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13STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH "FIRE"
COMPONENT
MAHARRAMOVA ULKAR AKIF
Azerbaijan State Academy of Physical Education and Sport PhD student of Baku Euroasia ORCID - 0000-0001-6964-7337
Abstract
Researches conducted by many scientists have shown that the phraseological unit is a complex, multi-faceted research object. As an integral lexical unit of language in modern phraseology, there are several aspects of research: grammatical, semantic, functional, pragmatic, sociological and linguistic-cultural. T.N. Fedulenkova calls phraseological units stable expressions with fully or partially thought-out meanings.
The concept of phraseological units is multifaceted. The linguists who determined this definition took into account not only its structural and semantic aspects, but also the features of activity in a certain society. Thus, phraseologism is a general name for a certain lexical and grammatical composition of combinations of semantically related words and sentences, in contrast to form-like syntactic structures that are not produced according to the general patterns of selection and word combinations when forming a phrase.
It should be noted that "fire" has been involved in mythological, folklore, anthropological, literary and cultural studies by world scientists in various periods. Even the first scientific research on the position of the image of "fire" in English is considered to be the work "Myths of the origin of fire " by the famous British anthropologist J. G. Frazer. However, the analysis of scientific literature shows that phraseological units with the "fire" component in English, Russian, Spanish, German and Tatar languages have not been studied by scientists as research objects.
Key words: culture, phraseological units, linguistics, expressions, semantic structure
According to Professor Valentina Maslova, "Language is closely related to culture: it grows in it, develops in it and expresses it." On the basis of this idea, a new science - linguculturalology, which can be considered an independent branch of linguistics, was formed in the 90s of the 20th century. Linguistics is a field that arose at the intersection of linguistics and cultural studies and investigates the manifestations of folk culture that are reflected and strengthened in language" [Маслова, В.А., p. 98].
From this point of view, phraseological units reflect in their semantics the long-term development process of the culture of the people they belong to, determine cultural attitudes and stereotypes, standards and archetypes, and pass them on from generation to generation.
Phraseologisms, as the famous Russian linguist academician Fyodor Buslayev emphasized, "are their own micro worlds. They contain moral laws bequeathed by ancestors to guide their descendants, as well as common sense expressed in a short saying" [Маслова, В. А., p. 110].
Substantive phraseological units denote an object or motivated action. The main component of a phraseological unit is a leading, grammatically independent component that belongs to a certain part of speech and determines the activity of a single phraseological unit as a concrete member of a sentence.
The nature of the material shell of a phraseological unit in the expression form depends on the features of its content according to the phraseology model, and here there is a semantic equivalence of words.
Substantive idioms include completely and partially revised phraseological units with a phrase structure and completely revised phraseological units with a partially predicative structure. The main
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types of rethinking are metaphorical and metonymic thinking. Metaphorical phraseological units can denote only persons, only non-persons, or both, based on different types of real or imaginary.
Today, according to the vast majority of scientists with exceptional merit in world linguistics, the phraseological fund of each language is a mirror that reflects the national consciousness of the people to which it belongs, that is, the meaning expressed by the phraseological combinations of any language reflects the mentality of the society to which it belongs. It is difficult to imagine the knowledge of any language as a whole without acquiring the important knowledge of phraseology. Timely use of phraseological units makes the speech more alive and lively. When learning any language, it is difficult to master this language layer, but by mastering phraseology, we can express our thoughts concisely and very precisely, as well as understand the speech of a foreign language speaker. In many cases, knowing the phraseology of the target language helps to avoid the use of national elements in language and speech.
During the last decades, various languages - English, French, Spanish, Turkish, Russian, Vietnamese, Kazakh, Tatar, etc. numerous studies have been conducted regarding the phraseological base. From the point of view of the vast majority of well-known linguists and specialists, the components denoting the names of not only fire, but also other elements of nature (water, air, wind) are phraseologically very active in many languages of the world. According to Georgy Gachev, a well-known philosopher, aesthetician, culturologist, doctor of philology, "elements of nature are heard as the basic conditions of a metalanguage that can determine everything, can pass from existence to consciousness and convey to people, and can understand each other at the level of consciousness" [Гачев Г.Д . Kosmo-Psycho-Logos:, p. 186].
Despite the transcultural nature of the concepts of the four elements, the linguistic units with the components that denote their names express national-cultural connotations. Since the components of a phraseological unit participate in the creation of its image, through them, one can trace the compatibility of phraseological units with cultural codes, that is, with "those sources that are the object of their understanding and evaluation in the process of life activity" [Ковшова М.Л., p. 6061].
It should be noted that "fire" has been involved in mythological, folklore, anthropological, literary and cultural studies by world scientists in various periods. Even the first scientific research on the position of the image of "fire" in English is considered to be the work "Myths of the origin of fire" by the famous British anthropologist J.G. Frazer. However, the analysis of scientific literature shows that phraseological units with the "fire" component in English, Russian, Spanish, German and Tatar languages have not been studied by scientists as research objects [Kayumova A.R., p. 57].
