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27
Section 9. Physics
Dvorcevoy Vladimir Victorovich, Moscow State University, Independent researcher E-mail: vladimir17@bk.ru
Structural features of the spatial distribution of constant values
Abstract: The paper presents the problematic aspects of the construction of the balance of interaction between theoretical and practical researches coordinate the principles of spatial arrangement. The study is based on a stochastic physics experiment and higher environments. Revealed aspects of the understanding of the paradigmatic unit building energy cooperation in a vacuum environment. Directions of development of physics of the vacuum space and energy.
Keywords: energy balance, physics environment, paradigmatic value, vacuum, development.
Potential energy is the interaction energy, therefore potential energy cannot have any one form of matter without interacting with other forms of matter. Space and time are basic forms of existence of matter, in themselves, separately from each other, neither space nor time physically exist. Their existence is possible only in the form of a single conglomerate "space-time". Space and time, interacting, inseparable penetrate each other and organically intertwine, creating a single system — the Universe. The result of the interaction of the two main forms of matter: space and time is the potential energy of interaction between the space-time continuum — the Universe.
The position of a material point in the space of the Universe is completely described by three spatial coordinates (x, y, z). On this basis, we argue that the three-dimensional space of the Universe. But that's not entirely true, because all three spatial coordinates are expressed in the same units of length L and, therefore, from this point ofview the Universe space is one-dimensional, since it has a single measure of L.
The space of the Universe can be represented as a set of points having the power of the continuum, all physical characteristics of which depend on the variable L, the value of which is the power of the spatial continuum, and not a measure of length L1, area L2, volume L3.
The cardinality of the set of points of any segment [a, b] has the power to direct the continuum, as well as all direct, as well as power plane (i. e. 2-three-dimensional space), 3-dimensional space x and any N-dimensional space. Continuum in any degree stays continuum [5, 951].
Time is a one-dimensional continuum in which all physical characteristics depend on the "rough" variable t, related to the duration of an arbitrary length of time t, rather than individual pixels within it. Possible degree of magnitude of time t 1, t 2, t 3 ... do not change the essence of the continuum. Value t reflects temporary power continuum. The value of the length of time t, as the value of the interval length L — always positive. In the physical sense, the length of time t and cut lengths L mean the same thing-length or duration. In mathematical terms, this two are not different from each other, positive numeric row: 0, 1, 2, 3 .Representing two infinite series of ordinal numbers. Ordinal numbers include ordinals are finite and infinite, i. e., ordinal numbers. Ordinals were introduced by Georg Cantor in 1883 as a way to describe infinite sequences, as well as with certain sets of ordered structure.
Based on the above, it can be assumed that the space-time continuum is a two-dimensional (L, t), Thas two dimensions. Interaction (relationship) of space and time is described by the expression: L /1 — the speed of interaction. The numerical value of the spacetime continuum can vary from zero to infinity, since the numerical value ofboth lines (L) and (t) may vary from zero to infinity, but separately, now and then, that individually and not together! Spacetime continuum cannot be zero length, i. e. pulled at the point of origin, because in this case disappears, the interaction between the two forms of matter: space and time, therefore, disappear and the energy of interaction between space and time.
To the law of conservation of energy in space-time continuum was carried out, there are two choices:
1) there must be a minimum spatial L and temporary t lines that actually already exist in physics is the Planck length, which is equal to: lp = 1.616229 (38)-10-35rn. and the Planck time, which is equal to: tp = 5.39116(13)40-44c . The way out of the situation is bad in that it does not understand the reason, mechanism of minimum data segments of time and space.
2) interaction (relationship) of space and time is described by the expression: L/t-speed interaction, but in the case of: t = 0, i. e. expressions of uncertainty arises in the absence of space and time the speed of their interactions can be either from zero to infinity.
To get rid of the uncertainty expression L/t at t = 0, you need
to first get rid of discrimination figures 0 and assume that: 0 = 1, as
12 3 0 well as: - = 1;— = 1;— = 1____Then the energy of interaction between
space and time is not able to disappear under any circumstances. Cantor first built many power continuum, but measure zero! Zero being the least infinitely large ordinal of is identified with the cardinal number Aleph-zero!
When any large scale changes the universe speed interaction
between the two main forms of matter-space and time is a constant,
L 0 1 2 3 because: — = — = - = —= —...= const = 1. t 0 1 2 3
The rate constant for interaction between the two main forms of matter equal to the unit or the speed of light in a vacuum.
Space-time continuum is a real mechanical system of an infinite number of material points, connection between which are not completely hard, hence, the space-time continuum as a real mechanical system has an infinite number of internal degrees of freedom.
Space-time continuum as a mechanical system with infinite number of internal degrees of freedom, velocity vector field describes interaction between space and time in its entirety applies to moving objects, or objects, the main characteristic which is the speed, and therefore is not mathematical and physical continuum.
If the speed of interaction of the basic forms of matter, space and time is the first major physical characteristic of the space-time continuum, the density of their interaction, the second main physical characteristic of the space-time continuum.
The density of interactions (pB3) space-time continuum is a scalar value that does not have a direction vector. The density of interaction between space and time at the point of origin, is equal to:
pB3 = limmyV. Mass ( m0) equals density times the volume, then mass ( m0) zero, if the volume (V) is equal to zero. On the assumption that: 0 = 1, get: the density of interactions (pB3) at the point of
origin is equal to 1: pB3 = 1.
Space-time continuum as a mechanical system with infinite number of internal degrees of freedom, describes the velocity vector field of interaction between a scalar field and a density of interaction between space and time and therefore may be considered as a solid Wednesday.
Solid Wednesday-mechanical system, movement which, unlike other mechanical systems, describes not coordinates and velocities of individual particles and density scalar field and vector field. Solid mass Wednesday is not its main physical characteristic. The main physical characteristics of space-time continuum are the speed of interaction (vsJ and the density of interactions (pB3) space and time.
Both types of interaction in the space-time continuum already exist inseparably together into a coherent whole, they create energy interaction between space-time continuum.
