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UDC 338.439.4:637:338.33.001.73(497.11)
STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION: CASE STUDY REGION POLIMLJE-IBAR Dr. Goran Rajovic
Street Vojvode Stepe 252, Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 0038161/19-24-850
Mr. Jelisavka Bulatovic
College of Textile Design, Technology and Management Street: Starine Novaka 20, Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 003861/ 3082651
ABSTRACT
The production structure of agriculture in region Polimlje-Ibar, livestock production has a very important role, because without a stable and developed livestock production has not developed agriculture. Therefore, in this paper, shows structural changes in livestock production. In fact, in the period 1960-2010, the total number of agricultural farms that raise cattle has been reduced from 18,070 to 12,263 agricultural farms or 32.1%. Which is after all result of social and economic factors, such as: processes of industrialization and urbanization, depopulation of rural areas, reduced local and regional market, the low purchasing power of the population, transition, privatization, the lack of long-term development strategy for livestock, technological and technical unwillingness processing capacity, lack of organization of primary production, weak linkage of farmers and processors, insufficient and slow recovery cattle breeds. Judging by the number of agricultural farms that raise cattle, production volume, and towards other indicators, livestock production in region Polimlje-Ibar mainly used to meet the needs of households. Smaller part of are intended market. To meet these problems were resolved in an adequate way, it is necessary to bring appropriate strategy in livestock analyzed region with the proposed development measures which must be long term. Agriculture Development Strategy should clearly define macrozones on which to foster specific livestock species, and based on that subsidizes and assists farmers and households, because only in this way can stop the decline throat livestock, to ensure the increase of livestock production and improve the quality of livestock products.
KEY WORDS
Region Polimlje-Ibar; Livestock; Agricultural holdings; Production.
Region Polimlje-Ibar is a geographical unit which comprises 20.6% of the total area of Montenegro (13.812 km2), that is, living in the territory, 18.96% of the population compared to the total population of Montenegro in 2003 (673.094). Territory includes five municipalities: Plav, Andrijevica, Berane, Bijelo Polje and Rozaje, with an area of 2.842 km2, which is by the census of 2003 year, 127.635 people lived or 44.9 in/km2 [1-2].
Natural resources with its deployment and qualitative characteristics are favorable basis for the development of agriculture in the region Polimlje-Ibar. However, research analysis below shows that livestock considered the region does not comply with all of the available natural and social conditions [3-4]. Incompatibility between the available resources and modern livestock production is determined by reduced domestic market and low purchasing power of the population, transition and privatization, lack of long-term development strategy for livestock, technological and technical unwillingness of most processing facilities for export, inability to produce large contingents of the same quality, disorganization of primary production and weak linkage of farmers and processors, insufficient and slow recovery race composition cattle [5].
There is a series of measures that directly promote the development of livestock
production. Among them are the premiums for milk, then reimbursement for the purchase of breeding and raising livestock field of beef production, sheep, goat and bee queen bee in apiculture (reduces to us to the production and consumption of meat. It consumes only 34 kilograms of meat per year and 95 liters of milk). Funds given in the form of long-term loans, also encourage livestock production, and assets held for investment in agriculture stimulates the construction, repair, renovation or reconstruction of facilities for accommodation of livestock, as well as raising cow farms, beef cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry. The funds earmarked for the improvement of rural areas, encouraging the improvement cattle breeds from imports, so that the actual value and the selected projects stimulated with 40 to 50% of budget funds [6-9].
Figure 1 - Region Polimlje-Ibar on the map of Montenegro [9-11]
In recent years, is greatly increased interest in organic agriculture, in response the increasing environmental degradation, deterioration in the quality of food and the growing threat to public health of the human population? Steady growth in demand for organic products in the world, indicates that this production method can be very profitable, if properly used natural resources, knowledge and production experience [10-11]. In all branches of the livestock sector in region Polimlje-Ibar, there is significant potential for the development of organic livestock production, especially in mountainous areas. Code beef production, sheep and goat predominant racial composition of the traditional livestock on pastures in mountainous areas, and preserved the traditional making of indigenous species of dairy products (cheese and milk cream) on agricultural holdings, favors the development of organic livestock production. Also are huge natural potential and the presence of large areas of meadows and pastures (109,596 ha), which is not used rationally as a result of decades of continuous decline in the number of livestock in region Polimlje-Ibar. Through measures applied for the improvement of livestock, the state is trying to reverse this trend, where in the lowland areas of the subject of work focus on beef production (meat and milk), and in the mountainous area on sheep, goat and cattle production [12-15].
