CC BY
37and change. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 37(2),155-192.
22. i§MAN, A. (2012). Technology and technique: An educational perspective. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 11(2), 207-213. tojet.net/articles/v11i2/11222.pdf Keser, H., Uzunboylu, H., & Ozdamli, F. (2012). The trends in technology supported collaborative learning studies in 21st century. World Journal on Educational Technology, 3(2), 103-119.
23. Lam, Y., & Lawrence, G. (2002). Teacher-student role redefinition during a computer-based second language project: Are computers catalysts for empowering change? Computer Assisted Language Learning, 15(3), 295-315. https://doi.org/10.1076/call.15.3.295.818
24. Larsen-Freeman, D., & Anderson, M. (2011). Techniques and principles in language teaching. Oxford: OUP.
25. Lin, W., & Yang, S. (2011). Exploring students' perceptions of integrating Wiki technology and peer feedback into English writing courses. English Teaching: Practice and Critique, 10(2), 88-103. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ944900
26. Mouza, C. (2008). Learning with laptops: Implementation and outcomes in an urban, underprivileged school. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 40(4), 447-472. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ826086
27. Murphy, K., DePasquale, R., & McNamara, E. (2003). Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms. Young Children, 58(6), 12-18. Retrieved June 17, 2018 from https://www.learntech-lib.org/p/101494/.
28. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2010). Are the new millennium learners making the grade? Technology use and educational performance in PISA: Centre for Educational Research and Innovation, OECD
29. Parvin, R.H., & Salam, S.F. (2015). The effectiveness of using technology in English language classrooms in government primary schools in Bangladesh.
FIRE: Forum for International Research in Education, 2(1), 47- 59. http://preserve.lehigh.edu/fire/vol2/iss1/5
30. Patel, C. (2013). Use of multimedia technology in teaching and learning communication skill: An analysis. International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, 2(7), 116-123.
31. Peregoy, S., & Boyle, O. (2012). Reading, writing and learning in ESL: A resource book for teachers. New York: Allyn & Bacon.
32. Pourhossein Gilakjani, A. (2013). Factors contributing to teachers' use of computer technology in the classroom. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 1(3), 262-267. doi: 10.13189/ujer.2013.010317
33. Pourhossein Gilakjani, A. (2014). A detailed analysis over some important issues towards using computer technology into the EFL classrooms. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 2(2), 146 153. doi: 10.13189/ujer.2014.020206
34. Pourhossein Gilakjani, A. (2017). A review of the literature on the integration of technology into the learning and teaching of English language skills. International Journal of English Linguistics, 7(5), 95-106. doi: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n5p95
35. Pourhossein Gilakjani, A., Leong, L.M., & Hairul, N.I. (2013). Teachers' use of technology and constructivism. I.J. Modern Education and Computer Science, 4, 49-63. doi:10.5815/ijmecs.2013.04.07
36. Pourhossein Gilakjani, A., & Sabouri, N. B. (2014). Role of Iranian EFL teachersabout using Pronunciation Power software in the instruction of English pronunciation. English Language Teaching, 7(1), 139148. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v7n1p139
37. Pourhossein Gilakjani, A., & Sabouri, N.B. (2017). Advantages of using computer in teaching English pronunciation.
38. International Journal of Research in English Education (IJREE), 2(3), 78-85. doi:10.18869/acad-pub.ijree.2.3.78
39. Raihan, M.A., & Lock, H.S. (2010). Technology integration for meaningful learning-the cnstructiv-ist view. Bangladesh Educational Journal, 11 (1), 1737.
STUDY OF NAMES: ONOMASTICS AND THEORETICAL LOOK
Ismailov U.,
Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology
Namangan, Uzbekistan Talibdjanov B.
Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology
Namangan, Uzbekistan
ABSTRACT
The article states about the study of onomastics field of a language, anthroponyms and their functions. The function of anthroponyms in discourse and the information that the personal name can carry. The factors that affect anthroponyms to change.
Keywords: Onomastics, anthroponyms, toponyms, linguistics, ethnonyms, name, naming, language.
" What is your name?"- This is the question that all of us had asked for hundreds of times and never thought about what does the name actually mean. And of course why should we think of it if we have a reasonable eve-
ryday name? That is why we have already got accustomed to hear everyday names. And what if we got unusual name of a man like names of Native Americans? (Zonta: Sioux:"trusted", Zitkala: Dakota: "bird", Yona:
Cherokee: "bear".) That would really make you think. In this case we should focus on onomastics.
The term onomastics derived from Greek "onoma" and it means name. Onomastics is the study of proper names. Also onomastics has several subdivisions such as; anthroponyms- referring to personal names, toponyms-for place names, ethnonyms-refer-ring to nationalities and ethnic groups and glottonyms, referring to languages.