Energy (action, work, force, power) is a scalar physical quantity that is a single measure of various forms of movement and interaction of matter transition movement of matter from one form to another.
The energy of interaction of the space-time continuum is a complete mechanical energy system and forms the scalar potential field interaction energies, which combines the energy situation and energy of the elastic deformation.
For the space-time continuum on a par with its main physical characteristics-speed and density are important interactions and physical characteristics such as the intensity of the interaction between space and time is power, acceleration and momentum.
Force is a vector physical quantity, which is a measure of the intensity of interaction between space and time. The strength of the interaction is the cause of deformations and stresses in the space-time continuum-continuum Wednesday. Power (FsJ the intensity of the interaction between space and time is equal to: L l4
Fss = pss • L3 • — = -53-;— . Therefore, the intensity of the interaction
between space and time with the growth of the volume of the universe expands in a quadratic sequence (pB3 = 1):
1-L4 04 14 24 34 B3 44 54
F-=—=02=1; 12=1; 22=4; F=9; F=16; f=25 -
In other words, the intensity of the expansion of the universe goes up, in this case the word acceleration means the process steps: accelerating, accelerating.
Acceleration is a vector physical quantity characterizing the change in velocity of its numerical value, and direction. Acceleration
for solid Wednesday at the origin is equal to: a = ^ = = 1. In the
range from (02 = 1) before = 1) acceleration a reaches maxi-0 3
mum value (for example: — = 3.33 ). With the increased scale of 0.32
sizes of space-time continuum for continuous acceleration decreases Wednesday:
a L 0 1 2 3 a =- = — = 1; - = 1;— = 0.5;— = 0.3... t2 02 12 22 32
Once the volume of the space-time continuum becomes nonzero weight appears in the universe: m = pB3 • L3 as an equivalent intensity of interaction between space and time: m = F3-
a .
Mass is a local deformation density pB3 the potential energy of the scalar field (solid Wednesday) resulting from serving it forces ( Fss). Weight is a scalar physical quantity that characterizes the "amount of substance" in the space-time continuum. As mass (m) is inversely proportional to acceleration (a), It can be thought of as the equivalent energy of rest (the less acceleration (a), the greater the mass of a substance (m). With the increase in the volume of the universe acceleration (a) decreases, and the mass value ( m) increases in proportion to the force (FB3) the intensity of the interaction between space and time. There is a duality of the physical char-F
acter of the mass (m = -7-). On the one hand weight-equivalent a
intensity of interaction between space and time, i. e. is equivalent to the kinetic energy of the interaction, on the other hand, mass-equivalent rest energy, i. e. the equivalent of the potential energy of the interaction. Therefore, mass "must escape from all the legs, just to stay in place". Structural elements of the universe, possessing weight, must constantly be on the move to stay alone.
Impulse (momentum) is a vector physical quantity, which is a measure of the mechanical movement of the body. The momentum of the body (p) is equal to the product of mass (m) body at its speed (v). For the space-time continuum is a solid boost Wednesday at the origin is equal to:
a T3 L 1 • L4 04 ,
p = p3 • L3 •- =-= — = 1.
t t 0
Unlike the magnitude of acceleration (a) the magnitude of the
04 14
momentum (p) in the range from zero ( — = 1) till unit (— = 1)
0.34
takes minimum values (example: -^-j- = 0.027). With the enlargement of the scale of the Universe impulse value (amount of traffic) increases in proportion to the increase of the mass of matter in the universe.
Physico-mathematical properties of space-time continuum in
scale range from (0 = 1) to (2 = 1) cardinally differ from the physico-
0 1 1 X
mathematical properties ranging from (- = 1) before (— = 1).
1 X
Vulnerable in set theory is the primary as an infinite number
which is the set of natural numbers N = 0,1,2,3,.. ,,n,____It is also
called a countable set. It is being studied as an actual set, having the power of w. w is the smallest Infinite infinity, since all numbers less than this infinity, come in a myriad of N, which includes only the end number. Famous contradiction is the fact that many N contains only finite number is it still called a multitude of all target numbers and, despite this, postulated that it contains an infinite number of finite numbers w. From the point of view of classical logic that cannot be because the number of numbers in the set (N) must match the maximum number of this set, i. e. the number w, or at least the number w — 1 must be in many N. But that is not the case-the
number w is not included in the number N, it is called the limit sought by a number of natural numbers. Having no predecessor (the number w — 1 in set theory), the number w is magical, and mystical and fantastic. As a consequence, between w and all finite number N is «hole», which may be a «black hole» in which can fly a myriad of infinite sets of N, and «white hole», the opposite of «black hole», from which you can draw, myriads of infinite sets. When the set of natural numbers has remained unchanged for its power, that is the number of elements!
The number w is the limit sought by a number of natural numbers: w = limn. In this and many other such records is a place of clarity in understanding the infinity symbol. So, write n ■ ^ should be understood simply as the phrase «n tends to infinity». Equality same limit lim n transfinitu w quite specifically, although obviously that w * «>. But, on the other hand, the number w has no predecessor, this leads to the fact that the number w is the limit (n — 1) and end (n +1) an infinite set of natural numbers N = w, 1, 2, 3, ..., n, ..., w.
Transfinitnoe number of w has to say about himself: «I am the alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last» - Aw.
Scale range from beginning (— = 1) to (-1 = 1) — This area
— 1
(level) microcosm space-time continuum. Microcosm is a world of elementary particles, nuclei of atoms, atoms. In microcosm-acceleration (a) and the density of interactions (pB3) space and time to reach its maximum value. Impulse (momentum) and the power intensity of interaction (FB3) space and time in microcosm, conversely, reach their minimum values.
«Part can be equal to a» - this principle underlies the physical properties of the microcosm. The cardinality of the set of points of the interval [1, w] to direct has a power continuum, as well as all direct, as well as power's 2 dimensional space, 3-dimensional space x and any N-dimensional space. Space-time continuum in scale-out
range from the beginning of the (— = 1) before (- = 1) is a white
— 1
hole in which endlessly is born an infinite variety of elementary particles which in turn builds an infinite Universe!