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Two basic group’s data sources were used in the study. The first group includes sources statistical data on livestock, available to of the Statistical Office of Montenegro. The second group of data is results of previous studies. However, the statistical data about the motion of livestock
and agricultural production it is hard to obtain because of a lack of proper statistical material. This means that the statistics are not addressed enough attention on status of livestock and livestock production in the former Yugoslavia, without of such material is impossible to give an overall overview of agricultural production. Therefore, for the analysis of family agricultural holdings 1960 which breeding cattle (bovine, sheep and pigs), used data the Institute of Agricultural Economics, Belgrade [16]. The average livestock production by family agricultural holdings in 1967 is given in the data Kalezic [17]. Analysis of family agricultural holdings 2010 which breeding cattle (bovine, sheep, swine, goats, poultry, horses and hives bee), is given based on the data of the Statistical Office of Montenegro [18], which facilitates their comparison with the data of 1960 and 1967. Due to the lack of data related to livestock production in 2010, we used survey data for 2005. The second group of data is results of previous studies, are shown how in domestic and in the international literature. The focus of the research was on main activities of livestock: sheep, bovine, goat, pig, poultry, horses and bees. Although livestock region Polimlje-Ibar has potentially great development opportunities, current development is characterized by a continuous and extreme decrease. Analysis of livestock in this paper includes the analysis of family agricultural holdings who breeding cattle in the period 1960-2010, the respectively livestock production in the period 1967 to 2005 years. In this paper is been used: a comparative, descriptive method, the method of theoretical analysis, a statistical method.
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Livestock breeding is the most important branch of agricultural production. The degree of intensification of agriculture, measured by its share of this sector in total value of agricultural production [19-20]. Compared with agrarian developing regions, region Polimlje-Ibar is significantly lagging behind by any measure of development of livestock production (number of heads of cattle breeding, the total volume of livestock production) [21-22]. Before than we approach view the current state of animal husbandry in region Polimlje-Ibar, it is important to stress that livestock farming is a significant potential for agricultural development, but is underdeveloped in relation to natural resources and the demands of intensive agricultural production [23-24].
Analysis of agricultural holdings which were reared cattle the period 1960-2010, the points on different tendencies. Namely 18,070 agricultural holdings in the region Polimlje-Ibar in 1960 and addressed the breeding cattle while in 2010 there were only 12,263 agricultural holdings. Thus, compared to 1960, the number of agricultural holdings in the region Polimlje-Ibar, decreased by 5,807 agricultural households or 32.1%. According to the Statistical Office of Montenegro [18] in the region Polimlje-Ibar 2010, a total of 40056.2 suspended cattle. From which it follows that the family agricultural holdings are relatively small and mixed livestock production with 3,3 conditionally throng per farm. According Jacimovic [25], this one number of heads of cattle, the result of economic factors that have influenced the development of certain sector of livestock, as are extensive character, throat low productivity primitive way management ... In livestock region Polimlje-Ibar dominate bovine and sheep. At 100 hectares of agricultural land in 2005 (the total agricultural area in the region Polimlje-Ibar is 128.012 ha), by Rajovic and Bulatovic [21] there comes 68.9 sheep, 31,9 bovine, 4,8 goats, pigs 3.01, 2.6 horse, which is certainly not enough compared on potential opportunities in the region Polimlje-Ibar.