George Redmonds defines names as "...special words that we use to identify a person, an animal, a place or a thing, and they all have a meaning. In many cases that meaning will lie concealed in the name's history, but in others it will still be transparent." [6, 2007: IX]
Since I am going to talk about names, let's have a look at anthroponyms. Anthroponomy is derived from Greek "anthropos" — human and "onyma" - name — branch of onomastics studying anthroponyms. An-throponyms are personal names, surnames, family names, patronymics, nicknames and alias that one can have. Every nation has its own list of personal names and naming formulas. Every human being has a personal name and as far as the list of names is limited, names come repeatedly and it requires another name to add. Every society has its own touchstone of naming. Permanent formula of naming existed as far back as in ancient Rome, praenomen personal name + nomen generic name+ cognomen nickname later family name +sometimes agnomen additional name, for example: Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus major. In India this formula consists of three or more components, the first for horoscope, second indicates the sex or religion and the third is to indicate caste or nickname. For example the name Rabindranath Tagore has components as follows: Rabindra- God of the Sun, Nath- male and Ta-gore- the caste of landowners. As you see every society in every time has had its own naming criterion.
Anthroponomy studies the function of anthropo-nyms in discourse and the information that the personal name can carry. Anthroponyms can change according to the differentiation in bearer's age, habitat, family status, life style, when the bearer changes his or her religion or joins secret societies et cetera. In a word an-throponyms should have meaning and carry information about the bearer.
On the other hand, there could happen contradictions between information and meaning of the name.
William Bright states: "A person may be called by different names at different periods of life, or by different people under changing conditions. Use of certain names under particular circumstances may be forbidden by religious taboo; or then again, such names may be replaced by descriptive nicknames. Because of these factors, it may be difficult for the outside investigator of such a society to determine what a person's "real" name is, or even what name is commonly used in the community; taboos are likely to be especially strict when one is talking to outsiders."
Also William Bright states on: "In European societies, as well as China and Japan, every person is assigned a public, legal name, in written form, around the
time of birth; part of this usually reflects the child's father's name. The individual normally has that same legal name through life—with exceptions, e.g., where married women take on their husband's family names. In addition, a person may have informal "nicknames" during different parts of life. Sometimes these are used only by close relatives or intimates; in any case, they do not replace the public and legal names." [1, 2003]
But Cecily Clark says that proper names are words without meaning; they make no sense because they have lost their meaning. They are words without connotation and are typically used to refer to individuals. She continues with the explanation that, before a descriptive formation becomes a 'name', it must be separated from its etymological meaning "in such a way that the sound-sequence, no matter how complex its structure or plain its surface-meaning, becomes a simple pointer" [4, 2005: 452]. Further examples that Clark mentions are that no one expects to find oxen by the Oxford or that a person named 'Ginger' does not necessarily have the hair of the relevant colour.
"There is a piece of folklore current among anthropologists regarding the question of whether personal names exist in all societies. So far I have not been able to trace this to a printed source, but it is somewhat as follows: Somewhere in the world there is a society where people live in very small, isolated communities. In such a community, people have no personal names; i.e., individuals have no name which other people use to refer specifically to them. Instead, they are referred to by descriptive expressions, e.g.,' the blacksmith' or 'the man who lives by the stream'. A woman will be referred to as, e.g., 'the blacksmith's wife'. Children will be referred to by expressions such as 'the blacksmith's elder daughter'; when this daughter gets married, she may be referred to as, e.g., 'the wife of the man who lives by the stream'. The question arises: Is there such a society? Or more to the point: Is such a society possible?" [2, 2003]
William Bright suggests that the apocryphal community he mentioned—in which nobody has a personal name and people are referred to only by ad-hoc descriptions—does not exist. He suggests that any anthropologist who might have reported such a community was misled by the operation of taboos on uttering personal names. Also he suggests, in fact, that the use of personal names, having varying levels of descriptiveness, is a so-ciolinguistic universal of the human species. Further he says:"Of course, I will be glad if any colleague can provide evidence to prove me wrong. However, the concept of "descriptiveness" must itself be discussed, and I will do this in the following section, in relation to placenames." [3,2003] Concerning to placenames and their descriptiveness Bright says that in many parts of the world, some place names have no etymologies that we can discover, e.g., European names like Rome, Paris, and London. It is possible that these were once descriptive expressions in European languages, but they became eroded, phonetically and semantically, so that their origins were no longer apparent. It is also possible that these names were borrowed in ancient times from other languages, of which we have imperfect knowledge, such as Etruscan in Italy or Gaulish in
France, and this is why we do not understand their original meaning. Other American place names do not have clear etymologies in English, but this is because they were borrowed from American Indian languages, in which they were descriptive formations. Examples are Massachusetts, meaning 'big hill', and Connecticut, meaning 'Long River', both from an Algonquian language.
