CC BY
7
Study of nonclassicality in fifth harmonic generation nonlinear optical process
Priyanka, Savita Gill*
Department of Applied Science, University Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Kurukshetra 136119, India
[email protected], * [email protected]
DOI 10.17586/2220-8054-2021-12-1-65-72
We have examined non classical effect i.e. higher order single mode antibunching and intermodel antibunching and higher order sub-poissonian photon statistics (HOSPS) in fifth harmonic generation non linear optical process using short time interaction technique. We have found that nonclassical effects directly depend on number of photons prior to interaction with non linear medium. The higher the number of photons present prior to an interaction, the higher will be the nonclassicality in the system. It is additionally found that stoke mode doesn't fulfill the condition of single mode antibunching and HOSPS in fifth harmonic generation process. To examine the optical nonlinearity of nanoparticles, there are significant research efforts concerning the estimation of higher order nonlinear susceptibility which can be utilized as a source for the generation of higher order harmonic generation nonlinear optical processes [19].
Keywords: higher order sub-poissonian photon statistics, single mode and intermodel antibunching, optical processes. Received: 6 February 2021 Revised: 18 February 2021
1. Introduction
It is conceivable to characterize a state as a nonclassical state that does exclude any classical analog [1-3]. A radiation field is supposed to be nonclassical if the Glauber Sudarshan P-function of the field becomes more negative than the delta function. The investigation of nonclassical properties of a designed quantum state is a vital field in quantum state designing and quantum information processesing, since the presence of nonclassical qualities gives quantum supremacy [4,5]. Some notable instances of nonclassical are antibunching and sub-Poissonian photon statistics. Investigation of these nonclassical properties is consistently significant in field of their intriguing applications with regards to field of quantum computing, quantum communication and quantum cryptography [6-10]. All the above actual frameworks are experimentally feasible and are effectively seen at nonlinear optics research centers [11,12]. After the cooperation, photon statistics can be achieved experimentally using homodyne detection procedure [13,14]. The improvements in nanotechnology and nanoscience have given new freedoms to non linear optics. Over the most recent couple of many years, a number of studies on non linear optical properties of novel materials have been performed due to the capability of these materials in optical equipment applications [15-18]. The most impressive strategy to quantify the higher order susceptibilities is Z-scan technique [19] which can be utilized as a source of generations of higher order harmonic generation non linear optical processes. Numerous different creators have additionally predicted upgraded optical nonlinearities, arising because of quantum confinement impacts, regarding the relating mass materials [20-22]. Generation of third, fifth and seventh harmonics by filamentation of mid-infrared laser pulses in air was as of late tentatively noticed [23-26].
These two nonclassical effects may have lower and higher order renditions, investigation of lower order nonclas-sicality in a quantum state is accounted for in writing since its origin, yet premium in higher order is generally new and promising from an experimental perspective [27]. Out of these higher order nonclassical impacts, higher order squeezing has been focused on in detail [28-31] yet higher order sub-Poissonian photon statistics (HOSPS) and higher order antibunching (HOA) has not yet been concentrated definitely. The concept of HOA was introduced by Lee [32] and it has been anticipated in a two photon coherent state [32,33,33], and a shadowed negative binomial state [34]. Yet, HOA has all the earmarks of being an extremely uncommon wonder. Recently, Prakash and Mishra have set up broad measure for HOSPS in a real system [35].
Remembering these realities, the current investigation shows that higher order single mode antibunching, intermodel antibunching, and HOSPS can be found in fifth harmonic generation process, and in this process, they appear simultaneously. In this paper, section 2 gives the condition of nonclassicality of the nonlinear optical system. Section 3 will introduce a second order solution of equation of motion of fifth harmonic generation process and show the presence of higher order single mode antibunching, intermodel antibunching and HOSPS and their immediate relationship with pump photons present in the system. In section 6 is commited to conclusion.
2. Criteria of nonclassicality of a nonlinear optical system
2.1. Criteria for single mode and intermodel antibunching
HOA is communicated in wording factorial moment of number operator. HOA criteria for single mode was presented by Lee is given as [32]:
, , (Nxm-1)(NX+1) R(m,z) = N * -1 < o, (1)
( ') (Nm) (N) ' ''
where N is numerical operator. (N(k)} = (N(N — 1)(N — 2).......(N — k + 1)> is the kth factorial moment of
number operator. Integers Z and m fulfilling condition Z < m < 1 and x subscript denotes specific mode. m =1 is choosen by Ba An [33] and criteria of lth order antibunching is reduced to:
(N+1) < (N) (Nx> (2)
by streamlining equation (2) and acquire condition of lth order antibunching as
d(Z) = (N+1) — (Nx)l+1 < 0 (3)
furthermore, intermodel antibunching criteria is given as:
Dah = (ANo5)2 = (aWb) — (¿a) (b^b) < 0, (4)
where equation (3) gives us the condition to single mode antibunching and equation (4) gives us the conditions for intermodel antibunching. Accordingly, we can say that single photon source utilized in quantum cryptography ought to fulfill the criteria given in equation (3) of HOA [36].