Sheep production is by throat livestock the most important livestock activity in the region Polimlje-Ibar. Development of sheep is also, determined and the needs for wool, meat, milk, fat, and skin. In addition, according Kostic [26], should be borne in mind that the sheep, in comparison with other domestic animals, it is best to use roughage in mind of hay and of green mass in the pasture to good pasture and take advantage of low herbs and grasses on stubbles. It is not superfluous to emphasize that breeds of sheep: “pivska pramenka ", “sjenicka sheep”, “bardoka”, “zuja”, half-breeds, which are bred in the considered region formed to be submitted to the harsh natural conditions, that are naturally resistant and adapted to the conditions prevailing in the highland areas. Forward mentioned sheep withstand the large hiking from pasture to pasture, even between different areas in search of food. Thanks to these properties sheep contribute the most rational utilization of large areas of meadows and pastures in hilly and
mountainous areas, what I considered, respectively ensuring of income and living standard of the population of the region, on the one hand, and the rest of the population or of the domestic market and exports, and on the other side. In the analyzed period 1960-2010 total agricultural holdings engaged in breeding sheep decreased from 10.558 agricultural holdings on 2,380 or 77,5%._This can be explained by Tomic [27]: labor shortages, poor economic conditions, primitive ways of livestock raising, alienation lambs for slaughter with low mercury measure up to 15 kg which reflects unfavorably on economic returns, low purchase price of lambs, sheep, hides and wool. From a total of 12,263 agricultural holdings which with breeding cattle in yar 2010, 2.380 agricultural holdings raising sheep, with a total of 75.873 throat, of which on grazing stayed 60,638 sheep. The average number of sheep by farm family holdings is 31.9 throat relative to the total number of family agricultural holdings who raising sheep. Previously, sheep production in the region Polimlje-Ibar possesses triple production: meat-milk-wool. How is wool practically lost economic value now we can talk only dual-purpose: meat-milk? According to the Kalezic [17], the average milk production per agricultural holdings in the region Polimlje-Ibar in 1967 amounted to 477 l. According to survey estimates during 2005, production of sheep milk was about 73 liters per milking sheep throughout the year. Better part of sheep milk is processed in households especially or with cow's milk, the cheeses of varying quality. The average production of wool agricultural holdings in 1967 was 18 kg, and the survey estimates in 2005, the average yield of wool per sheep are extremely low at around 1.2 kg. Largest part wool produced is used in private houses; much smaller part is placed on the market. According to the Kalezic [16]. Production of meat (mercury measures) in kg agricultural holdings in 1967 in the region Polimlje-Ibar was 287 kg, according to the survey estimates, in 2005 about 320 kg.
Bovine animals by the number throat other activity livestock in the region Polimlje-Ibar. According Glisic [28], bovine the largest food producers whose protein is of high biological value of milk and meat, how to feed the population, as well as raw materials for the food industry. In addition to these major products, in a variety of industrial applications use the by-products bovine animals, such as skin, intestines, hooves, horns, getting manure .
From this it can be concluded that the growing bovine very important. For livestock production bovine animals is particularly important because the total production occupies a special place for several reasons: (1) bovine animals provides products of high nutritional value, which is used in the nutrition of the population, as opposed to pork, which the Muslim population does not eat, (2) for feeding bovine is most suitable fodder, which easier and cheaper to be produced on agricultural areas of the region Polimlje-Ibar, which bovine of diet is not a competitor of man (such as pigs and some poultry species), (3) with respect on aforementioned character nutrition bovine, bovine animals as a branch is not dependent on expensive imported high protein feed of plant and animal origin (fish meal, soybean meal). Total number of agricultural holdings engaged breeding bovine; during the period 1960 year 2010 have been reduced from 15.730 agricultural holdings on 10,094 or 35.8%. Total number of bovine who grown agricultural holdings in the region Polimlje-Ibar is 31,481, of which 3,011 throat bovine were grazing stayed on the same property (commune, summer pasture). The average numbers of bovine by family agricultural holdings that growing bovine the 3.1 throat. According Jacimovic [25], the spatial distribution of cattle showed a correlation with surfaces that are constantly a greater share of green crops in the agricultural structure, i.e., the meadows and pastures, as well as the areas where a lot of fodder crops grown. The racial composition is dominated by bush; color Brown alpine bovine, Holstein, Simmental, Tyrolean gray, half-breeds. Precisely racial composition bovine contributed to the bovine animals prevailing double direction of milk production - meat, with what is the yet the emphasis on milk. The average production cow's milk according Kalezic [17], in 1967, by agricultural holdings amounted to 1,282 l. Production cow's milk in 2005 was about 1,277 l per cow. “Significant quantities of milk used to feed calves, because of their high cost and the difficulty in buying and milk. Other volumes are processed into various types of households in indigenous dairy products (mainly various types of cheese and cream cheese in part), and as such, in addition to work for their own consumption, placed on the market” [29]. Production beef meat (live weight) by family agricultural holdings in 1967 was 151 kg, according to a survey estimates in 2005, about 270 kg.