As to Uzbek names I could say that they are fully descriptive except for those which were borrowed from Arabic. For example: Oygul- female name, which means, Oy-moon and gul- flower, meaning - Moon flower or Gulchehra -female name, which means, Gul-flower and chehra- face, meaning - Flower face(d), Guzal -beautiful, Yulduz -star, Malika -princess. Bakhtiyor- male name, meaning happy, Kahramon -hero, Jasur - brave, Aziz - dear and so on. Uzbek names have endings like: - jon, - bek, - khon and - ali. For example: Azizjon, Azizbek or Azizkhon. And these endings depend not on how the name sounds, but on common ancestry. There are some categories of Uzbek names which are depend on the moral state of a family at the moment of naming. For example: Ozodbek -male name, Ozod - free, bek - denotes the ancestry, meaning - free (man). Why does a family choose this name for a child? It is because at around the moment of birth one of the parents or relatives was sent to a jail. Yodgor - male name that means a memory of somebody, Umid - male and Umida - female name that mean hope of something and so on. I think that the naming of a child depends on a family environment. Some families name a child after their ancestor, some families after famous people in history and some families just after movie stars.
There are lots of Arabic names in the list of Uzbek names, for example: Muhammad, Mohammed - The name of the last Islamic Prophet. Ahmed, Abdulla, Ka-rim, Sharif, Umar, Malik thus we can count on a huge number of Arabic names. So that sometimes we need to look through the dictionary to define the meaning of the name. There are also international names in the list of Uzbek names like Ibrahim (arabic) - Abraham(eng) -ABpaaM(rus).
And what about surnames we live by? The socialistic régime brought to Uzbekistan a new formula of naming with Russian endings in patronymics and surnames, for example in Russian: masculine, Ivanov (surname) Sergey (name) Petrovich (patronymic). Feminine, Ivanova (surname) Olga (name) Petrovna (patronymic). In Uzbek: masculine, Umarov (surname) Bakhtiyor (name) Karimovich (patronymic). Feminine, Umarova (surname) Umida (name) Karimovna (patronymic). In Arabic, Ahmed ibn Abdallah.
As you see there is no difference between Russian and Uzbek endings. So what these endings really mean? The endings - ov, -ova mean belongingness and answer the question "Whose?" "Ivan's". The endings
- vich and - vna mean a name derived from the name of a father, typically by the addition of a suffix. For example: Tsar (king or monarch), and the son of tsar is tsareevich, Sergey Petrovich means Sergey the son of Petr and of course in Russian only not in Uzbek. In Uzbek these endings don't make a sense.
Hereby I would like to restate Cecily Clark. She says that proper names are words without meaning; they make no sense because they have lost their meaning. They are words without connotation and are typically used to refer to individuals. She continues with the explanation that, before a descriptive formation becomes a 'name', it must be separated from its etymological meaning "in such a way that the sound-sequence, no matter how complex its structure or plain its surface-meaning, becomes a simple pointer" [5, 2005: p.452].
After gaining the independence there occurred just partly changing in Uzbek naming. The Russian endings
- vich and - ovna in patronymic were changed to -o'g'li (the son of) for male and - qizi (the daughter of) for female, but the endings - ov and - ova in surnames are still remaining.
As a conclusion I'd like to say that I have nothing against Russian endings in Uzbek surnames as well as mine. But when a country has its state language and alphabet, I think it should also have its own naming system too. Names (anthroponyms) are basic units of all languages. They represent literary and cultural wealth of a nation, as well as historical heritage to the world.
References
1. Bright, W. (2003) What IS a name? Reflections on Onomastics. Language and Linguistics 4.4:669-681
2. Bright, W. (2003) What IS a name? Reflections on Onomastics. Language and Linguistics 4.4:669-681
3. Bright, W. (2003) What IS a name? Reflections on Onomastics. Language and Linguistics 4.4:669-681
4. Clark, C. (2005) Onomastics, in: The Cambridge History of the English Language Vol 1 . Cambridge University Press. United Kingdom
5. Clark, C. (2005) Onomastics, in: The Cambridge History of the English Language Vol 1. Cambridge University Press. United Kingdom
6. Redmons, G. (2007) Names and History: People, Places and Things. Continuum International Publishing Group
7. Ivana Fijok (2012) Onomastics as evidence of linguistic influence Osijek.