2.2. Condition for Higher Order sub-Poissonian Photon Statistics (HOSPS)
Prakash and Mishra [35] provides condition of (Z — 1)th order HOSPS is given as:
l l-k l l-k D(Z — 1) = EElCk( —1)kS2(Z — k,i) (Ni) (N)k — EElCk( —1)kS2(Z — k,i) (N)k+i < 0, (5) k=0 i=0 k=0i=0
where S2(Z, k) is a Stirling number of the second order. The criteria for second order subpoissonian photon statistics for which Z = 3 is given as:
D(2) = (N3) + 2 (N)3 — 3 (N2) (N) + 3 (N2) — 3 (N)2 < 0, (6)
equation (6) is the criteria of second order sub-Poissonian photon statistics.
3. Fifth harmonic generation process
To examine higher order single mode antibunching, intermodel antibunching and HOSPS, we have picked fifth harmonic generation process so that absorption of five photons, each having frequency w1 with emission of one photon of frequency w2 where w2 = 5w1. Hamiltonian for the said process is
H = w^a + ^b^b + g(a5 bt + at5b), (7)
where g is the coupling constant, at (a), bt (b) are the creation (annihilation) operators, respectively. A = a exp iw1t, B = b exp iw2t are the slowly varying operators at frequencies w1 and w2.
3.1. Time evolution of pump mode A
Time evolution of operator in pump mode A is given by Heisenberg equation of motion as:
dA dA rrr jn
dA = ^ H,A], (8)
we obtain:
A = —5igA+4 B (9)
and
B = — ¿gA5. (10)
Now using the short time approximation technique, expanding A(t) using Taylor's series expansion and taking terms up to g2t2 as:
5
A(t) = A — 5igtAt4B + 5 g2t2(20At3A4NB + 120At2A3NB + 240AtA2NB + 120ANB — At4 A5). (11)
Using equation (11), the numerical operator NA(t) = A^t)A(t) is given as:
NA(t) = At A - 5igt(At5B - A5B t) + 5g2t2(25At4A4NB + 200At3A3NB +
+600At2A2NB + 600AtANB + 120NB - At5A5) ( )
To study antibunching, initially we assume a quantum state which is the product of coherent state |a) for pump mode A and vacuum state |0) for stokes mode B i.e.
|V) = \a)a |0)b . (13)
Using equation (13) in equation (12), we get expectation value of (NA(t))a is given as:
<NA(t))a = |a|2 - 5g2t2 |a|10 , (14)
where A |a) = a |a). By using straight forward description we can get:
<NA(t))a = (At2(t)A2(t)) = |a|4 - 10g2t2(|a|12 + 2 |a|10), (15)
and
(N3(t))a = |a|6 - 5g2t2(3 |a|14 + 12 |a|12 + 12 |a|10), (16)
and < )
(N4(t))a = |a|8 - 20g2t2(|a|16 + 6 |a|14 + 12 |a|12 + 24 |a|10), (17)
and
<N5(t))a = |a|10 - 5g2t2(5 |a|18 + 40 |a|16 + 120 |a|14 + 120 |a|12 + 24 |a|10), (18) now using equations (14-18) in equation (3), we get:
dA(1)a = -20g2t2 |a|10 , (19)
and
dA (2) a = -60g2t2(|a|12 + |a|10), (20)
and
dA(3)a = -120g2t2(|a|14 + 2 |a|12 + |a|10), (21)
and
dA(4)a = -40g212(5 |a|16 + 15 |a|14 + 15 |a|12 + 3 |a|10). (22) Equations (19-22) show that the fifth harmonic generation process satisfies the criterian for normal and higher order antibunching.
To study higher order antibunching, we have taken the initial state which is the product of vacuum state |0)for pump mode A and |в) for stokes mode B i.e.:
№) = |0)a |в)в . (23) Now taking expectation values of NA(t), (t), N3(t), N4(t) and N5(t) in pump mode A, with respect to condition (23), is given as:
(Na(t))^ = 600g2t2 |в|2 , (24)
<N2 (t))e = 2400g2t2 |в|2 , (25)
(N3(t))e = 7200g2t2 |в|2 , (26)
(N4 (t))^ = 14400g2t2 |в|227), (27)
(N5(t))e = 14400g2t2 |в|2 . (28)
Using equations (24-28) in equation (3), we get normal and higher order antibunching in pump mode A with respect to |0) |в) is given as:
dA(1)e = 2400g2t2 |в|2 , (29)
dA(2)e = 7200g2t2 |в|2 , (30)
dA(3)e = 14400g212 |в|2 , (31)
dA(4)e = 14400g212 |в|2 . (32)
Equations (29-32) show that neither normal antibunching nor higher order antibunching is present in pump mode A with respect to the quantum state |0) |в).
Now using equations (12, 13 and 23) in equation (6), we get:
D(2)a = -120g2t2 |a|10 , (33)
D(2V = 0. (34)
We obtain a negative value in equation (33) with respect to the quantum state = |a)A |0)B, which shows the higher order non-classicality, i.e. HOSPS, exists in pump mode A.