Goat is extremely useful domestic animals, feeding on green mass, which normally remains unexploited. Administrative measures in the former Yugoslavia, respectively passing a law in 1954, prohibited the keeping of goats. Then authorities elaborated by explaining that this decision is goat’s biggest destroyers of forests and vegetation and to urgent procedure should be destroyed. According Urosevic et al [30], Damages that are caused by this, no one has tried to calculate, and probably that's impossible, because they are priceless. It took a long time to establish damage which causes goats, are insignificant problem compared to deforestation by man. Injustice done to the goats, corrected in 1984, when he again legalized keeping goat. Since, the numerically state of goat statistically did not register could only talk about assignments until the census of agriculture in Montenegro in 2010. From a total of 12,263 agricultural holdings engaged breeding cattle, 1,141 agricultural holdings breeding goats. The total number of goats who growing agricultural holdings in the region Polimlje-Ibar is 6,194, of which 64 throat the goats were kept on pasture on the same property (commune, summer pasture). Average number of goats by agricultural holdings amounts 5.4 throats. Limited breeding goats occur after administrative suspension had another consequence that affected the development of goat and because of lack of knowledge of their manufacturing capabilities. Therefore, the long - the goats provided unfavorable growing conditions, which did not respond, and this is reflected on the quality and selection of goats. For are development of goat are no prerequisites and requirements because goat has a strong ability for high milk production (up to 6 liters per day), followed by goat gives milk (more than 10 times its body weight) and up to 1,000 liters. Otherwise, the goat excellent processes fodder in milk. One feature of the goat and can produce twice as much skin as compared to other ruminants. In addition, goat is the most prolific ruminant (given 3 to 4 young goats per year). According to Markovic [31] today's goat in Montenegro, and thus the region Polimlje-Ibar features and extensive, semi-extensive system posture. In terms of racial composition, population goats can be roughly divided into 3 groups: noble race (mostly Alpine and Saanen sporadically), throat of purebred type (domestic Balkan goat with more variety in color) and mongrels (through unplanned crossing of different varieties of domestic Balkan goats and noble breeds). According to the findings of the Biotechnical Institute in Podgorica, the average milk production per throat is 140 l, and the average production of about 15 kg of meat [29]. Goats for milk production may play an important role in providing animal protein as most households in rural areas of the region Polimlje-Ibar can hold one or two goats for family subsistence use fresh milk and of hay or of green mass for food, because the goats can adapt to various climatic and pasture conditions. Goat milk can be used in various forms. As consumptive milk, powdered milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream.