Massive range of space-time continuum from (^ = 1) to end
= 1) — This
macro-mega world is a black hole which absorbs
—
an infinite variety of elementary particles, which are endlessly born in microcosm. The macro-World Association of atoms into resistant forms, peace commensurate with man values; organisms, communities of organisms; World makroob'ektov, which sootno-sima with the magnitude of the human experience. Mega world is a planet, star systems, galaxies, and the metagalactics-the world of vast cosmic proportions. In macro-mega world interaction density p-vz. space and time decreases inversely proportional to the increase in the volume of the universe, and also decreases the magnitude of acceleration (a). The volume of the universe grows in proportion to the luminous intensity of interaction (FB3) time and space, simultaneously with a growing mass of substances of the universe as the equivalent force intensity of interaction (FB3).
Each of these worlds is characterized by the originality of the structure of matter, space-time and causal relationships, patterns of movement, and although at different scale levels, the space-time continuum has its own specific patterns, micro, macro and mega worlds are closely interrelated and form a single, infinite in time and space, System-universe.
Because the universe is moving mechanical system, the main characteristic which is the speed that the universe as a whole or any
part of it may not be alone. There are three variants of motion of the universe as a mechanical system:
1) the constant increase of its volume;
2) rotation around axis;
3) system oscillating about the point of equilibrium (zero).
All three movements are performed simultaneously. The universe is constantly expanding and thereat revolves, making one complete revolution per 6-1013 years, also rotate all its constituent parts-the elementary particles (spin), nucleus, atoms, planets, stars, star systems, galaxies, clusters of galaxies. The permanent momentum of structural elements of the universe is their movement relative to each other. Oscillating motion systems will be discussed below.
The energy of moving space-time continuum consists of potential Wn and kinetic WK interaction energies. Kinetic energy WK — It is the sum of the progressive WnocT and Rotary WBp movement. The law of conservation of mechanical energy States that in a closed mechanical system the amount of mechanical energy remains constant: Wn + Wnocr + Wsp = WnoaH = const.
Space-time continuum as the essence of the law of struggle and unity of opposites, combines the interaction of two opposites-rest ( Wn ) and movement (WK). Therefore, the total mechanical energy of interaction of the space-time continuum is equal to the sum not mechanical types of energies, and their relation, because initially compared the power of two Continua: space (L) — rest and time (t) — movement.
The mass of a substance is growing simultaneously with the rise in the volume of the universe. The mass of a substance is growing and as an equivalent intensity of interaction between space and time, and how potential energy equivalent (with the scale of the
universe decreases the acceleration (a = — ), i.e. simultaneously
grows kinetic (WK) and potential (WJ energy of the substance of the universe, with the total energy of the universe remains constant: W _ 0 _ 1 _ 2 W + W 0 1 2'
n°CT BP
Potential energy interaction, unlike kinetic energy, which is always positive, can be in three phases of physical condition: good (+U9), negative (-U9) and neutral phase potential energy (U90). Potential energy is the energy situation, which is always relative to a certain level, which is zero, hence the scalar field of potential energy of interaction between space and time can be represented in the form of bilateral plane, one side of which is a positive phase (+U9), the other side-the negative phase (-U9) potential energy-State interaction. Zero or neutral phase potential energy (U90) is the surface phase section States the potential energy of the scalar field space-time continuum. The world of the universe is bilateral.
Inaccessible to our direct observation aside bilateral peace we can study on a number of indirect signs of the behaviour of astro-physical objects and created their gravitational effects. Not available for the us side bilateral world-a world of dark matter of about 30 % a single two-way world. About thirty percent because we almost completely observe two phases (2/3) ofthe State ofbilateral interaction potential energy scalar field: (U90) — neutral phase, (+U9) — a positive phase and partially negative phase (-U9) — antiparticle.
Space-time continuum universe is a solid Wednesday, at each point which in all its extent generally occur zero phase fluctuations and density of bilateral interaction potential energy scalar field. Zero oscillations arise from uncertainty phase State potential energy field in any solid volume Wednesday. The possibility of zero hesitation bilateral potential energy scalar field interaction is provided by the fact that energy field interaction combines the energy situation
W_
= 1 _ const
and energy of the elastic deformation. Vibrational properties of solid Wednesday, double the potential energy of the scalar field, determined by the availability of positional strength.
Positional strength is such a force, which identifies deviations from equilibrium system. Of particular importance are the restoring forces that arise when the system from equilibrium position. Energizing the opposite direction deviation, these forces determine the ability of the system to make free oscillations. The main type of restoring forces are forces of elasticity. In the simplest case of a linearly deformable system healing power of elasticity is proportional to the deviation of the system. Elastic properties of links with this defined coefficient of elasticity, which is a generalized force can cause generalized a single move.
Oscillating motion is the simplest type of movement inherent in solid Wednesday (spatial-temporary continuum).
Any, even infinitesimal deformation occurred in only one solid point Wednesday, were immediately shifted to the entire solid Wednesday as a whole and on each point separately. This is due to the fact that the position and movement of each element solid Wednesday AV determined by adjacent items. These items cannot move independently and chaotically because otherwise solid Wednesday would have formed tears. Thus, if an item Wednesday performs some movement, the neighbouring elements must also perform similar movements, i. e. the movement of all the elements of a solid Wednesday should be consistent!
View the prevailing collective movement of elements solid Wednesday for each scale level of the universe. At the level of physical vacuum is zero oscillations of density fluctuations and phase — bilateral interaction potential energy scalar field on the boundary (surface) of the phases (U90) potential energy.
Zero oscillations of small amplitude fluctuations with maximum neutral phase (U90) the potential energy of the scalar field create permanent positive shift (+U9) and negative (-U9) the potential energy of the scalar field phase relative to each other in the space-time continuum. This leads to a polarization of the scalar field, to the emergence ofbilateral interaction potential energy scalar field. Minimum phase angle (9), When that occurs the polarization potential energy scalar field interaction, is equal to: min (p = 0.4181112128162947 degrees. Phase shift is a shift in space moments achieve equal zero, positive or negative values of sine values.
