakh colonial aoul" // Bolshevik Kazakhstan, 1935, №4. - S. 70-77.
10. Ryskulov T. The Revolution of 1916 and the rule of the colonial rule on colonization // Truth, 1996, №3. -B.37-41.
11. Shvecov S.P. Природа и быт Казахстана // The Kazakh heritage in its theories - the historical and the occurrence of the laws. - Alma-Ata: NKZ KazSSR, 1926. - S. 93-11.
12. Omarbekov T., Kojeldiev. Kazakhstan: On the Ninth Line // In truth from Kazan. - October 28, 1992.
13. Aimbetov S. Changes in the ethno-demo-graphic composition of the people of Kazakhstan between 1926 and 1939. - Almaty, 1999.
14. Asylbekov М.К, Galiev АЗ. Social-demographic process in Kazakhstan (1917-1980). - Almaty: Science, 1991.
15. Alekseenko N.V. A village in Kazakhstan. Author's dissertation dissertation doctor of historical sciences. - Almaty, 1994.
16. Tatimov M. The world of Kazakhs. - Almaty, 1992; Number and quality. - Almaty, 1993.
17. Mendikulova G. The history of the Kazakh diaspora. - Almaty, 2001.
18. Aldaumanov X.S. Deported people in Kazakhstan. - Almaty, 2003.
19. Laumulin M.T. The history of the end of the
XIX century in Kazakhstan in XX century. in historical historiography.// Proceedings of ANN RK, Series of the general public. science, 1992, №5. - pp. 38-46; Nesipbaeva K.R. Modern English-American Historiography of the Russian Expansion and Colonization of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (XIX-XX th century) -Almaty: Kazakh University, 1997. -191c.