Other types of livestock are not in accordance with the natural capacity of the region Polimlje-Ibar. One of them is a pig. Pigs for centuries in the considered region was a domestic animal that is kept in the back yard with the role that family members provide the fat and flesh, that is, to use waste from households. Then came the period when the pigs kept as a by-product in the household, to take advantage of grains that could to sell. Last 30 years, the changes are directed towards pig production for the market resulting in the improvement of the genetic basis and housing conditions. According Radovic [32], today, the productivity of pigs in the world, has reached the level at which to almost consider being biologically limited. By one sows per year is obtain 26 piglets from 1.800 kg to 2,000 kg live weight, of 1,450 kg to 1.620 kg carcass and from 900 kg to 1,010 kg of meat. Number of fattening pigs per sow per year reached a figure of 25. Nowadays there are an effective breeding and selection operations with accurate estimates of breeding values throat where each farmer depending on the scope of production, whether it be in this case the increase in daily gain and meat quality or increasing the percentage of meat conformation, can purchase the correct genetic material. The rapid expansion of desirable genetic basis of going in the direction that the one quality boar application technology of artificial insemination may annually receive up to 3,000 piglets and the index dusting the sows from 2.2 to 2.4 times per year. The total number of agricultural holdings engaged breeding pigs in the region Polimlje-Ibar, in the period 1960-2010 have been reduced from 8,287 agricultural holdings on 4250, or 48.7%. Agricultural Census of 2010 in the region Polimlje-Ibar breeding is 11,174 pigs. The average number of pigs by family agricultural holdings was 2.6. In racial part of the pig prevail: Domestic white meaty pig, Yorkshire, Dutch and Swedish Landrace. According to the
Kalezic [17], the average production of meat (live weight) in kg per agricultural holdings in the region Polimlje-Ibar in 1967 was 177 kg. “Crossbreeding and hybridization, the usual procedures for obtaining better results in swine, are not planned. As a result, a lot can be achieved modest results in terms of the number of pigs reared per sow and height increment. A relatively small number of farms raise breeding pigs, with an average slaughter weight of 100 kg. In addition, the Serbia every year to import up to 40,000 piglets for fattening, on are level Montenegro” [29]. The total number of fattening pigs in 2010 in the region Polimlje-Ibar amounts 5,868 throats. Our research evidence based on similar studies Radovic [32], points out that for larger scale production swine meat in the region Polimlje-Ibar there are very good conditions: (1) tradition-which is a very important basis for widespread production, (2) the production of animal feed as a basis production pig, (3) total small number cattle (40,056,2 conditional throat), (4) sufficient space available for the use of manure and the environment from pollution, (5) human resources and workforce with extensive experience, (5) the need and opportunities for the production of safe food. This goal can be achieved in the shortest time with the use of modern technology, namely: (1) import modern equipment, or import pure breed pigs high genetic merit, with implementation of appropriate procedures in the production process, (2) establish a production based on contractual relations, (3) make a brand with which the region considered to be recognizable in the market, (4) financial aid from the state to the increasing purchasing power of the population, and hence demand, which may affect the price of the final product.
During the twentieth century to the present day, the number of horses in region Polimlje-Ibar decreases. This animal has been replaced by motor vehicles and its importance in transport, agriculture and other industries is getting smaller. The racial composition of the horse is now uneven and deteriorating, although almost all breeds and their crossbreds resulting by unprofessional and unplanned crossing. The Census of Agriculture in 2010 in Montenegro, data on the total number of horses, asses, mules and other equines, regardless of their gender, age and use of storage that were on the holdings. From 12,263 agricultural holdings: 1,451 family agricultural holdings breeding 1,734 horses, 59 family agricultural holdings breeding 64 donkeys, mules and mules. The average number of horses by family agricultural holdings is 1,2 throat, while the average number of donkeys, mules and mule by family agricultural holdings 1.1 throat. According Petrijkic et al [33] in addition to the use of horses for work activity, commercial or economic value of horsemanship is reflected in the use of horses for sport and recreation, as well as for production of high quality horse meat is highly valued in the world market, including mare milk (kumis - fermented milk). Horse head leather is used in the textile industry, and horse hose are an extremely popular product which used as the best and most respected layer for salami [34]. In addition, also, must not ignore the fact that horses produce substantial quantities of fertilizers of high quality, with respect to microbial activity (so-called hot-garbage), which is used especially in intensive vegetable production [35]. Our research evidence based on similar studies Trajilovic et al [36], states that now the horse breeding on private initiative and there is no action plan to regulate the control of this particular branch of animal husbandry. Thus, it have expected that the breeding of horses in region Polimlje-Ibar orients in three directions: (1) breeding racehorses, with the revival of traditional races, (2) the growing sport and recreational horses and throat for riding schools and specific purposes: treatment of psychosomatic illness and the mentally challenged (3) breeding horses for tourism: this would allow the preservation of local breeds adapted to their habitats and to contribute to the development of high-end tourism.