Sine of phase angle minimum scalar field of potential energy interaction is largest fine-structure constant a: sin min (p = 0.007297352535948453176. Permanent zero phase fluctuations and density scalar field ofpo-tential energy, with the amplitude of the oscillations of the fine-structure constant equal (a), create in the space-time continuum of localized scalar potentials-elementary electrical charge-positive (+q) and negative (-q). Neutral phase State ofbilateral potential energy scalar field (U90) retaining, separating the elementary electric charge from each other. Thus bilateral interaction potential energy scalar field is converted to an electrical field of the universe. The electric field is a vector field, one of the two components of the electromagnetic field.
Potential energy field interaction combining the energy situation and energy of the elastic deformation is a field of conservative forces. In the space-time continuum (continuous Wednesday), there are four types of conservative forces, four types of fundamental interactions: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak. All these seemingly different conservative forces are a manifestation of the different scale levels of the universe the same generalized force-coefficient of elasticity.
At the heart of conservative forces lies solid elasticity property Wednesday (space-time continuum). Elasticity is the ability continuum experience significant elastic deformation without fracture. The elasticity of a solid Wednesday ensured power elasticity (elastic force). The power of elasticity is the strength that occurs when deformation solid Wednesday and opposing this deformation. In this case, solid deformation Wednesday is the continuous expansion of the universe, increasing its volume under the influence ofwork force ( Fra) — force intensity of interaction between space and time, gravitational force expansion. Force expansion ( Fss) resists elastic potential force-gravitational force (FG). Thereby avoiding breaks in solid Wednesday. Expansion force ( Fss) depends on the scale of the uni-
1 • L4 04 14 24
verse level: F =-= — = 1; — = 1; — = 4 ... The smaller the vol-
ss t2 02 12 22 ume of the space-time continuum, in which it operates, the less its value and, therefore, the less it against gravitational force (FG).
At various levels of scale of the universe, the main strength of the generalized space-time continuum elasticity factor manifests itself in the form ofweak, strong, electromagnetic, gravitational force. All these forces prevent solid breaks Wednesday at various scale levels of the universe.
Everything in the world has a surface of. Despite this diversity, many surfaces are characterized by one common property: they have an excess of surface energy. Surface phase section (U90) bilateral interaction potential energy scalar field is no exception. On the boundary ofphases go processes that cause spontaneous reduction of surface energy. Spontaneous reduction of surface energy can cause a variety of physical processes associated with the reduction of surface energy: mechanical phenomena, physico-chemical phenomena, electrical phenomenon, thermal phenomena, consolidation, particle formation of spherical and smooth liquid surfaces. Almost all of these processes are formative, in the space-time continuum of substance arises and related structures.
The internal pressure is a typical manifestation of mechanical processes, caused by the desire for spontaneous reduction of the surface energy. On the curved surface of the liquid (I) raised the internal pressure as the resultant of the surface tension at point a. It is directed perpendicularly to the surface of the liquid inside and reduces surface phase partition to the minimum size. Such a reduction causes a decrease in surface energy. The internal pressure is defined as follows: AP = 2a/r, where a — surface tension on the boundary of phases; r is the radius of the droplet. The smaller dimensions of the drops and higher surface tension, the more intense the internal pressure. Surface tension force is tangential to the surface of the liquid and the perpendicular to the section of the path on which it operates. The force of surface tension is an elastic force replacing the large-scale level of elementary particles, nuclei and atoms, i. e. near the boundary (surface) of the bilateral phase of the scalar field potential energy gravitational force (FG), which on this scale level is very weak.
On the boundary of phases of bilateral interaction potential energy scalar field along with the force of surface tension plays a fundamental role and the electric vector field. Interaction of electric charges (fields) leads to the distortion of the surface phase section (U90). On a curved surface section phases occurs as the resultant of the internal pressure of the surface tensions. It is directed perpendicularly to the surface of the inside section of phases and seek to reduce surface phase partition to the minimum size. Such a reduction causes a decrease in surface energy. Surface tension force is tangential to the surface of the section of phases and perpendicular to the section of the path on which it operates. This explains why
programs with electric charges repel each other, and raznoimennye-are attracted. Surface tension force, aimed at a tangent, with electric charges repel each other, and the resultant-attracts raznoimennye charges to each other.
As a result, the zero oscillations of the surface phase section (U90) surface tension force, aimed at a tangent, creates a solid Wednesday density waves (pB3) , order yourself a solid Wednesday.
Interaction of surface tension force and electric field creates in the space-time continuum, a new force field-electromagnetic caused by zero phase fluctuations and density of bilateral interaction potential energy scalar field.
When zero resonance oscillations of the bilateral phase of the scalar field of potential energy surface of the neutral section phases along with the electric field is deformed in such a way that the inside of the deformation in one case turns out to be positively charged side bilateral scalar field and the other negatively charged. This is due to the fact that the opposite phase of bilateral scalar field shifted in space relative to one another when the polarization field. The force of surface tension directed tangential to the surface deformation of zavihreniu leads to a local field potential energy at the point of deformation and deformation of the detachment at the time neutral surface section ofphases (U90) force expansion (FB3), gives spin deformation (rotation). Thus the universe is born stuff, a couple of elementary particle-particle and antiparticle. The main role in the time of elementary particles, its separation from the neutral section surface phases plays acceleration ( a) whose value on this scale level is maximum.
If there are physical vacuum level zero phase fluctuations of the potential energy of the scalar field, then on the large-scale particle-level in addition to oscillating movement rotating movement occurs substances (spin) at higher levels of the scale rotational movement already prevails: the rotation ofplanets, stars, star systems, galaxies, cluster of galaxies and the rotation of the universe as a whole.