Based on the analysis of the conducted studies, we conclude that the "fire" symbolism in the mythology of many peoples of the world contains more positive features. It was a symbol of light and life overcoming death and darkness, a symbol of purity, purification, home.
As part of the scientific research work, we study the structural characteristics of phraseological units in order to determine the deep (figurative and valuable) features of the concept of "fire" in the mass consciousness of English speakers.
In the phraseology of the English language, "fire" has a more negative value. Thus, 61% of the total number of phraseological units with the "fire" component symbolize the following:
1) danger/risk: play with fire;
2) difficulties: between two fires (between two fires, that is, in a difficult situation);
3) pain/suffering: fire and brimstone (literally - burnt fire and brimstone; torments of hell);
4) criticism: come under fire;
5) conflict: add fuel to the fire/flames;
6) hurry: Where's the fire? (as if in a hurry to put out the fire);
7) destroy: set fire to smb/smth [Kayumova A.R., p. 59].
30% of positively evaluated phraseological units with the "fire" component symbolize: 1) enthusiasm and energy: fire in one's belly (fame, ambition; initiative; enthusiasm);
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2) friendship: get on like a house on fire (get used to - about sympathy; make friends quickly);
3) good relations in the family: Keep the home fires burning
4) love: a fire in the blood [Kayumova A., p. 59].
In English, 9% of phraseological units with "fire" component have a neutral evaluation meaning. For example, fire drill (fire alarm - training fire alarm); spread like wildfire.
The analysis of well-known phraseological dictionaries of the English language shows that keywords are characterized by high phrasing activity, moreover, they perform similar semantic functions, which indicates the universality of categories of human thinking. Thus, we come across ninety-seven phraseological units with the component "fire" in English. In the internal form of English phraseological units, they are understood in the following meanings: 1) combustion process; 2) fire; 3) light; 4) combat shots; 5) feeling or emotion [Khairullina D.D.].
I. The most productive is the use of this word in its basic meaning as a component of phraseological units, that is, "the state of burning with the release of bright light, heat and smoke." According to the results of our research, this type of phraseological units is about 53% in English: burn like fire. In the described group of phraseological units, fire can be considered as one of the natural elements and a burning red, hot substance.
Phraseological units in which fire acts as an element pay attention to cognitive features such as "powef", "comprehensiveness" of fire: catch (take)fire;
The element of fire acts as a tool of cult, religion in English phraseology: according to our guesses, the ancient rites of baptism with fire in the early Christian period were the event prototype of the partially rethought phraseological unit "baptism of fire".
Less regularly, implicit and explicit emphasis is placed on the property of fire as "hell":
• the fires of hell;
• fire and brimstone (torments of hell) [Khairullina Д.Д.].
Another characteristic of wood in the phraseology of the English language is its opposite to water: go through fire and water.
Phraseological units, one of whose components of which indicates the internal combustion process or burning hot gas, often include synonyms of core lexemes corresponding to their main semantic and conceptual features: "flame" (blaze), "spark". They are combined with their main meanings and complement each other, and also show various signs that characterize the appearance and physical properties of wood:
• "high temperature" - fire water (literally fire water or fire water);
• "color" - red as fire (literally red as fire - red face);
• "brightness" - a bright spark (bright spark, bright personality);
• "vertical movement" - go up in flames
• "attraction" - be attracted like a moth to a flame (feeling a strong attraction to something, like a butterfly in a flame);
• "speed, suddenness" - burst into flame(s);
• "sound" - ballyhoo of blazes [Khayrullina D.].
Fire lexemes meaning "brightly burning and glowing incandescent gas" are most often used by conceptualizing the signs of "destruction" in phraseological units: go up in flames.
The characteristic feature of the English language is "life", "power of rebirth" - the spark of life ("spark of life", signs of life), the vital spark ("spark of life", vitality), and the lexeme spark is enough is phraseological activity. By means of the lexical environment (verbs of action), the "inconsistency" and "dynamism" of the fire are noted: make the sparks fly (in the literal sense, "work with sparks").
In English, bonfire, which is verbalized by the lexeme "fire" in the form of "a burning pile", actualizes the attribute "shelter, home", "hearth": near the fire (literally "next to the fire", at home).
Phraseological units whose internal form has been deleted are of interest from the point of view of etymology. Thus, the literal meaning of this phraseology is based on the historical fact of
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determining the guilt of man through fire and its derivatives, a custom widespread in medieval England:
1) take smb. over the coals - literally "to keep someone over the coals", to be beaten;
2) trial by fire - literally "torture by fire", trial [Khayrullina Д.Д.].