Intensive poultry production in the former Yugoslavia begins 1962-1965, in the framework of agricultural cooperatives, import hybrids and technology without framework of the program of development. It is understood that the presence of a certain stage in the production of chicken meat, no organizational unity and lack of number of experts, led to delays in the development. The above overcome the exceeded only in 1975 and is the root of the peculiarities of the situation of industrial poultry: its seasonal and regional character, which, in terms of the principles of economics and industrial poultry production still makes great difficulties. The adoption of program of development of poultry of 1975 to 1985 year was attempt was made to rectify the deficiencies and to poultry align with the basics of intensive production on an industrial basis. However, the emergence of the Yugoslav crisis in the early nineties, the condition in the intensive chicken meat production in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia rapidly deteriorated due to consequences of
economic sanctions. He stopped the import of propagating hybrid materials, whilst have emerged problems with importing drugs, components, and additives for animal feed [37]. According to Todorovic [38], from the beginning of the crisis in the former Yugoslavia (1991), egg production was reduced for about 65% and reached the level of 1970. This period is reduced and poultry production per inhabitant with 10.4 to 4.7 kg, and eggs of 162 on 103 pieces. Agricultural Census of 2010 in the region Polimlje-Ibar included 6,022 agricultural holdings that breed 92,349 poultry, of which 78. 565 coca hens and 26,168 fattened chickens. Average agricultural holdings have 15.3 pieces poultry. Egg production in the region Polimlje-Ibar by agricultural holdings in 1967 amounted to 630 pieces, and the production of meat (live weight) 15 kg. According to the Skoric [38], the annual production of poultry meat per inhabitant ranges between 6 to 8 kilograms per year, and the consumption of eggs from 130 to 150 pieces. "Faster development of poultry, especially poultry meat has contributed to the completion of the production process through the development of the sector of animal feed, parental flock of hybrids and the opening of the hatchery and production of day-old chicks, that modern slaughterhouse for poultry processing facilities and development ” [29]. Production of chicken meat has a future as it expands range of products of chicken. Durable products today and all the talk in are future, in high demand. Especially sought delicatessen who come from extensive production (including pasture on the "Label Rounga"). Wheter they are fresh carcasses, parts or products (potato croquettes, burgers, hot dogs, sausages, salami, smoked meats, pates, meats in cans, other canned with added vegetables and meat product) [37]. From the largest of poultry are domestic hen, crossbreds domestic and Styria, Leghorn. Other are poultry (ducks, geese, turkeys,), symbolically represented. For example, the total number of turkeys in 2010 amounts 1,110 pieces, 233 geese and other poultry to a total of 976 pieces.
About the benefits that bring beekeeping not require special explanation. Besides the immediate benefits offered by bees to provide honey and wax, bees offer us, and indirect benefits, sprayed fruits, vegetables and other plants. Beekeeping also gives us another benefit, the moral. Man an opportunity to learn with one ideal organization of bees, whose motto is: one for all and all for one; bees are building art, life wise, feelings of solidarity and self-sacrifice sublime. A man should be referred to where he and the Scriptures suggest - bees and ants: watching they and they take life examples, and then the man himself come to the right place, "the emperor of nature". Due to favorable climatic and vegetation conditions, hilly terrain, large areas of grassland and pastures, abundant plants, provide favorable natural conditions for the development of beekeeping in the region Polimlje-Ibar. However, the total number of agricultural holdings 2010 in the region Polimlje-Ibar deal breeding bees is small. More specifically amounts 854 family agricultural holdings that growing 12,671 hive bees. According to the Directorate for Development of Small and Medium Enterprises [40] average yield per hive is about 10 kilograms while most countries with modern beekeeping and gets twice by bee society. Consume of honey per capita inhabitants is also small at about 12:26 by kilograms per inhabitants. Appeared on the market are mainly honey, liquid and very little honey amounts in honeycomb. The region Polimlje-Ibar honey usually consumed for breakfast with bread and tea, and is often used for making cakes (gingerbread), candy, confectioners, ice cream. Trade honey is not organized in a way that would satisfy producers and consumers. It is important to note that, at current levels, the value of which is realized in this branch of agriculture was higher when beekeepers expanded range of bee products, it is engaged in the production royal jelly, pollen, selected queen bee. Compared with other developed industrial regions, the region Polimlje-Ibar we have a very clean and healthy nature, which results in the production of high-quality and healthy honey: “pelimov honey”, linden honey, meadow honey, mountain honey and forest honey. However, in general, considered region very poorly represented in the promotion and distribution honey products both locally and on the regional and, national level [40].