Based on the foregoing, it is possible to calculate what the internal pressure (AP) will have a structural element of space-time continuum, as well as calculate its surface and inner energy, if the radius of its volume is: R = 10-35 m. Period zero phase fluctuations in this volume of bilateral interaction potential energy scalar field is: T = 10-43 sec [2, 21].
Structural volume element is: V (x y, z) =[4n(10-35) 3/3] m 3.
hv
E0 = —, where v = 1/T, then: E0 = 3.313-109 Dg.
Density fields of potential energy of this structural element is:
pW = E0 = 7.9 • 10112 Dg/m 3, P = 7.9 • 10112 Dg/m 3.
Knowing the pressure, you can find out the amount of surface tension on the boundary of phases of bilateral interaction potential AP • R
energy scalar field: a =-= 3.95-10 77 Dg/m 2. Knowing the value of surface tension, you can find out the amount of free energy J7. Free energy is defined as that part of the energy system that can be turned into work: T = ff • S, where S — the surface area of the spatial scope of V c radius R, hence: T = 4.96 • 10 8Dg.
If we assume that the coefficient of surface tension (ff) on the boundary of phases of bilateral interaction potential energy scalar field is constant, then with increasing duration of period (T) zero hesitation bilateral interaction potential energy scalar field and the increase in volume (V) of a solid structural element Wednesday free energy on the surface section of the phases grows, while the internal energy density pe decrease. Reducing density scalar field of potential energy interaction leads to the decrease ofpotential energy in the system ofcontinuous Wednesday. The expansion of the universe leads to
an increase in free energy on the surface section of the phases (U90), in proportion to the surface area grows, the part of the energy of the universe that can be turned into a job. Reducing density scalar field of potential energy with the growth of the volume of the universe is accompanied by an increase in the mass of substances as equivalent potential energy, free energy takes the potential energy of matter from one type to another. The expansion of the universe is accompanied by a conversion of potential energy scalar field in the potential energy of a substance is its mass, the total interaction energy density remains constant. With the growth of the volume of the universe is increasing its free energy (.T), growing power (Fss), ensuring the expansion of the universe. It grows in proportion to the gravity force (FG). Growing number of substances (m) in the universe-the equivalent of the potential energy (W ), growing the kinetic energy of a substance (WK). The total energy of the interaction between space and time in doing so remains the same:
W 0 1 2 3
W,,, =—- = - = - = — = —... = 1 = const WK 0 1 2 3
Zero potential energy scalar field fluctuations create solid Wednesday diverging from the source of disturbance wave density energy field interaction. In solid Wednesday there are two fundamentally different mechanism for the orderly transfer of energy through a surface. First of all, it is the energy density of the form:
m*,. >=P if 1+ Y If
2 I dx
with the speed bias element Wednesday vx
.du*
at
, described by
contribution to the energy flux density p„Vx. The proportion of energy, strictly associated with each element Wednesday as "particle", was postponed when driving "particles" in exactly the same way as mass and transferred its other characteristics. However, this is not the only possible and not even the main process for the orderly
transfer of energy through a surface S0, the surrounding element Wednesday volume AV.
In traveling elastic mechanical energy flow density of wave jMex can always be expressed in the form of pieces of internal energy density pe the phase speed of the wave v^. The direction of the vector jMex coincides with the direction of wave propagation:
U -VA =(-p0v^ )
1 dux v^ dt
dux ~dt
ex = Pv*ex
In the expression only of internal energy density pe , not associated with a specific interaction mechanism of elements solid Wednesday. Included in the expression phase velocity of a wave v^ — This is a feature of the migration process pe at any distance, do not depend on x and t.
As a result of running elastic wave becomes meaningful independent type solid movement Wednesday in General, qualitatively different from the motion of particles and already is in no way associated with the movement of solid element Wednesday AV. Moreover, the end result is the magnitude of the interaction energies disappears. This indicates that the interaction in solid Wednesday when distributing traveling elastic waves plays a supporting role, providing transfer of internal energy pe with speed v^. As far as the mass density P„ in equilibrium and related energy density of rest p0c2, She traveling elastic wave is not migrated.
Creeping elastic wave energy density pe, the resulting zero potential energy scalar field fluctuations, order yourself a solid Wednes-day-the space-time continuum are gravitational waves [1, 387].
Gravitational waves is a type of "collective movement" solid Wednesday and, thus, this method of distribution of energy in space
and time, which speeds v^ internal energy pe can be moved to any distance without migrating masses. Thus, it is assumed that the "particles" or items Wednesday remain near their equilibrium positions. This "collective" type movement solid Wednesday differs from the transfer of energy by driving a single particle, when simultaneously transferred as mass particles and all related energy.
Gravitational wave-running elastic wave can be represented and how running wave in solid Wednesday, and as the movement of an item Wednesday (particles) are relatively solid Wednesday. On the boundary of the volume AV There are surface forces. Deformation element Wednesday they produce work by reducing or increasing the internal energy, concluded Wednesday in this element. From the point of view of an observer to measure the change in internal energy in the volumeAV This energy varies regardless of whether it moves whether its density along with the item Wednesday over this element or produce work surface force potential nature.
As a result of zero density fluctuations bilateral potential energy scalar field in the space-time continuum raises periodic changes in curvature (flat in good condition) bilateral surface section of phases (U90) potential energy field interaction. At the point of surface curvature changes section phases will be local increased surface energy due to the increased surface area of the section. The local increase in surface energy activates the spontaneous work of restoring forces, attempting to reduce the surface energy in the place of the local deformation of the surface phase section (Uc0). Depending on the size of the radius of curvature will either have the force of surface tension of small radius of curvature or gravitational force compression for large radius of curvature. The radius of curvature of the surface phase section (U90) bilateral scalar field interaction may vary from zero to infinity. If the curvature is zero, then the osculating circle degenerates into a straight, i. e. in this case the curvature of the surface phase section (U90) is equal to zero. If the radius of curvature is infinite, then the curvature of the surface phase section (U90) also zero, because a straight line radius of curvature equal to infinity [4, 89].