3.2. Time evolution of stoke mode B:
_i_i_i_i_i_i_i_i_i_
0 2 A 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
—> lap
Fig . 1. Variation of normal antibunching d(1) with | a |2 in fifth harmonic generation process (taking
g2t2 « 10-6)
Fig. 2. Variation of second order antibunching d(2) with |a|2 in fifth harmonic generation process (taking g2t2 « 10-6)
Using Heisenberg equation of motion, we get:
A = —5igA+4 B, B = — ¿gA5. (35)
Using Taylor's series expansion, time evolution of B operator is given as:
5
B (t) = B — igtA5 — 5g2t2[5At4A4B + 40At3A3B + 120At2A2B + 120AtAB + 24B], (36)
where NA = A+A, NB = B+B and NC = C+C. The number operator in B mode is given as:
Nb (t) = Bt(t)B(t),
Fig. 3. Variation of third order antibunching d(3) with |a|2 in fifth harmonic generation process (taking g2t2 « 10-6)
Fig. 4. Variation of fourth order antibunching d(4) with |a|2 in fifth harmonic generation process (taking g2t2 « 10-6)
Nb(t) = BfB - ¿gt(A5B - At5B) - 5g2t2(5At4A4NB + 40A+3A3Nb + 120A+2A2Nb +
+120AUNB + 24NB ) + g2t2A+5A5. The expectation value of NB (t) with respect to the initial condition |a) |0) is given as:
(Nb(t))a = g2t2 |a|10 . Now, the expectation value of NB (t), NB (t), NB (t) and NB (t) is given as:
and and and
(NB (t)>a =0, (NB (t))a =0,
(NB (t))a =0,
(NB (t))a =0. Now, using equations (38-42) in equation (3), we get:
dB (1)a =0,
(37)
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)
450 -1-1-i-1-1-1-1-1-1-
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 10 20
-> icxp
FIG. 5. Variation of intermodel antibunching Dab with |a|2 in fifth harmonic generation process (taking g2t2 « 10-6)
Oi-.-1----H----1-1-1-T-.-
-50
-100
-150
Ci -200
o
t -250
I -300
-350
-400
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
->■ lot I2
Fig. 6. Variation of higher order sub-Poissonian photon statistics D(2) with |a|2in fifth harmonic generation process (taking g2t2 « 10-6)
dB (2)a = 0, (44)
(3)a = 0, (45)
dB (4)a = 0. (46)
using initial condition (23), we obtain expectation values of NB (t), NB (t), NB (t), NB (t) and NB (t) in stoke mode B is given as:
(Nb(% = |2 - 120g2t2 |^|2 , (47)
<NB(t)>, = |^|4 - 240g2t2 |^|4 , (48)
(NB(t)>^ = |^|6 - 360g2t2 |^|6 , (49)
<NB(t)>^ = |^|8 - 480g2t2 |^|8 , (50)
(NB (t)>^ = |10 - 600g2t2 |^|10 , (51)
using equations (47-51) in equation (3), we obtain the normal and higher order antibunching in B mode with respect
to |0) |,0) is given as:
dB (1)^ = 0, (52)
dB (2V = 0, (53)
dB (3V = 0, (54)
dB (4^ = 0. (55)
Equations (43-46) and (52-55) show that neither normal antibunching nor higher order antibunching is present in stoke mode B with respect to quantum states |a) |0) and |0) respectively. Now, using equations (13, 23 and 37) in equation (6), we get:
D(2)a = 0, (56)
D(2V = 0. (57)
Equations (56-57) show that higher order non-classicality i.e. HOSPS is absent in stoke mode B. Further, using the conditions for intermodel antibunching described in equation (4) and using equations (12) and (37), we obtain following closed expression of Dab:
Do6 = —100g2t2(|a|2 |£|2)[|a|6 + 6 |a|4 + 12 |a|2 + 6]. (58)
Equation (58) show that intermodel antibunching exist in fifth harmonic generation non linear optical process.
4. Results
The presence of single mode and intermodel antibunching and HOSPS in fifth harmonic generation nonlinear process appeared in equations (19,20,21,22,58,33) respectively. On the off chance that we plot a graph between HOA such as d(1), d(2), d(3), d(4), intermodel antibunching say Dab and HOSPS say D(2) with photon number in pump mode A i.e. |a|2 respectively, it is clear that higher order single mode antibunching, intermodel antibunching and HOSPS increase non linearly with an increase in |a|2. Further, it is obvious from the figures that nonclassicality increases as we go towards the higher order of antibuncing.
5. Conclusion
We have revealed normal as well as higher order non-classicality with regards to single mode antibunching and intermodel antibunching and higher order sub-Poissonian photon statistics (HOSPS) in pump mode in fifth harmonic generation nonlinear optical process. HOA as well as HOSPS isn't seen in stoke mode in fifth harmonic generation nonlinear optical process. Along these lines, from the results, we can presume that the higher the number of photons present prior to interaction, the higher will be the nonclassicality in the system.
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