CONCLUSIONS
Our research record based on similar researches Noter [41], Upton [42], Pavanelo [43], Swanepoel et al [44], Kljajic et al [45], pointed out is in first, several important conclusions:
1. In total 18,070 agricultural holdings in the region Polimlje-Ibar in 1960 engaged in the production of livestock, while in 2010 there were only 12,263 agricultural holdings. Thus,
compared to 1960, the number of agricultural holdings in the region Polimlje-Ibar, decreased by 5,807 or 32.1%. Of the total number of agricultural holdings in the region Polimlje-Ibar 2010 12.263 disposed with 40,056,2 conditional throat cattle.
2. From a total of 12.263 agricultural holdings engaged breeding cattle in 2010, 2.380 agricultural holdings breeder raising sheep, with a total of 75, 873 throat of which stayed of grazing 60, 638 sheep. The average number of sheep per family agricultural the farm 31,9 throat compared to the total numbers of family agricultural holdings that raising sheep. Total number of bovine that breed agricultural holdings in the region Polimlje-Ibar is 31,481, of which 3,011 cattle were of grazing bovine stayed on the same property (commune, summer pasture). The average number of bovine per family agricultural farm that breed bovine is 3, 1 throats. The total number of goats raised agricultural holdings in the region Polimlje-Ibar is 6,194, of which 64 throat the goats were kept of grazing on the same property (commune, summer pasture). Average number of goats per agricultural holdings was 5, 4 throats. Agricultural Census of 2010 in the region Polimlje-Ibar breeding is 11,174 throat pigs. The average number of pigs per family agricultural holdings to 2, 6. From a total of 12,263 agricultural holdings: 1,451 family agricultural holdings breeding 1,734 horses, 59 family agricultural holdings breeding 64 asses, mules and mules. The average number of horses per family agricultural holdings to 1, 2 throat, while the average number of donkeys, mules and mule on the family agricultural holding s1, 1 throat. Agricultural Census of 2010 in the region Polimlje-Ibar included 6,022 agricultural holdings who breeding 92,349 pieces birds, of which 78. 565 laying hens and fattening 26.168 chickens. Average agricultural holdings have 15.3 pieces poultry. The total number of agricultural holdings 2010 in the region Polimlje-Ibar who deal with bees is small. More specifically is 854 family agricultural holdings, which breeding 12,671 beehives bees.
3. Total meat production (live weight) per agricultural holdings in kg in 1967 amounted to in sheep 287 kg, 151 kg bovine, pigs 177 kg, 15 kg of poultry. Total production cow's milk during the same period, the region was Polimlje-Ibar 1.282 l, sheep 477 l, egg production 630 pieces, 18 kg of wool production. According to survey estimates during 2005, production of sheep milk was about 73 liters by milking sheep during the year, production cow's milk about 1.277 l per cow, the average production of milk per goat throat approximately 140 l. Production sheep meat in 2005 was about 320 kg per agricultural holdings, beef about 270 kg, some 15 kg goat. Production of poultry meat per inhabitant ranges from 6 to 8 kilograms per year, and consumption of eggs from 130 to 150 pieces. The average yield per hive is about 10 kg. Honey consumption per capita inhabitants is small, at about 0, 26 kg per inhabitant, while the production of honey amounted to about 394 tons.