Between zero and infinity of the curvature of the surface phase section (U90) has a different meaning. Maximum curvature surface section phases will occur when the radius of curvature equal to the fine-structure constant (a). The magnitude of the curvature of the surface phase section (U90) from zero to maximum changes abruptly, this is due to the fact that the zero amplitude fluctuations on the scale of the fine structure constant level has no intermediate values. In the next moment, the curvature of the surface phase section (U90), as a result, zero fluctuations, changes from maximum to zero, then the process is repeated again and again. In tact changing values of surface curvature section phases (U90) changes and the value of the surface energy of the surface section. Therefore, the dumping of excess surface energy (free energy) is not constant, and portions, i. e. the quanta. Any process takes time (per At = 0 nothing happens), therefore it can be assumed that the surface curvature change phases section (U90) at the level of the fine-structure constant is going behind the Planck time, equal: tp= 5.39116(13)40-44sec.
The greatest curvature of the universe scale corresponds to the level of a — the fine structure constant to unity. With the increase in the radius of curvature of surface curvature value indefinitely section phases (U90) will decrease. Surface phase section (U90), and with it together, and the Universe will become increasingly flat.
Large-scale particle level corresponds to the radius of curvature of space from zero to one. On this large-scale density level of interaction p„ reaches maximum speed of interaction is equal to: vB3 = 1, acceleration (a) between zero and unit-reaches its maximum.
With a radius of curvature of space of more units, acceleration (a) decreases and becomes less than one. Power FB3 — the intensity of the interaction (extension) of space and time, is proportional to the volume of space in which it operates. Volume space from zero to units operating in this volume power expansion Fra — minimal, minimal rejects it accordingly the strength of gravitational contraction Fg . The large-scale particle level plays a fundamental role the force of surface tension.
Consider the physical characteristics of elementary particles with zero volume. Rest mass m0 such elementary particles is zero, the velocity of a particle is equal to the speed of interaction: vB3 = 1 , the momentum is equal to: p = 1, acceleration a = 1. Due to the fact that the amount of elementary particles is zero, then the particle can be seen as moving the local deformation of the surface density phase section (U90) the potential energy of the scalar field is like creeping elastic wave or as a neutral particle.
The intensity (energy) neutral elementary particles with
zero volume (traveling elastic waves) is equal to: I = 2■ pm ■ A0 ■ ©02,
where PB3 — density scalar field potential energy A0 — amplitude equal to the fine-structure constant a, w0 — the zero frequency fluctuations in the surface section of the phases (U90) bilateral potential energy scalar field. In the equation includes the area (A0) surface neutral elementary particles, rather than its volume, it is said that all the energy neutral elementary particles is focused on its surface and the amount of this energy is directly proportional to the square of the frequency of oscillation of the surface phase section (U90). Energy neutral elementary particles is a free energy can be
transformed into a work: T = t = S < , where PB3 — the potential energy of the scalar field density, S = Ajj =a1 — the surface area of the elementary particles, w — the zero frequency fluctuations in the surface section of the phases (U90), (pm ■ S) — equivalent mass of elementary particles.
Neutral elementary particles (photon, neutron, Neutrino and other neutral elementary particles), whose volume lies between zero to one are gravitational waves with different energy and wavelength.
Gravitational waves with small wavelength reduces surface energy section of phases (U90) solid Wednesday. As a result of the interaction of these waves are formed the elementary particles of the substance of the universe.
Gravitational waves with large wavelength expands the volume of the universe as a whole, thereby reducing the potential energy density fields. Due to the continuous increase in the volume of the universe increases length of gravitational waves, which leads to red offset, the shift of spectral lines of chemical elements in the long wavelength side.
Gravitational waves are the simplest characteristic solid traffic view Wednesday, providing a steady increase in the volume and mass of the universe. While the overall increase in the volume of the universe increased volumes of elementary particles, nuclei and atoms does not occur because the force expansion (FB3) — force intensity of interaction between space and time at this scale level is minimal. Substance increases its volume as a result of the merger of elementary particles in nuclei, atoms, molecules, planets, stars ..., this decreases the surface energy on the boundary of phases.
With the increase in the radius of curvature of the surface phase section (U90) from one to infinity, you change the physical characteristics of the solid Wednesday-the space-time continuum. With increased curvature of the radius of curvature of space of the universe decreases, the volume of space the universe increases, decreases the
acceleration (a), increases the mass of the substance of the universe. With the increase of the universe grows power (FsJ, the larger the volume, the more the force expansion. Proportional to the force ( FB3) growing gravitational force ( FG). With the increase in the radius of curvature of space force of surface tension gives way to its work of the gravitational force (gravity).
As a result, the resonance of the gravitational wave with high amplitude of the surface phase is the partition (U"90) and the gap formed black hole. Around the black hole gravitational and surface activity of compression forces trying to prevent this gap is maximal. Surface tension force, the resultant FG which is aimed at the center of a black hole forms around her gravitational field of attraction (compression). Inside the black hole initial conditions restored
(— = 1), i. e. a new Universe, which limited the volume of a black —
hole. In the new Universe, the potential energy of the scalar field is converted to potential energy substances, i. e. born elementary particles, nuclei and atoms, gravitational force expansion Fss makes the generated inside black hole stuff out. As a result, combat two forces, gravitational force expansion Fra and gravitational forces compress Fg , a substance formed within a black hole is concentrated on its surface. As a result, around the black hole is very dense shell of substance, the density of which is many times greater than the density of the substance inside it. The process of the birth of the substance inside a black hole is accompanied by heat radiation under the influence which the real shell black hole heats up. The surface of a black hole is the surface potential energy state phases section, its outer shell has surrounded by solid Wednesday-potential energy scalar field. Therefore, the surface of the black hole possesses a surfeit of surface energy, spontaneous reduction of surface energy leads to a smooth liquid spherical surface of a black hole, as well as to thermal effects: the surface of the black hole (shell) warmed up, resets the surplus energy into the surrounding surface Wednesday in the form of heat, light and other types of radiation. So the star is born. As a result, zero phase fluctuations and density scalar field of potential energy of interaction inside the star is born-elementary particles, nuclei and atoms. This substance is gravitational force expansion (FsJ is imposed from the Center outward, into its shell, increasing its density and volume-star grow inside.