It should be noted that there are a small number of phraseological units in which it is possible to determine the moral and valuable features of the concept:
1) "generation, inheritance" - keep the home fires burning (to keep burning the home fires, protect the family);
2) "effort, effort, effort" - Promethean fire (Promethean fire);
3) "creative ability, talent" - sacred fire [Khayrullina D.D.].
II. The meaning "destructive fire" is recorded in the internal form of 22% of English phraseological units. They contain the root lexeme "fire". In this type of phraseological units, people's everyday knowledge about fire, i.e. "natural disaster" - like a forest fire (literally "like a forest fire", quick); "death" - a brand from the fire (in the literal sense, "a brand from the fire", a person saved from death) is emphasized.
III. Among the direct meanings of the core lexemes in the phraseological units, we can distinguish "light from something burning", "electricity" (4 phraseological units (3%) in the English language). If we consider this group of phraseological units in terms of expressing the conceptual properties of wood, we can observe the following features:
• ' 'stability" - fires of heaven (literally "heavenly lights", stars);
• "signaling" - Hermes' (St. Elmo's) fire (St. Elmo's lights, lighthouse lights)
[Khayrullina Д.Д.].
The expression of this meaning is combined with words from the semantic field of "fire" belonging to the thematic group "Source of light", among which the candle lexeme is more common in phraseological units. In English phraseology, there is a relationship with a candle as an accessory of a religious ritual. It highlights the following:
- "divinity": hold a candle to smb. (literally "to hold a candle to someone", to help);
- the burning of the candle metaphorically describes the "burning of life" (burn the candle at both ends - literally "burning the candle from both ends", careless waste of energy). It is also associated with the sign of "going out life, death" - go out like a snuffed candle (1. literally "to burn like a candle", to disappear; 2. to die).
IV. Another meaning of fire lexemes in the internal form of English phraseological units is the "battle fire" shows some extent regularly: a running fire (military term - rapid fire);
This type of phraseological units, based mainly on the military lexicon, is more common in English and accounts for 21% of the total number of phraseological units containing the "fire" component. As can be seen from the examples, they are idioms with a lively internal form. As part of these phraseological units, the "fire" component acquires a metaphorically rethought sign of "sharp criticism":
be in the firing line (1. to be under fire; 2. to be subjected to a sharp attack);
hold (one's) fire (1. military term - stop fire, 2. stop criticism).
V. Interesting from the point of view of semantics are the phraseological units that express both positive and negative "emotions and feelings" of a person, are related to the emotional world of a person, and have "fire" components in the dictionary metaphorical sense [Khayrullina Д.Д.].
The birth of a metaphor is associated with "the conceptual system of native speakers, with their standard ideas about the world, with the evaluation system that exists alone in the world, expressed only verbally in the language." It is not about real objects, but about the image of things in people's minds. For example, words with fiery semantics figuratively express the feeling of burning in a person's soul and heart. Fire is perceived as "the source of feelings, the center of emotional experiences." Thus, we can mention phraseological units in which the components "fire" mean "energy", "liveliness": a ball of fire (about a flame, energetic, bright person).
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The symbolic group of phraseological units also attracts attention. So here fire acts as a symbol of fiery love: catch (take) fire.
In the phraseological units "Flash (shoot) fire" (about the eyes) lexemes with the semantics of "fire" are used in the figurative sense of "shine in the eyes" that characterizes a person's appearance. At the same time, the sparkle in the eyes, which reflects our inner world, can express both positive and negative emotions.
Among the negative emotional connotations of the concept of "fire" actualized in the internal form of phraseological units, we distinguish the following: "anger, irritation" - breathe fire over smth (vines of anger erupt); "heat" - afire in the blood.
Conclusion. As the analysis shows, the internal form of phraseological units helps to reveal the content of the concept as a whole, revealing deep, figurative and valuable features that are important for conceptual analysis. The presence of specific characteristics in different languages is explained by the individuality of historical experience, the originality of culture, and the uniqueness of the consciousness of the peoples to which they belong.
LITERATURE
1. Maslova, V.A. Linguistic culture: textbook for students of higher educational institutions. Moscow, Academy, 2001, 208 p.
2. Gachev G.D. Cosmo-Psycho-Logos: National images of the world. 3rd edition, Moscow, Academic project, 2020, 511 p.
3. Kovshova M.L. Analysis of phraseology and codes of culture // Izvestiya RAN. Series of literature and language No. 2, volume 67, Moscow, RAS, 2008, p. 60-65
4. Kayumova A.R., Konopleva N.V., Safina R.A. Linguo-cultural peculiarities of phraseological units with the component 'fire' in English, Russian, Spanish, Tatar and German // XLinguae № 12 (3), 2019, Slovakia, p. 55-65
5. Khairullina D.D. Representation of the concept of "fire" in the internal form of English and Tatar phraseology [electronic resource]
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/reprezentatsiya-koncepta-ogon-vo-vnutrenney-forme-angliyskih-i-tatarskih-frazeologizmov (last access : 13.06.2022)
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