4. The region Polimlje-Ibar highlights two types of livestock production and the semi-nomadic and stationed. Total number of agricultural holdings that raise cattle was 12.263, of which 19,6% or 2.409 agricultural holdings which are semi-nomadic way of breeding cattle and 9.854 or 80,34% agricultural holdings who are stationed system of livestock production. Farms that have a semi-nomadic way growing cattle of them 2.409 farms that have cattle grazing on common land (summer pasture, commune). While the number of family agricultural holdings who grazing cattle on the land 4,679.
5. Beef production in the region Polimlje-Ibar conducive to favorable climatic conditions, regardless of the occasional vernal frost and drought during the summer months. Great potential in cattle but also the weaknesses are large areas of grassland and pastures, which are either abandoned or degraded. Land possession is fragmented, and therefore land insufficiently utilized. Small possession has limited capacity cattle breeding because of the limited production of animal feed. In the mountainous regions of the considered region is extremely poor infrastructure, rural settlements do not have problem solved of water supply, there is no quality control of the water used in beef production and technology is pretty old. The region Polimlje-Ibar beef production has a long tradition, but the problem is the fragmentation of production, lack of commercial holdings and the lack of an educated workforce. The machinery is very old buildings are not functional, agricultural equipment no or if it is present in very bad condition. The production is not economical and processing problem. Processing facilities in the dairy and production meat improperly are distributed and degraded.
6. Region Polimlje-Ibar has a quality land but however production of grass intended of product sheep poorly developed, and the land is on large surfaces mountain areas degraded due
to reduced livestock. Becoming more common appearance of some bushes species like juniper and blueberries, as opposed to formerly present pasture vegetation. Generally speaking, the area of meadows and pastures are under-utilized, the vegetation upon them is often degraded and thus is the reduced production potential. Water quality in the considered region is variable depending on the area. So the water in mountainous areas of better quality as opposed to those located in the valley Berane, Andrijevica, Polimlje and basin Plav-Gusinje. In terms of developing genetic resources in the sheep should give priority to strengthening the selection and advisory services. Encourage the development of sheep can be achieved and in framework of nature protection programs, as sheep farming developed in the mountainous areas with sensitive life environment. If would sheep disappeared from these areas and natural resources would lose its value in terms of biodiversity of meadows and pastures. Placement milk and meat, as well as products of milk and meat are mostly done on farms, vegetable markets and butcher shops. This is reflects badly on the development of market of milk and meat products. In addition, products from meat and milk are rarely standard quality, insufficient and inadequately labeled and poorly packaged.
7. In all branches of the livestock sector in region Polimlje-Ibar, there is significant potential for the development of organic livestock production, especially in mountainous areas. Code beef production, sheep and goat predominant racial composition of the traditional livestock on pastures in mountainous areas, and preserved the traditional making of indigenous species of dairy products (cheese and milk cream) on agricultural holdings, favors the development of organic livestock production. Also are huge natural potential and the presence of large areas of meadows and pastures (109.596 ha), which is not used rationally as a result of decades of continuous decline in the number of livestock in region Polimlje-Ibar. Through measures applied for the improvement of livestock, the state is trying to reverse this trend, where in the lowland areas of the subject of work focus on beef production (meat and milk), and in the mountainous area on sheep, goat and cattle production [46-47].
In recent decades, livestock regions Polimlje-Ibar is reduced, in a word disappears. In order to keep the population in rural areas, necessary to invest more in the livestock development, development of farm cooperatives liven, to invest in the infrastructure of the village, establish small enterprises of the processing factory for milk and meat, a young farmer from the state especially encouraged to remain the countryside. Agriculture and the village, developed in sustainable system, it is essential that over the long-term development strategies and regulating relationships and obligations that the strategy to be fully state obligation and responsibility to livestock breeding grasp and to accept as the backbone of economic development of a country village as a necessity, and historical development of facts. Agriculture Development Strategy should clearly define macro-zones on which to foster specific livestock species, and based on that subsidizes and assists farmers and households. Law concerning land is necessary to clearly specifies, it is defines the terms of use and disposition of land for the purpose of food production. It should be clear that the specifies how and under what conditions will be used state lands, what about the natural meadows and pastures, by taking advantage of available forest land for livestock [48].
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