The black hole at the time of birth is shrouded in a large number of substances, in the form of clouds of elementary particles, nuclei and atoms, born simultaneously with it. Under the influence of gravitational forces compress FG This substance is concentrated around the black hole. The force of surface tension, directed tangential to the surface of the black hole spins concentrating substance around it. Thus, in the universe are born stars, stellar systems and star clusters-Galaxy.
On the basis of the above, with a high degree of confidence we can assume that star in «hollow», their mass and energy are concentrated in the surface layer.
Gravitational radiation (FB3) black holes and gravitational force (Fg) can counterbalance each other making a star relatively stable dynamical system. When the balance of gravitational force stars to consider effect of surface tension on the boundary of phases, centrifugal and centripetal forces, as well as the amplitude of incoming gravitational waves in the area of a black hole (Star) from other parts of the universe. If the balance is broken, one of the gravitational force exceeds another, the star will be destroyed. If gravitational force weakens compression (FG), gravitational force expansion (Fss) blow off a star from the inside if the gravitational force weakens expansion, gravity compression will bring the star inside.
The assumption that stars of «hollow» inside, finds confirmation in the work of Professor Alexander Mikhailovich Il'anok "characteristics of hollow Sun (Institute of modern knowledge, Minsk): .Imagine the Sun in the form of a slowly rotating globe composed of compressible fluids, and carry out an analysis of the classical methods of Newtonian physics. In doing so, let's compressibility of fluids in the form of two components: the Sun shell consists of a fluid with density p 1 , and the core of fluid with density p2. For slowly rotating body that is in hydrostatic equilibrium, symmetric about an axis of rotation in the equatorial plane of the gravitational potential 9 can be decomposed into a series. In this case, the compression figures balance Sun is determined only by the even number of members, ranging from n > 4.
Evaluating only the first member of the series, we use the known findings. Compression a shape balance claim was made Dr. Stukeley Lyapunov method on the task defines the equality:
R t \ u W2R3 ---- \p( r )r dr =-, where R — the radius of the un-
4nM 5R2r; w 8nG
perturbed star; r — the radius of the cavity, w is the angular frequency of rotation of the star. Integrating this expression producing under uniform density distribution p(r) = const, get:
®2R3
a =-
2MG
1 - 3.1 -(/R)
5
1 -(/R )3
If r = 0, that is, the mass is uniformly distributed on the volume of the Sun: a = -
5/4 (®2R3) 5
=---- = 2.6 -10 , which corresponds to the
MG
classical solution of Newton. If the mass is concentrated in the center of the Sun, then:
= 1.04.103
2MG
Both of these models do not correspond to experimentally measured value ofthe compressibility ofthe Sun equal to: 5.21-10 5.
Substituting in the expression obtained experimental compression value Sun, find: ^ / R = 0.763.
This result shows that already in the first approximation, the only solution to compress the Sun is redistributing its bulk on his shell. Refine these results by using makrokvantovuu model hollow Sun. Introduce the terms of immutability of the volume of the Sun
4^
as a hollow object: V =-R3
3a2 c
1 —
R3
= const, where R , r —
Accordingly, the outer and inner shell radius of the Sun; a = 1/137.036 — the fine structure constant. It follows:
ri /R0 = ( -«2)3, the thickness of the shell of the Sun is equal to:
2
AR0 =a3R0 = (1/26.5802)
Under these conditions the average density of Shell Solar will reach 12.97 g/cm3, which at times exceeds the calculated 9.21 the average density of the Sun throughout the volume. A direct experimental proof of the solar shell such density is the density of her match with an external Earth's core. The Sun like the Earth's core is shown in the figure. On distribution of seismic waves found that Earth there are outer and inner core. Outer core starts at a distance of 1217.1 km. from the center of the Earth, and its density at reference data is 13.012 g/cm3. Error in the difference of the densities of the Sun shell and core of the Earth is 0.3 per cent. It is important that at these depths design temperature is 6200^6300 K, that matches the temperature of the Sun shell 6282K.
Any surface phases section there is an excess of surface energy. Free energy at the surface of the Sun is made up of two components:
the size of the surface tension and the surface area of the section, i. e., the surface area of the Sun: TQ = &• ASQ. Surface phase section (surface of the Sun) has some thickness: A RQ. With constant magnitude of surface tension on the boundary of phases the magnitude of free energy will be more on the outside of the surface of the Sun, because the outer surface area of the Sun more. This is confirmed by practical observations. The outer layer of the Sun's atmosphere (Corona) has a temperature above 1 000 000 °C, while the visible surface of the Sun (the photosphere) has a temperature of only about 6 000 °C.
Acoustic Research inner core of the Earth shows that throughout the outer Earth core 1217.1-3485.7 km. are completely absent acoustic transverse waves and longitudinal only exist, which is typical only for liquid and gaseous Wednesday.
Based on the fact that the Earth is the Sun like the nucleus, it can be assumed that in the Centre of the planet to be a black hole. Substance resulting inside a black hole, under the influence of gravity waves of expansion is made from black holes to the outside, forming around a black hole, a shell of matter. The constant increase of the shell of a black hole is accompanied by her spontaneous heating, resulting in hot core of the planet with a black hole inside. Because the Earth is a dynamic system, balance the interaction of gravitational forces of compression and expansion changes periodically, resulting in periodic cooling and heating up the planet's core. During cooling the upper layer cools faster kernel internal layers, consequently formed hot core covered with cold crust. During a warm-up weight and volume growing planet, consequently the cold upper crust of the planet crack and moved apart, exposing inner layers of the planet. Gravitational waves extending outwards from the center of the Earth, are reflected from solid, cold the Earth's surface and changing its direction. As a result of the interaction between direct and reflected the gravitational wave resonance, i. e. increases the amplitude of oscillation of a gravitational wave, which leads to the volcanic activity and the formation of negladkogo relief of a surface of the ground.
Due to the constant growth of the mass and volume of risk become a star from the Earth grows, and grows exponentially. Modern research scientists confirm the above: for the past 2.5 billion years of warm and cold era alternated, with warm accounts for more than 80 % of the time [3, 36].
An overview of the results of the statistics on binary stars shows the frequency distribution. Among G-dwarfs it is 60 ± 6 % among k-dwarfs — 45 ± 4 %, and among the more massive stars (Giants and blue main sequence stars) double frequency is close to 100 %. It has long been clear that double stars — not uncommon and regularity in Star world. The question arises whether there are generally solitary star? So far, it was thought that Yes, there are. As an example, led the Sun, knowing that its planetary system does not give rise to «enroll» in the category of double and multiple stars. But this is not the case. The solar system is no exception. The solar system is a system of two stars. One star — Sun, the second star — Land.
Proof that this is the case, is the work of Vitaly Filippovich Blinova: «Growing Earth: from planets in stars», 2007 y.
«... Our planet Earth is growing over time increases the radius of the Earth, the surface area, mass. And the more the land becomes, the faster it grows. Empirically, according to various estimates, exponential increase in law set the radius of the globe from time to time. At present, the growth rate is maximum, the Earth's RADIUS is increasing at least 2 centimeters per year. If all layers of the globe grew at the same rate, its growth will not soon be found. But the remarkable feature of the Earth's growth is that the deeper layers increases with greater speed than less deep. Solid Earth's crust is not a
raspuhausie creature inside and bursts. Shards of old crust sprawled around the globe in the form of the modern continents and between them appears and grows new, so-called oceanic, the young bark.
The bark Ocean differs from the crust of continents by age, composition, density, texture, thickness. Age of the most ancient breeds of continental crust is greater than 4 billion years old. Age of the most ancient rocks of the oceanic crust is only about 200 million years. Cora continents consists of granite and basalt layer, the bark of the oceans-only from basalt. The density of basalt is greater than the density of granite, and the underlying mantle crust density is even greater. For this reason, the Earth's crust is located on top of the mantle, and not vice versa. Continental crust thickness 35-70 km, the thickness of the oceanic crust 5-10 km. If you take a globe and cut all the oceans, the remaining continents almost seamlessly into a single easy to connect the Mainland to the balloon radius of almost one and a half times less than the current size of the Earth. Once, about 200 million. years ago, the Earth was this. The oceans were not. Were small sea, the bottom of which was the same continental type. So much water as it is now, 200 million. years ago, was not on the Earth. When the substance of the mantle rises to the surface of the Earth and converted into the Earth's crust, is degassing and dewatering. Gases are entering the atmosphere, and water fills the ocean. About 10 % of the weight of the substance of the mantle is water. When a certain area of oceanic crust of the stuff 10 km thick mantle stands out so much water that it covers this area of the layer thickness of about 3 km. Thus, simultaneously with the building area of oceanic crust occurs and the build-up ofwater column of the oceans. Continents and oceans, ancient, their bottoms and water, there were geologically recently. But the land grew until it oceans, albeit more slowly. In dookeaniceskij stage of growth of earth crust mainland type simply utoncalas' without substance mantle to the surface of the Earth. Zone stretching the crust only led to a decrease in relief. This fall, surrounded by almost all parties quickly filled hills, sand and clay. Power of sedimentary layers reached tens of kilometers. At a depth of these sediments turned into firm, not loose, breed. These powerful kristallizovannye and cemented sedimentary rock strata built up area of the continental crust.
On all continents, there are the so-called kernel is very ancient rocks, which like rings on a tree trunk cut abut rings and lenses of the continental crust of younger ages, pointing to a gradual increase in the area of the world in the dookeaniceskij period the growth of the Earth. For the first time, 200 million. years ago, the growth rate of the Earth reaches this size, that the rate of build-up area of continental crust has become less than the speed the build-up area of the globe. In the area of the present Pacific first rises to the surface of the substance of the Earth's mantle. From this moment begins the oceanic phase growth land. The global system is formed the so called mid-ocean ridges, where the old crust at odds in hand, and mantle substance goes directly to the surface of the Earth, vented, dehydrated and solidifies, forming a strip of new crust along this Ridge.
A remarkable property of frozen rocks is that they remember the direction ofEarth's magnetic field at the time of solidification. A remarkable property of the Earth's magnetic field is that the North and South poles, quite often, a geological scale. This allows pretty exactly where and how many naroslo oceanic crust for a period of geological time, as well as determine the speed of her rise in a geologic time.
Currently, the mid-Atlantic Ridge during the year growing streak of new crust up to 1.5 cm., and in the Pacific mid-ocean ridge system speed 2 crust reaches 9 cm. per year. If we assume that while increasing the size of its Land mass is not increasing, with increasing radius
of the globe gravity on the Earth's surface should decrease. Change of gravity, thus, should be very noticeable. For example, 200 million. years ago, when Earth's ^.DIUS was 1.5 times less gravity on the Earth's surface must be more than in 2 times more. But it was at this time on Earth was the heyday ofhuge dinosaurs, which at the present Earth would weigh tens of tons. Some instances — up to 80 tons, and when his weight for such a fragile skeleton could navigate the current Earth with great difficulty, if at all, could not move in water. And give them 2 times a large force of gravity! There was no more in ancient times the force of gravity on the Earth's surface. On the contrary, as
evidenced by: gigantizmom ancient gigantizmom ancient plants and animals. While plants with grassy trunk reached a height of several tens of meters, and steeper slope angles fossils of sand and a number of other facts suggest that the force of gravity on the surface of the ancient earth was considerably less, as it is smaller, for example, on the surface of the moon. In a number of planets in our solar system, we are seeing the same pattern-the bigger the planet, the more Earthlike gravity at its surface. It is expected that the growth of the Earth is not a unique phenomenon in the universe. In a number of other Earth-like planets, the Earth is nothing special does not stand out».
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